Integrated solar thermochemical cycles for energy storage and fuel production

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 347-361

  Petrasch, Jörg ^a   Klausner, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATED SOLAR ENERGY; CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER; CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES; ELEVATED TEMPERATURE; ENDOTHERMIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS; INTERMEDIATE STORAGE; PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES; THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLES;

CARBON DIOXIDE; HEAT STORAGE; REACTION INTERMEDIATES; SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR POWER GENERATION;

FUELS;

EID: 84877802157     PISSN: 20418396     EISSN: 2041840X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wene.11     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. World Energy Council, UNDP, and UN-DESA. World Energy Assessment Report. New York: United Nations; 2000.
2. Steinfeld A, Schubnell M. Optimum aperture size and operating temperature of a solar cavity-receiver. Solar Energy 1993, 50:19-25.
3. Fletcher EA, Moen RL. Hydrogen and oxygen from water. Science 1977, 197:1050-1056.
4. Kodama T. High-temperature solar chemistry for converting solar heat to chemical fuels. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2003, 29:567-597.
5. Kogan A. Direct solar thermal splitting of water and on-site separation of the products-II. Experimental feasibility study. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1998, 23:89-98.
6. Bilgen E. Solar hydrogen production by direct water decomposition process: a preliminary engineering assessment. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1984, 9:53-58.
7. Kogan A. Direct solar thermal splitting of water and on site separation of the products I. Theoretical evaluation of hydrogen yield. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1997, 22:481-486.
8. Kogan A. Direct solar thermal splitting of water and on-site separation of the products-IV. Development of porous ceramic membranes for a solar thermal water-splitting reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2000, 25:1043-1050.
9. Kogan A, Spiegler E, Wolfshtein M. Direct solar thermal splitting of water and on-site separation of the products. III.: Improvement of reactor efficiency by steam entrainment. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2000, 25:739-745.
10. Bilgen E, Ducarroir M, Foex M, Sibieude F, Trombe F. Use of solar energy for direct and two-step water decomposition cycles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1977, 2:251-257.
11. Ihara S. On the study of hydrogen production from water using solar thermal energy. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1980, 5:527-534.
12. Fletcher EA. Solarthermal and solar quasi-electrolytic processing and separations: zinc from zinc oxide as an example. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999, 38:2275-2282.
13. 2 to fuel: first prototype results. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002, 41:1935-1939.
14. 2. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004, 43:2446-2453.
15. 2 converter. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007, 46:1959-1967.
16. Abanades S, Charvin P, Flamant G, Neveu P. Screening of water-splitting thermochemical cycles potentially attractive for hydrogen production by concentrated solar energy. Energy 2006, 31:2805-2822.
17. Palumbo R, Léde J, Boutin O, Elorza Ricart E, Steinfeld A, Möller S, Weidenkaff A, Fletcher EA, Bielicki J. The production of Zn from ZnO in a high-temperature solar decomposition quench process-I. The scientific framework for the process. Chem Eng Sci 1998, 53:2503-2517.
18. Palumbo R. Solar thermal chemical processing: challenges and changes. J Phys IV France 1999, 9:Pr3-35-Pr3-40.
19. Weidenkaff A, Brack M, Möller S, Palumbo R, Steinfeld A. Solar thermal production of zinc: Program strategy and status of research. J. Phys IV France 1999, 9:Pr3-313.
20. Weidenkaff A, Steinfeld A, Wokaun A, Auer P, Eichler B, Reller A. Direct solar thermal dissociation of zinc oxide: condensation and crystallisation of zinc in the presence of oxygen. Solar Energy 1999, 65:59-69.
21. Weidenkaff A, Reller AW, Wokaun A, Steinfeld A. Thermogravimetric analysis of the ZnO/Zn water splitting cycle. Thermochim Acta 2000, 359:69-75.
22. Müller R, Haeberling P, Palumbo RD. Further advances toward the development of a direct heating solar thermal chemical reactor for the thermal dissociation of ZnO(s). Solar Energy 2006, 80:500-511.
23. Melchior T, Perkins C, Weimer AW, Steinfeld A. A cavity-receiver containing a tubular absorber for high-temperature thermochemical processing using concentrated solar energy. Int J Therm Sci 2008, 47:1496-1503.
24. Schunk LO, Haeberling P, Wepf S, Wuillemin D, Meier A, Steinfeld A. A receiver-reactor for the solar thermal dissociation of zinc oxide. J Solar Energy Eng 2008, 130:021009.
25. Schunk LO, Lipinski W, Steinfeld A. Heat transfer model of a solar receiver-reactor for the thermal dissociation of ZnO-experimental validation at 10 kW and scale-up to 1 MW. Chem Eng J 2009, 150:502-508.
26. Keunecke M, Meier A, Palumbo R. Solar thermal decomposition of zinc oxide: an initial investigation of the recombination reaction in the temperature range 1100-1250 K. Chem Eng Sci 2004, 59:2695-2704.
27. Palumbo R, Keunecke M, Möller S, Steinfeld A. Reflections on the design of solar thermal chemical reactors: thoughts in transformation. Energy 2004, 29:727-744.
28. Müller R, Lipinski W, Steinfeld A. Transient heat transfer in a directly-irradiated solar chemical reactor for the thermal dissociation of ZnO. Appl Therm Eng 2008, 28:524-531.
29. Steinfeld A. Solar hydrogen production via a two-step water-splitting thermochemical cycle based on Zn/ZnO redox reactions. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2002, 27:611-619.
30. Möller S, Palumbo R, Solar thermal decomposition kinetics of ZnO in the temperature range 1950-2400 K. Chem Eng Sci 2001, 56:4505-4515.
31. Wegner K, Ly HC, Weiss RJ, Pratsinis SE, Steinfeld A. In situ formation and hydrolysis of Zn nanoparticles for H2 production by the 2-step ZnO/Zn water-splitting thermochemical cycle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31:55-61.
32. Rütten F, Alxneit I, Tschudi HR. Challenges in the thermochemical water-splitting cycle based on the ZnO/Zn redox pair: rapid quench and nucleation of zinc. In: Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. O'Dowd CD, Wagner PE, eds. Netherlands: Springer; 2007, 83-86.
33. 2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on ZnO/Zn-redox: quenching the effluents from the ZnO dissociation. Chem Eng Sci 2008, 63:217-227.
34. Möller S. Entwicklung eines Reaktors zur solarthermischenHerstellung von Zink aus Zinkoxid zur Energiespeicherungmit Hilfe konzentrierte Sonnenstrahlung. ETH Zurich; 2001.
35. Kraupl S, Steinfeld A. Pulsed gas feeding for stoichiometric operation of a gas-solid vortex flow solar chemical reactor. J Solar Energy Eng 2001, 123:133-137.
36. Haueter P, Möller S, Palumbo R, Steinfeld A. The production of zinc by thermal dissociation of zinc oxide-solar chemical reactor design. Solar Energy 1999, 67:161-167.
37. Vishnevetsky I, Epstein M. Production of hydrogen from solar zinc in steam atmosphere. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:2791-2802.
38. 3 catalyst promoted with Mn oxides. Appl Catal A: Gen 2005, 282:73-83.
39. 2O in a two-step thermochemical cycle via Zn/ZnO redox reactions: thermodynamic cycle analysis. Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 36:12141-12147.
40. Dombrovsky L, Schunk L, Lipinski W, Steinfeld A. An ablation model for the thermal decomposition of porous zinc oxide layer heated by concentrated solar radiation. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2009, 52:2444-2452.
41. Nakamura T. Hydrogen production from water utilizing solar heat at high temperatures. Solar Energy 1977, 19:467-475.
42. Tofighi A. Contribution à l'étude de la decomposition des oxydes de fer au foyer d'un four solaire. L'institut national polytechnique de Toulouse; 1982.
43. 4, CdO. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1982, 7:79-88.
44. Charvin P, Abanades S, Flamant G, Lemort F. Two-step water splitting thermochemical cycle based on iron oxide redox pair for solar hydrogen production. Energy 2007, 32:1124-1133.
45. Conversion of concentrated solar energy to chemical energy two step water splitting cycle with ni-ferrite/zirconia system. Nippon Kagakkai Koen Yokoshu 2004, 84:361.
46. Ehrensberger K, Frei A, Kuhn P, Oswald H, Hug P. Comparative experimental investigations of the water-splitting reaction with iron-oxide Fe1-Yo and iron-manganese oxides (Fe1-Xmnx)(1-Y)O. Solid State Ionics 1995, 78:151-160.
47. 2 generation by concentrated solar radiation. Solar Energy 2004, 76:317-322.
48. Kodama T, Gokon N. Thermochemical cycles for high-temperature solar hydrogen production. Chem Rev 2007, 107:4048-4077.
49. Tamaura Y, Steinfeld A, Kuhn P, Ehrensberger K. Production of solar hydrogen by a novel, 2-step, water-splitting thermochemical cycle. Energy 1995, 20:325-330.
50. 2-supported Co(II)-ferrite. Solar Energy 2005, 78:623-631.
51. Souriau D. Procédé et dispositif pour l'utilisation d'énergie thermique à haute température, en particulier d'origine nucléaire [Device and method for the use of high-temperature heat energy, in particular of nuclear origin]. French Patent FR2135421, 1972.
52. 2/SnO water-splitting cycle for solar thermochemical production of hydrogen. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:6021-6030.
53. Abanades S, Flamant G, Thermochemical hydrogen production from a two-step solar-driven water-splitting cycle based on cerium oxides. Solar Energy 2006, 80:1611-1623.
54. 2O using nonstoichiometric ceria. Science 2010, 330:1797-1801.
55. O'Keefe D, Allen C, Besenbuch G, Brown L, Norman J, Sharp R, McCorkle K. Preliminary results from bench-scale testing of a sulfur-iodine thermochemical water-splitting cycle. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 1982, 7:381-392.
56. Barbarossa V, Brutti S, Diamanti M, Sau S, De Maria G. Catalytic thermal decomposition of sulphuric acid in sulphur-iodine cycle for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31:883-890.
57. Noglik A, Roeb M, Rzepczyk T, Hinkley J, Sattler C, Pitz-Paal R. Solar thermochemical generation of hydrogen: development of a receiver reactor for the decomposition of sulfuric acid. J Solar Energy Eng 2009, 131:011003.
58. Perkins C, Weimer AW. Likely near-term solar-thermal water splitting technologies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2004, 29:1587-1599.
59. Aochi A, Tadokoro T, Yoshida K, Kameyama H, Nobue M, Yamaguchi T. Economical and technical evaluation of UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production process for an industrial scale plant. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1989, 14:421-429.
60. Yoshida K, et al. A simulation study of the UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production process. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1990, 15:171-178.
61. Sakurai M, Aihara M, Miyake N, Tsutsumi A, Yoshida K. Test of one-loop flow scheme for the UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production process. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1992, 17:587-592.
62. Sakurai M, Tsutsumi A, Yoshida K. Improvement of Ca-pellet reactivity in UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production cycle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1995, 20:297-301.
63. Sakurai M, Bilgen E, Tsutsumi A, Yoshida K. Adiabatic UT-3 thermochemical process for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1996, 21:865-870.
64. Sakurai M, Miyake N, Tsutsumi A, Yoshida K. Analysis of a reaction mechanism in the UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production cycle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1996, 21:871-875.
65. Tadokoro Y, Kajiyama T, Yamaguchi T, Sakai N, Kameyama H, Yoshida K. Technical evaluation of UT-3 thermochemical hydrogen production process for an industrial scale plant. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1997, 22:49-56.
66. Teo ED, Brandon NP, Vos E, Kramer GJ. A critical pathway energy efficiency analysis of the thermochemical UT-3 cycle. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2005, 30:559-564.
67. Beghi GE. A decade of research on thermochemical hydrogen at the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1986, 11:761-771.
68. Carty RH, Conger WL. A heat penalty and economic analysis of the hybrid sulfuric acid process. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1980, 5:7-20.
69. Lu PWT. Technological aspects of sulfur dioxide depolarized electrolysis for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1983, 8:773-781.
70. Weirich W, Knoche KF, Behr F, Barnert H. Thermochemical processes for water splitting-status and outlook. Nuclear Eng Design 1984, 78:285-291.
71. Bilgen E, Bilgen C. A hybrid thermochemical hydrogen producing process based on the Cristina-Mark cycles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1986, 11:241-255.
72. Duigou AL, et al. HYTHEC: an EC funded search for a long term massive hydrogen production route using solar and nuclear technologies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:1516-1529.
73. Broggi A, Joels R, Mertel G, Morbello M. A method for the techno-economic evaluation of chemical processes-improvements to the "OPTIMO" code. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1981, 6:25-44.
74. Bilgen E, Joels RK. An assessment of solar hydrogen production using the Mark 13 hybrid process. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1985, 10:143-155.
75. Zedtwitz Pv, Petrasch J, Trommer D, Steinfeld A. Hydrogen production via the solar thermal decarbonization of fossil fuels. Solar Energy 2006, 80:1333-1337.
76. Dahl JK, et al. Rapid solar-thermal dissociation of natural gas in an aerosol flow reactor. Energy 2004, 29:715-725.
77. Kogan A, Israeli M, Alcobi E. Production of hydrogen and carbon by solar thermal methane splitting, IV. Preliminary simulation of a confined tornado flow configuration by computational fluid dynamics. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:4800-4810.
78. Kogan A, Kogan M, Barak S. Production of hydrogen and carbon by solar thermal methane splitting, III. Fluidization, entrainment and seeding powder particles into a volumetric solar receiver. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2005, 30:35-43.
79. Kogan A, Kogan M, Barak S. Production of hydrogen and carbon by solar thermal methane splitting, II. Room temperature simulation tests of seeded solar reactor. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2004, 29:1227-1236.
80. Hirsch D, Epstein M, Steinfeld A. The solar thermal decarbonization of natural gas. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2001, 26:1023-1033.
81. Hirsch D, Steinfeld A. Radiative transfer in a solar chemical reactor for the co-production of hydrogen and carbon by thermal decomposition of methane. Chem Eng Sci 2004, 59:5771-5778.
82. Dombrovsky LA, Lipinski W, Steinfeld A. A diffusion-based approximate model for radiation heat transfer in a solar thermochemical reactor. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 2007, 103:601-610.
83. Maag G, Lipinski W, Steinfeld A. Particle-gas reacting flow under concentrated solar irradiation. Int J Heat and Mass Transfer 2009, 52:4997-5004. In Press.
84. Buck R, Muir JF, Hogan RE. Carbon dioxide reforming of methane in a solar volumetric receiver/reactor: the CAESAR project. Solar Energy Mater 1991, 24:449-463.
85. Hogan RE, Skocypec RD, Diver RB, Fish JD, Garrait M, Richardson JT. A direct absorber reactor/receiver for solar thermal applications. Chem Eng Sci 1990, 45:2751-2758.
86. Levy M, Rosin H, Levitan R. Chemical reactions in a solar furnace by direct solar irradiation of the catalyst. J Solar Energy Eng 1989, 111:96-97.
87. Richardson JT, Paripatyadar SA. Carbon dioxide reforming of methane with supported rhodium. Appl. Catal 1990, 61:293.
88. 2 reforming of methane in a solar driven volumetric receiver-reactor. Catal Today 1998, 46:165-174.
89. Levy M, Rubin R, Rosin H, Levitan R. Methane reforming by direct solar irradiation of the catalyst. Energy (Oxford) 1992, 17:749-756.
90. 2 in molten salt using FeO catalyst. Solar Energy 2002, 72:243-250.
91. 2 reforming of methane in a molten carbonate salt bath for use in solar thermochemical processes. Energy Fuels 2001, 15:60-65.
92. Dahl JK, Weimer AW, Lewandowski A, Bingham C, Bruetsch F, Steinfeld A. Dry reforming of methane using a solar-thermal aerosol flow reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004, 43:5489-5495.
93. Epstein M, Spiewak I, Segal A, Levy I, Lieberman D, Meri M, Lerner V. Solar experiments with a tubular reformer. In: Proc. 8th Int Symp Solar Thermal Concentrating Technologies. 1996, 6-11.
94. Möller S, Buck R, Tamme R, Epstein M, Liebermann D, Moshe Meri F, Rotstein A, Sugarmen C. Solar production of syngas for electricity generation: SOLASYS project test-phase. In: Proc 11th Solar PACES Int Symp on Concentrated Solar Power and Chemical Energy Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland. 2002, 231-237.
95. Tamme R, Buck R, Epstein M, Fisher U, Sugarmen C. Solar upgrading of fuels for generation of electricity. J Solar Energy Eng 2001, 123:160-163.
96. Petrasch J, Wyss P, Steinfeld A. Tomography-based Monte Carlo determination of radiative properties of reticulate porous ceramics. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 2007, 105:180-197.
97. Petrasch J, Meier F, Friess H, Steinfeld A. Tomography based determination of permeability, Dupuit-Forchheimer coefficient, and interfacial heat transfer coefficient in reticulate porous ceramics. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2008, 29:315-326.
98. Petrasch J, Wyss P, Stämpfli R, Steinfeld A. Tomography-based multiscale analyses of the 3D geometrical morphology of reticulated porous ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 2008, 91:2659-2665.
99. Petrasch J, Schrader B, Wyss P, Steinfeld A. Tomography-based determination of the effective thermal conductivity of fluid-saturated reticulate porous ceramics. J Heat Transfer 2008, 130:032602.
100. Adinberg R, Epstein M, Karni J, Solar gasification of biomass: a molten salt pyrolysis study. J Solar Energy Eng 2004, 126:850-857.
101. 2. Energy 2000, 25:201-218.
102. 2 production cycle from carbon and water. Energy 1996, 21:1147-1156.
103. 2 by a two-step redox cycle of ferrite. Energy 1997, 22:1019-1027.
104. 2 reduction with coal using a reactive redox system of ferrite. In: Advances in Chemical Conversions for Mitigating Carbon Dioxide, Proc Fourth Int Conf on Carbon Dioxide Utilization. Stud Surf Sci Catal 1998, 114:383-386.
105. Lede J, Villermaux J. Solar energy for wood gasification. Recherche 1982, 13:786-788.
106. 2 mitigation potential. Energy 2003, 28:441-456.
107. Z'Graggen A, Haueter P, Trommer D, Romero M, de Jesus JC, Steinfeld A. Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of petroleum coke using concentrated solar power-II Reactor design, testing, and modeling. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31:797-811.
108. Z'Graggen A, Haueter P, Maag G, Vidal A, Romero M, Steinfeld A. Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of petroleum coke using concentrated solar power-III. Reactor experimentation with slurry feeding. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:992-996.
109. Ma Q, Luo L, Wang RZ, Sauce G, A review on transportation of heat energy over long distance: exploratory development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2009, 13:1532-1540.
110. Kugeler K, Niessen HF, Röth-Kamat M, Böcker D, Rüter B, Theis KA. Transport of nuclear heat by means of chemical energy (nuclear long-distance energy), Nuclear Eng Design 1975, 34:65-72.
111. Fedders H, Harth R, Höhlein B. Experiments for combining nuclear heat with the methane steam-reforming process. Nuclear Eng Design 1975, 34:119-127.
112. Fedders H, Höhlein B. Operating a pilot plant circuit for energy transport with hydrogen-rich gas. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1982, 7:793-800.
113. 2. Chem Eng Sci 1988, 43:3049-3062.
114. 4 (1: 1) system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1986, 11:267-277.
115. Levitan R, Rosin H, Levy M. Chemical reactions in a solar furnace-direct heating of the reactor in a tubular receiver. Solar Energy 1989, 42:267-272.
116. Levy M, Levitan R, Rosin H, Rubin R. Solar energy storage via a closed-loop chemical heat pipe. Solar Energy 1993, 50:179-189.
117. Muir JF, Hogan RE Jr, Skocypec RD, Buck R. Solar reforming of methane in a direct absorption catalytic reactor on a parabolic dish: I-Test and analysis. Solar Energy 1994, 52:467-477.
118. Skocypec RD, Hogan Jr. RE, Muir JF. Solar reforming of methane in a direct absorption catalytic reactor on a parabolic dish: II-Modeling and analysis. Solar Energy 1994, 52:479-490.
119. Edwards JH, Do KT, Maitra AM, Schuck S, Fok W, Stein W. The use of solar-based CO2/CH4 reforming for reducing greenhouse gas emissions during the generation of electricity and process heat. Energy Convers Manag 1996, 37:1339-1344.
120. Carden PO. Energy corradiation using the reversible ammonia reaction. Solar Energy 1977, 19:365-378.
121. Kreetz H, Lovegrove K. Theoretical analysis and experimental results of a 1 kWchem ammonia synthesis reactor for a solar thermochemical energy storage system. Solar energy 1999, 67:287-296.
122. Kreetz H, Lovegrove K. Exergy analysis of an ammonia synthesis reactor in a solar thermochemical power system. Solar Energy 2002, 73:187-194.
123. Lovegrove K, Luzzi A. Endothermic reactors for an ammonia based thermochemical solar energy storage and transport system. Solar energy 1996, 56:361-371.
124. Lovegrove K, Luzzi A, Soldiani I, Kreetz H. Developing ammonia based thermochemical energy storage for dish power plants. Solar Energy 2004, 76:331-337.
125. Lovegrove K, Luzzi A, Kreetz H. A solar-driven ammonia-based thermochemical energy storage system. Solar energy 1999, 67:309-316.
126. Lovegrove K, Luzzi A, McCann M, Freitag O. Exergy analysis of ammonia-based solar thermochemical power systems. Solar Energy 1999, 66:103-116.
127. Luzzi A, Lovegrove K. A solar thermochemical power plant using ammonia as an attractive option for greenhouse-gas abatement. Energy(Oxford) 1997, 22:317-325.
128. Luzzi A, Lovegrove K, Filippi E, Fricker H, Schmitz-Goeb M, Chandapillai M. Base-load solar thermal power using thermochemical energy storage. J Phys 4 1999, 9:3-105.
129. Luzzi A, Lovegrove K, Filippi E, Fricker H, Schmitz-Goeb M, Chandapillai M, Kaneff S. Techno-economic analysis of a 10 MW solar thermal power. Solar Energy 1999, 66:91-101.
130. 4 equilibrium. Energy Convers. Manage 1983, 23:55-63.
131. Chubb TA. Analysis of gas dissociation solar thermal power system. Solar Energy 1975, 17:129-136.
132. Meier A, Gremaud N, Steinfeld A. Economic evaluation of the industrial solar production of lime. Energy Convers Manag 2005, 46:905-926.
133. Meier A, Bonaldi E, Cella GM, Lipinski W, Wuillemin D. Solar chemical reactor technology for industrial production of lime. Solar Energy 2006, 80:1355-1362.
134. Badie J, Bonet C, Faure M, Flamant G, Foro R, Hernandez D. Decarbonation of calcite and phosphate rock in solar chemical reactors. Chem Eng Sci 1980, 35:413-420.
135. Salman O, Khraishi M. Thermal decomposition of limestone and gypsum by solar energy. Solar Energy 1988, 41:305-308.
136. 2 mitigation in the lime industry: replacing fossil fuels with concentrated solar energy. In: Proc 10th Int Lime Association Congress, Washington, DC, USA, 2002.
137. Meier A, Bonaldi E, Cella GM, Lipinski W, Wuillemin D, Palumbo R. Design and experimental investigation of a horizontal rotary reactor for the solar thermal production of lime. Energy 2004, 29:811-821.
138. Meier A, Bonaldi E, Cella GM, Lipinski W. Multitube rotary kiln for the industrial solar production of lime. J Solar Energy Eng 2005, 127:386-395.
139. Murray J. Metals, nitrides, carbides via solar carbothermal reduction of metal oxides. Fuel Energy Abstr 1995, 36:362.
140. Steinfeld A, Kuhn P, Reller A, Palumbo R, Murray J, Tamaura Y. Solar-processed metals as clean energy carriers and water-splitters. Int J Hydrogen Energy 1998, 23:767-774.
141. Osinga T, Olalde G, Steinfeld A. Solar carbothermal reduction of ZnO: shrinking packed-bed reactor modeling and experimental validation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004, 43:7981-7988.
142. Wieckert C, Frommherz U, Kraupl S, Guillot E, Olalde G, Epstein M, Santen S, Osinga T, Steinfeld A. A 300 kW solar chemical pilot plant for the carbothermic production of zinc. J Solar Energy Eng 2007, 129:190-196.
143. Adinberg R, Epstein M. Experimental study of solar reactors for carboreduction of zinc oxide. Energy 2004, 29:757-769.
144. Guillard T, Cetout S, Alvarez L, Sauvajol J, Anglaret E, Bernier P, Flamant G, Laplaze D. Production of carbon nanotubes by the solar route. Eur Phys J Appl Phys 1999, 5:251-256.
145. Laplaze D, Alvarez L, Guillard T, Badie JM, Flamant G. Carbon nanotubes: dynamics of synthesis processes. Carbon 2002, 40:1621-1634.
146. Luxembourg D, Flamant G, Guillot A, Laplaze D. Hydrogen storage in solar produced single-walled carbon nanotubes. Mater Sci Eng B 2004, 108:114-119.
147. Meier A, Kirillov V, Kuvshinov G, Mogilnykh Y, Reller A, Steinfeld A, Weidenkaff A. Solar thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide for the production of catalytic filamentous carbon. Chem Eng Sci 1999, 54:3341-3348.