메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 173-181

Update on stress fractures in female athletes: Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention

Author keywords

Bone mineral density; Female athlete triad; Return to play; Stress fracture; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84877701803     PISSN: 1935973X     EISSN: 19359748     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12178-013-9167-x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (96)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 34247118297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress fractures in athletes. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging
    • 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3180421c8c 17414993
    • Fredericson M, Jennings F, Beaulieu C, Matheson GO. Stress fractures in athletes. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging. TMRI. 2006;17:309-25. doi: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3180421c8c.
    • (2006) TMRI , vol.17 , pp. 309-325
    • Fredericson, M.1    Jennings, F.2    Beaulieu, C.3    Matheson, G.O.4
  • 2
    • 80054948765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone quality and muscle strength in female athletes with lower limb stress fractures
    • 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821f8634 21552163 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821f8634
    • Schnackenburg KE, Macdonald HM, Ferber R, Wiley JP, Boyd SK. Bone quality and muscle strength in female athletes with lower limb stress fractures. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:2110-9. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821f8634.
    • (2011) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.43 , pp. 2110-2119
    • Schnackenburg, K.E.1    Macdonald, H.M.2    Ferber, R.3    Wiley, J.P.4    Boyd, S.K.5
  • 3
    • 79959803135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Females have a greater incidence of stress fractures than males in both military and athletic populations: A systemic review
    • 21539165
    • Wentz L, Liu PY, Haymes E, Ilich JZ. Females have a greater incidence of stress fractures than males in both military and athletic populations: a systemic review. Mil Med. 2011;176:420-30.
    • (2011) Mil Med , vol.176 , pp. 420-430
    • Wentz, L.1    Liu, P.Y.2    Haymes, E.3    Ilich, J.Z.4
  • 4
    • 34848884883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad
    • 10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111 17909417 10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111
    • Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren MP. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1867-82. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111.
    • (2007) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.39 , pp. 1867-1882
    • Nattiv, A.1    Loucks, A.B.2    Manore, M.M.3    Sanborn, C.F.4    Sundgot-Borgen, J.5    Warren, M.P.6
  • 5
    • 70349680903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of the female athlete triad in high school athletes and sedentary students
    • 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b8c13600042752- 200909000-00013 19741317 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181b8c136
    • Hoch AZ, Pajewski NM, Moraski L, Carrera GF, Wilson CR, Hoffmann RG, et al. Prevalence of the female athlete triad in high school athletes and sedentary students. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19:421-8. doi: 10.1097/JSM. 0b013e3181b8c13600042752-200909000-00013.
    • (2009) Clin J Sport Med , vol.19 , pp. 421-428
    • Hoch, A.Z.1    Pajewski, N.M.2    Moraski, L.3    Carrera, G.F.4    Wilson, C.R.5    Hoffmann, R.G.6
  • 6
    • 32244438363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of the female athlete triad syndrome among high school athletes
    • 10.1001/archpedi.160.2.137 16461868 10.1001/archpedi.160.2.137
    • Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, Lawson MJ, Ji M, Barkai HS. Prevalence of the female athlete triad syndrome among high school athletes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:137-42. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.160.2.137.
    • (2006) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.160 , pp. 137-142
    • Nichols, J.F.1    Rauh, M.J.2    Lawson, M.J.3    Ji, M.4    Barkai, H.S.5
  • 7
    • 77953008856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among injury and disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in high school athletes: A prospective study
    • 10.4085/1062-6050-45.3.243 20446837 10.4085/1062-6050-45.3.243
    • Rauh MJ, Nichols JF, Barrack MT. Relationships among injury and disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in high school athletes: a prospective study. J Athl Train. 2010;45:243-52. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-45.3.243.
    • (2010) J Athl Train , vol.45 , pp. 243-252
    • Rauh, M.J.1    Nichols, J.F.2    Barrack, M.T.3
  • 8
    • 79952584200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between the female athlete triad and endothelial dysfunction in dancers
    • 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182042a9a 21358502 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182042a9a
    • Hoch AZ, Papanek P, Szabo A, Widlansky ME, Schimke JE, Gutterman DD. Association between the female athlete triad and endothelial dysfunction in dancers. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21:119-25. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182042a9a.
    • (2011) Clin J Sport Med , vol.21 , pp. 119-125
    • Hoch, A.Z.1    Papanek, P.2    Szabo, A.3    Widlansky, M.E.4    Schimke, J.E.5    Gutterman, D.D.6
  • 9
    • 79961124892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of physical activity and risk of developing a stress fracture among preadolescent and adolescent girls
    • 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.34 21464375 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.34 Findings from this prospective observational cohort study are that engaging in high-impact sports (particularly running, basketball, and cheerleading/ gymnastics) increases stress fracture risk in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls. Authors suggest that pre-adolescent and adolescent girls may benefit by having non- and moderate-impact activities replace some of the hours spent in high-impact activities in order to reduce cumulative impact and stress fracture risk
    • • Field AE, Gordon CM, Pierce LM, Ramappa A, Kocher MS. Prospective study of physical activity and risk of developing a stress fracture among preadolescent and adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165:723-8. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.34. Findings from this prospective observational cohort study are that engaging in high-impact sports (particularly running, basketball, and cheerleading/gymnastics) increases stress fracture risk in pre-adolescent and adolescent girls. Authors suggest that pre-adolescent and adolescent girls may benefit by having non- and moderate-impact activities replace some of the hours spent in high-impact activities in order to reduce cumulative impact and stress fracture risk.
    • (2011) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.165 , pp. 723-728
    • Field, A.E.1    Gordon, C.M.2    Pierce, L.M.3    Ramappa, A.4    Kocher, M.S.5
  • 10
    • 84863539304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D, calcium, and dairy intakes and stress fractures among female adolescents
    • doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.5. The prospective observational cohort study results support higher vitamin D intake and not calcium or dairy as protective against development of a stress fracture in young female athletes, particularly for those who engage in high impact sports for greater duration each week. This study suggests relatively greater importance of vitamin D over calcium or dairy intake for fracture prevention in young female athletes
    • • Sonneville KR, Gordon CM, Kocher MS, Pierce LM, Ramappa A, Field AE. Vitamin D, calcium, and dairy intakes and stress fractures among female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.5. The prospective observational cohort study results support higher vitamin D intake and not calcium or dairy as protective against development of a stress fracture in young female athletes, particularly for those who engage in high impact sports for greater duration each week. This study suggests relatively greater importance of vitamin D over calcium or dairy intake for fracture prevention in young female athletes.
    • (2012) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
    • Sonneville, K.R.1    Gordon, C.M.2    Kocher, M.S.3    Pierce, L.M.4    Ramappa, A.5    Field, A.E.6
  • 11
    • 78650402502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress fractures: Classification and management
    • 10.3810/psm.2010.10.1807 20959695 10.3810/psm.2010.10.1807
    • Kaeding CC, Najarian RG. Stress fractures: classification and management. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38:45-54. doi: 10.3810/psm.2010.10.1807.
    • (2010) Phys Sportsmed , vol.38 , pp. 45-54
    • Kaeding, C.C.1    Najarian, R.G.2
  • 12
    • 79952216153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The classification systems of stress fractures: A systematic review
    • 10.3810/psm.2011.02.1866 21378491 10.3810/psm.2011.02.1866
    • Miller T, Kaeding CC, Flanigan D. The classification systems of stress fractures: a systematic review. Phys Sportsmed. 2011;39:93-100. doi: 10.3810/psm.2011.02.1866.
    • (2011) Phys Sportsmed , vol.39 , pp. 93-100
    • Miller, T.1    Kaeding, C.C.2    Flanigan, D.3
  • 13
    • 0029165890 scopus 로고
    • Tibial stress reaction in runners. Correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system
    • 7573660 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FktVCnsg%3D%3D 10.1177/036354659502300418
    • Fredericson M, Bergman AG, Hoffman KL, Dillingham MS. Tibial stress reaction in runners. Correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:472-81.
    • (1995) Am J Sports Med , vol.23 , pp. 472-481
    • Fredericson, M.1    Bergman, A.G.2    Hoffman, K.L.3    Dillingham, M.S.4
  • 14
    • 41149093519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging of lower extremity stress fracture injuries
    • 18348592 10.2165/00007256-200838040-00005
    • Moran DS, Evans RK, Hadad E. Imaging of lower extremity stress fracture injuries. Sports Med. 2008;38:345-56.
    • (2008) Sports Med , vol.38 , pp. 345-356
    • Moran, D.S.1    Evans, R.K.2    Hadad, E.3
  • 15
    • 0033869988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of tibial stress fractures using therapeutic continuous ultrasound
    • 10949501 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FmvFWqtA%3D%3D
    • Romani WA, Perrin DH, Dussault RG, Ball DW, Kahler DM. Identification of tibial stress fractures using therapeutic continuous ultrasound. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2000;30:444-52.
    • (2000) J Orthop Sports Phys Ther , vol.30 , pp. 444-452
    • Romani, W.A.1    Perrin, D.H.2    Dussault, R.G.3    Ball, D.W.4    Kahler, D.M.5
  • 16
    • 84859493313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound as a primary evaluation tool of bone stress injuries in elite track and field athletes
    • 10.1177/0363546512437334 22366519 10.1177/0363546512437334
    • Papalada A, Malliaropoulos N, Tsitas K, Kiritsi O, Padhiar N, Del Buono A, et al. Ultrasound as a primary evaluation tool of bone stress injuries in elite track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:915-9. doi: 10.1177/0363546512437334.
    • (2012) Am J Sports Med , vol.40 , pp. 915-919
    • Papalada, A.1    Malliaropoulos, N.2    Tsitas, K.3    Kiritsi, O.4    Padhiar, N.5    Del Buono, A.6
  • 17
    • 84866376185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ability of clinical tests to diagnose stress fractures: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • 10.2519/jospt.2012.4000 22813530
    • Schneiders AG, Sullivan SJ, Hendrick PA, Hones BD, McMaster AR, Sugden BA, et al. The ability of clinical tests to diagnose stress fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42:760-71. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2012.4000.
    • (2012) J Orthop Sports Phys Ther , vol.42 , pp. 760-771
    • Schneiders, A.G.1    Sullivan, S.J.2    Hendrick, P.A.3    Hones, B.D.4    McMaster, A.R.5    Sugden, B.A.6
  • 19
    • 77952110480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for athletes: An update
    • 10.1016/j.rehab.2010.03.001
    • Ziltener JL, Leal S, Fournier PE. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for athletes: an update. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010;53(278-82):82-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2010.03.001.
    • (2010) Ann Phys Rehabil Med , vol.53 , Issue.278-282 , pp. 82-88
    • Ziltener, J.L.1    Leal, S.2    Fournier, P.E.3
  • 20
    • 21844462853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions for preventing and treating stress fractures and stress reactions of bone of the lower limbs in young adults
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000450.pub2
    • Rome K, Handoll HH, Ashford R. Interventions for preventing and treating stress fractures and stress reactions of bone of the lower limbs in young adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD000450. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD000450.pub2.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev. , Issue.2
    • Rome, K.1    Handoll, H.H.2    Ashford, R.3
  • 21
    • 0034322454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-risk stress fractures: Evaluation and treatment
    • 11104398 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FnvFyktA%3D%3D
    • Boden BP, Osbahr DC. High-risk stress fractures: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:344-53.
    • (2000) J Am Acad Orthop Surg , vol.8 , pp. 344-353
    • Boden, B.P.1    Osbahr, D.C.2
  • 22
    • 39149137529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do capacitively coupled electric fields accelerate tibial stress fracture healing? A randomized controlled trial
    • 10.1177/0363546507310076 18055921 10.1177/0363546507310076
    • Beck BR, Matheson GO, Bergman G, Norling T, Fredericson M, Hoffman AR, et al. Do capacitively coupled electric fields accelerate tibial stress fracture healing? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:545-53. doi: 10.1177/0363546507310076.
    • (2008) Am J Sports Med , vol.36 , pp. 545-553
    • Beck, B.R.1    Matheson, G.O.2    Bergman, G.3    Norling, T.4    Fredericson, M.5    Hoffman, A.R.6
  • 23
    • 0344495993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress injuries to bone in college athletes: A retrospective review of experience at a single institution
    • 14623664
    • Arendt E, Agel J, Heikes C, Griffiths H. Stress injuries to bone in college athletes: a retrospective review of experience at a single institution. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:959-68.
    • (2003) Am J Sports Med , vol.31 , pp. 959-968
    • Arendt, E.1    Agel, J.2    Heikes, C.3    Griffiths, H.4
  • 24
    • 84864501395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of return-to-sports-time for athletes with stress fracture - An approach combining risk level of fracture site with severity based on imaging
    • 10.1186/1471-2474-13-139 22866765 10.1186/1471-2474-13-139 The return-to-sports-time (RTST) after stress fractures can be prognosticated based on the MRI grading and the risk level of the stress fractures. Management plan can be formulated at the time of diagnosis, and stress fractures at high-risk sites need to be managed diligently, regardless of their grade
    • • Dobrindt O, Hoffmeyer B, Ruf J, Seidensticker M, Steffen IG, Fischbach F, et al. Estimation of return-to-sports-time for athletes with stress fracture - an approach combining risk level of fracture site with severity based on imaging. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-139. The return-to-sports-time (RTST) after stress fractures can be prognosticated based on the MRI grading and the risk level of the stress fractures. Management plan can be formulated at the time of diagnosis, and stress fractures at high-risk sites need to be managed diligently, regardless of their grade.
    • (2012) BMC Musculoskelet Disord , vol.13 , pp. 139
    • Dobrindt, O.1    Hoffmeyer, B.2    Ruf, J.3    Seidensticker, M.4    Steffen, I.G.5    Fischbach, F.6
  • 25
    • 84856924660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The female athlete triad
    • 10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.007 22341014 10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.007
    • Deimel JF, Dunlap BJ. The female athlete triad. Clin Sports Med. 2012;31:247-54. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2011.09.007.
    • (2012) Clin Sports Med , vol.31 , pp. 247-254
    • Deimel, J.F.1    Dunlap, B.J.2
  • 26
    • 79959447480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstacles in the optimization of bone health outcomes in the female athlete triad
    • 10.2165/11588770-000000000-00000 21688870 10.2165/11588770-000000000- 00000
    • Ducher G, Turner AI, Kukuljan S, Pantano KJ, Carlson JL, Williams NI, et al. Obstacles in the optimization of bone health outcomes in the female athlete triad. Sports Med. 2011;41:587-607. doi: 10.2165/11588770-000000000-00000.
    • (2011) Sports Med , vol.41 , pp. 587-607
    • Ducher, G.1    Turner, A.I.2    Kukuljan, S.3    Pantano, K.J.4    Carlson, J.L.5    Williams, N.I.6
  • 27
    • 33751407928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female athlete triad and stress fractures
    • 10.1016/j.ocl.2006.09.005 17141015 10.1016/j.ocl.2006.09.005
    • Feingold D, Hame SL. Female athlete triad and stress fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006;37:575-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2006.09.005.
    • (2006) Orthop Clin North Am , vol.37 , pp. 575-583
    • Feingold, D.1    Hame, S.L.2
  • 28
    • 0344496013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: A 2-year follow-up study
    • 14623654
    • Braam LA, Knapen MH, Geusens P, Brouns F, Vermeer C. Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes: a 2-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:889-95.
    • (2003) Am J Sports Med , vol.31 , pp. 889-895
    • Braam, L.A.1    Knapen, M.H.2    Geusens, P.3    Brouns, F.4    Vermeer, C.5
  • 29
    • 0034761966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone mineral density in young, hypothalamic oligoamenorrheic women treated with oral contraceptives
    • 11725730 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotlylsLg%3D
    • Castelo-Branco C, Vicente JJ, Pons F, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Casals E, Vanrell JA. Bone mineral density in young, hypothalamic oligoamenorrheic women treated with oral contraceptives. J Reprod Med. 2001;46:875-9.
    • (2001) J Reprod Med , vol.46 , pp. 875-879
    • Castelo-Branco, C.1    Vicente, J.J.2    Pons, F.3    Martinez De Osaba, M.J.4    Casals, E.5    Vanrell, J.A.6
  • 30
    • 0032877276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of reduced bone mineral density in athletic amenorrhea: A pilot study
    • 10692976 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7lsleltw%3D%3D 10.1007/s001980050228
    • Gibson JH, Mitchell A, Reeve J, Harries MG. Treatment of reduced bone mineral density in athletic amenorrhea: a pilot study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10:284-9.
    • (1999) Osteoporos Int , vol.10 , pp. 284-289
    • Gibson, J.H.1    Mitchell, A.2    Reeve, J.3    Harries, M.G.4
  • 31
    • 0030916530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months
    • 9166162 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjvVais7s%3D 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70396-X
    • Hergenroeder AC, Smith EO, Shypailo R, Jones LA, Klish WJ, Ellis K. Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176:1017-25.
    • (1997) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.176 , pp. 1017-1025
    • Hergenroeder, A.C.1    Smith, E.O.2    Shypailo, R.3    Jones, L.A.4    Klish, W.J.5    Ellis, K.6
  • 32
    • 4544336211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of oral contraceptives on body composition and physical performance in female athletes
    • 10.1210/jc.2003-031334 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnslWhtr8%3D 10.1210/jc.2003-031334
    • Rickenlund A, Carlstrom K, Ekblom B, Brismar TB, Von Schoultz B, Hirschberg AL. Effects of oral contraceptives on body composition and physical performance in female athletes. J Clinic Endocrinol Metabol. 2004;89:4364-70. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031334.
    • (2004) J Clinic Endocrinol Metabol , vol.89 , pp. 4364-4370
    • Rickenlund, A.1    Carlstrom, K.2    Ekblom, B.3    Brismar, T.B.4    Von Schoultz, B.5    Hirschberg, A.L.6
  • 33
    • 0041563843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent osteopenia in ballet dancers with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone therapy: A longitudinal study
    • 12909505 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00660-5
    • Warren MP, Brooks-Gunn J, Fox RP, Holderness CC, Hyle EP, Hamilton WG, et al. Persistent osteopenia in ballet dancers with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone therapy: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:398-404.
    • (2003) Fertil Steril , vol.80 , pp. 398-404
    • Warren, M.P.1    Brooks-Gunn, J.2    Fox, R.P.3    Holderness, C.C.4    Hyle, E.P.5    Hamilton, W.G.6
  • 34
    • 84863698347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the pill the answer for patients with the female athlete triad?
    • 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182499e86 22410694
    • Joy E. Is the pill the answer for patients with the female athlete triad? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11:54-5. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3182499e86.
    • (2012) Curr Sports Med Rep , vol.11 , pp. 54-55
    • Joy, E.1
  • 35
    • 5344227601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at first oral contraceptive use as a major determinant of vertebral bone mass in female endurance athletes
    • 10.1016/j.bone.2004.05.017 15454090 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvV2rtL0%3D 10.1016/j.bone.2004.05.017
    • Hartard M, Kleinmond C, Kirchbichler A, Jeschke D, Wiseman M, Weissenbacher ER, et al. Age at first oral contraceptive use as a major determinant of vertebral bone mass in female endurance athletes. Bone. 2004;35:836-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.05.017.
    • (2004) Bone , vol.35 , pp. 836-841
    • Hartard, M.1    Kleinmond, C.2    Kirchbichler, A.3    Jeschke, D.4    Wiseman, M.5    Weissenbacher, E.R.6
  • 36
    • 79957998408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass, training, menses, and bone in adolescent runners: A 3-yr follow-up
    • 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318201d7bb 20980925 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318201d7bb
    • Barrack MT, Van Loan MD, Rauh MJ, Nichols JF. Body mass, training, menses, and bone in adolescent runners: a 3-yr follow-up. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:959-66. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318201d7bb.
    • (2011) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.43 , pp. 959-966
    • Barrack, M.T.1    Van Loan, M.D.2    Rauh, M.J.3    Nichols, J.F.4
  • 37
    • 53549116443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of velocity and weight support on ground reaction forces and metabolic power during running
    • 18843159
    • Grabowski AM, Kram R. Effects of velocity and weight support on ground reaction forces and metabolic power during running. J Appl Biomech. 2008;24:288-97.
    • (2008) J Appl Biomech , vol.24 , pp. 288-297
    • Grabowski, A.M.1    Kram, R.2
  • 38
    • 77952704637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic and biomechanical effects of velocity and weight support using a lower-body positive pressure device during walking
    • 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.02.007 20510989 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.02.007
    • Grabowski AM. Metabolic and biomechanical effects of velocity and weight support using a lower-body positive pressure device during walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:951-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.02.007.
    • (2010) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.91 , pp. 951-957
    • Grabowski, A.M.1
  • 39
    • 79957652259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological responses to body weight-supported treadmill exercise in healthy adults
    • 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.035 21621673 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.035
    • Hoffman MD, Donaghe HE. Physiological responses to body weight-supported treadmill exercise in healthy adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:960-6. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.12.035.
    • (2011) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.92 , pp. 960-966
    • Hoffman, M.D.1    Donaghe, H.E.2
  • 40
    • 77951291361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of partial body-weight support for aggressive return to running after lumbar disk herniation: A case report
    • 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.014 20434621 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.014
    • Moore MN, Vandenakker-Albanese C, Hoffman MD. Use of partial body-weight support for aggressive return to running after lumbar disk herniation: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:803-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.01.014.
    • (2010) Arch Phys Med Rehabil , vol.91 , pp. 803-805
    • Moore, M.N.1    Vandenakker-Albanese, C.2    Hoffman, M.D.3
  • 41
    • 80051952481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of an anti-gravity treadmill in the rehabilitation of the operated achilles tendon: A pilot study
    • 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.04.045 21703879 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.04.045
    • Saxena A, Granot A. Use of an anti-gravity treadmill in the rehabilitation of the operated achilles tendon: a pilot study. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50:558-61. doi: 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.04.045.
    • (2011) J Foot Ankle Surg , vol.50 , pp. 558-561
    • Saxena, A.1    Granot, A.2
  • 42
    • 84865360556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of an antigravity treadmill for rehabilitation of a pelvic stress injury
    • 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.02.003 22920318 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.02.003
    • Tenforde AS, Watanabe LM, Moreno TJ, Fredericson M. Use of an antigravity treadmill for rehabilitation of a pelvic stress injury. PM R. 2012;4:629-31. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.02.003.
    • (2012) PM R , vol.4 , pp. 629-631
    • Tenforde, A.S.1    Watanabe, L.M.2    Moreno, T.J.3    Fredericson, M.4
  • 44
    • 34250861383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for resistant stress fracture in athletes: A report of 5 cases
    • 10.1177/0363546506297540 17293467 10.1177/0363546506297540
    • Taki M, Iwata O, Shiono M, Kimura M, Takagishi K. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for resistant stress fracture in athletes: a report of 5 cases. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1188-92. doi: 10.1177/0363546506297540.
    • (2007) Am J Sports Med , vol.35 , pp. 1188-1192
    • Taki, M.1    Iwata, O.2    Shiono, M.3    Kimura, M.4    Takagishi, K.5
  • 45
    • 84861321815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults
    • 10.1002/14651858.CD008579.pub2 22336847
    • Griffin XL, Smith N, Parsons N, Costa ML. Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD008579. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008579.pub2.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2 , pp. 008579
    • Griffin, X.L.1    Smith, N.2    Parsons, N.3    Costa, M.L.4
  • 46
    • 0033636449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Capacitively coupled electric fields accelerate proliferation of osteoblast-like primary cells and increase bone extracellular matrix formation in vitro
    • 11156291 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosVOls7s%3D 10.1007/s002490000100
    • Hartig M, Joos U, Wiesmann HP. Capacitively coupled electric fields accelerate proliferation of osteoblast-like primary cells and increase bone extracellular matrix formation in vitro. Eur Biophys J. 2000;29:499-506.
    • (2000) Eur Biophys J , vol.29 , pp. 499-506
    • Hartig, M.1    Joos, U.2    Wiesmann, H.P.3
  • 47
    • 0028303704 scopus 로고
    • A prospective, double-blind trial of electrical capacitive coupling in the treatment of non-union of long bones
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3lvFKqtQ%3D%3D
    • Scott G, King JB. A prospective, double-blind trial of electrical capacitive coupling in the treatment of non-union of long bones. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1994;76:820-6.
    • (1994) J Bone Joint Surg [Am] , vol.76 , pp. 820-826
    • Scott, G.1    King, J.B.2
  • 48
    • 1542317009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudarthrosis after lumbar spine fusion: Nonoperative salvage with pulsed electromagnetic fields
    • 14763594
    • Simmons Jr. JW, Mooney V, Thacker I. Pseudarthrosis after lumbar spine fusion: nonoperative salvage with pulsed electromagnetic fields. Am J Orthop. 2004;33:27-30.
    • (2004) Am J Orthop , vol.33 , pp. 27-30
    • Simmons Jr., J.W.1    Mooney, V.2    Thacker, I.3
  • 49
    • 0037403742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrical treatment of tibial non-union: A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial
    • 12719164 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7pvFGqtQ%3D%3D 10.1016/S0020-1383(02)00209-7
    • Simonis RB, Parnell EJ, Ray PS, Peacock JL. Electrical treatment of tibial non-union: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Injury. 2003;34:357-62.
    • (2003) Injury , vol.34 , pp. 357-362
    • Simonis, R.B.1    Parnell, E.J.2    Ray, P.S.3    Peacock, J.L.4
  • 50
    • 79955647092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electromagnetic field stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008471.pub2
    • Griffin XL, Costa ML, Parsons N, Smith N. Electromagnetic field stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(4):CD008471. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD008471.pub2.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev. , Issue.4
    • Griffin, X.L.1    Costa, M.L.2    Parsons, N.3    Smith, N.4
  • 51
    • 79960842172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female athlete triad syndrome in the high school athlete
    • 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.04.002 21802036 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.04.002
    • Thein-Nissenbaum JM, Carr KE. Female athlete triad syndrome in the high school athlete. Phys Ther Sport. 2011;12:108-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.04. 002.
    • (2011) Phys Ther Sport , vol.12 , pp. 108-116
    • Thein-Nissenbaum, J.M.1    Carr, K.E.2
  • 52
    • 84858076443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female athlete triad screening in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division i athletes: Is the preparticipation evaluation form effective?
    • 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182425aee 22266742 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182425aee
    • Mencias T, Noon M, Hoch AZ. Female athlete triad screening in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes: is the preparticipation evaluation form effective? Clin J Sport Med. 2012;22:122-5. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182425aee.
    • (2012) Clin J Sport Med , vol.22 , pp. 122-125
    • Mencias, T.1    Noon, M.2    Hoch, A.Z.3
  • 54
    • 78649290312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone-mineral density and other features of the female athlete triad in elite endurance runners: A longitudinal and cross-sectional observational study
    • 20975110
    • Pollock N, Grogan C, Perry M, Pedlar C, Cooke K, Morrissey D, et al. Bone-mineral density and other features of the female athlete triad in elite endurance runners: a longitudinal and cross-sectional observational study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010;20:418-26.
    • (2010) Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab , vol.20 , pp. 418-426
    • Pollock, N.1    Grogan, C.2    Perry, M.3    Pedlar, C.4    Cooke, K.5    Morrissey, D.6
  • 55
    • 78650776090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical report-bone densitometry in children and adolescents
    • 10.1542/peds.2010-2961 21187316 10.1542/peds.2010-2961
    • Bachrach LK, Sills IN. Clinical report-bone densitometry in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;127:189-94. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-2961.
    • (2011) Pediatrics , vol.127 , pp. 189-194
    • Bachrach, L.K.1    Sills, I.N.2
  • 56
    • 79956366659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress fractures: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
    • Patel DS, Roth M, Kapil N. Stress fractures: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Am Fam Physcian. 2011;83:39-46.
    • (2011) Am Fam Physcian , vol.83 , pp. 39-46
    • Patel, D.S.1    Roth, M.2    Kapil, N.3
  • 58
    • 84861125638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Step test performance and risk of stress fractures among female army trainees
    • 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.014 22608380 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.014
    • Cowan DN, Bedno SA, Urban N, Lee DS, Niebuhr DW. Step test performance and risk of stress fractures among female army trainees. Am J Prev Med. 2012;42:620-4. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.014.
    • (2012) Am J Prev Med , vol.42 , pp. 620-624
    • Cowan, D.N.1    Bedno, S.A.2    Urban, N.3    Lee, D.S.4    Niebuhr, D.W.5
  • 59
    • 80053180084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: A review of the literature
    • 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.019 21944303 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.019
    • Tenforde AS, Fredericson M. Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PM R. 2011;3:861-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.019.
    • (2011) PM R , vol.3 , pp. 861-867
    • Tenforde, A.S.1    Fredericson, M.2
  • 60
    • 0034067790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using bone's adaptation ability to lower the incidence of stress fractures
    • 10751003 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3htlSmtw%3D%3D
    • Milgrom C, Simkin A, Eldad A, Nyska M, Finestone A. Using bone's adaptation ability to lower the incidence of stress fractures. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:245-51.
    • (2000) Am J Sports Med , vol.28 , pp. 245-251
    • Milgrom, C.1    Simkin, A.2    Eldad, A.3    Nyska, M.4    Finestone, A.5
  • 62
    • 33144485779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does increased loading during running lead to tibial stress fractures? A prospective study
    • Davis I, Milner CE, Hamill J. Does increased loading during running lead to tibial stress fractures? A prospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5 SUPPL.):S58.
    • (2004) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.36 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 58
    • Davis, I.1    Milner, C.E.2    Hamill, J.3
  • 63
    • 33144465554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical factors associated with tibial stress fracture in female runners
    • 10.1249/01.mss.0000183477.75808.92 16531902 10.1249/01.mss.0000183477. 75808.92
    • Milner CE, Ferber R, Pollard CD, Hamill J, Davis IS. Biomechanical factors associated with tibial stress fracture in female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:323-8. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000183477.75808.92.
    • (2006) Med Sci Sports Exerc , vol.38 , pp. 323-328
    • Milner, C.E.1    Ferber, R.2    Pollard, C.D.3    Hamill, J.4    Davis, I.S.5
  • 64
    • 78650852885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: A systematic review
    • 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.005 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.005
    • Zadpoor AA, Nikooyan AA. The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: a systematic review. Clin Biomech. 2011;26:23-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.005.
    • (2011) Clin Biomech , vol.26 , pp. 23-28
    • Zadpoor, A.A.1    Nikooyan, A.A.2
  • 65
    • 75749087676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot vs shod runners
    • 10.1038/nature08723 20111000 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Sks7Y%3D 10.1038/nature08723
    • Lieberman DE, Venkadesan M, Werbel WA, Daoud AI, D'Andrea S, Davis IS, et al. Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot vs shod runners. Nature. 2010;463:531-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08723.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.463 , pp. 531-535
    • Lieberman, D.E.1    Venkadesan, M.2    Werbel, W.A.3    Daoud, A.I.4    D'Andrea, S.5    Davis, I.S.6
  • 66
    • 34249305453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are knee mechanics during early stance related to tibial stress fracture in runners?
    • 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.03.003 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.03.003
    • Milner CE, Hamill J, Davis I. Are knee mechanics during early stance related to tibial stress fracture in runners? Clin Biomech. 2007;22:697-703. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.03.003.
    • (2007) Clin Biomech , vol.22 , pp. 697-703
    • Milner, C.E.1    Hamill, J.2    Davis, I.3
  • 67
    • 77950653842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct hip and rearfoot kinematics in female runners with a history of tibial stress fracture
    • 10.2519/jospt.2010.3024 20118528
    • Milner CE, Hamill J, Davis IS. Distinct hip and rearfoot kinematics in female runners with a history of tibial stress fracture. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:59-66. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.3024.
    • (2010) J Orthop Sports Phys Ther , vol.40 , pp. 59-66
    • Milner, C.E.1    Hamill, J.2    Davis, I.S.3
  • 68
    • 77950676426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing impact loading during running with the use of real-time visual feedback
    • 10.2519/jospt.2010.3166 20357417
    • Crowell HP, Milner CE, Hamill J, Davis IS. Reducing impact loading during running with the use of real-time visual feedback. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:206-13. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.3166.
    • (2010) J Orthop Sports Phys Ther , vol.40 , pp. 206-213
    • Crowell, H.P.1    Milner, C.E.2    Hamill, J.3    Davis, I.S.4
  • 69
    • 78650887141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gait retraining to reduce lower extremity loading in runners
    • 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.003 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.003
    • Crowell HP, Davis IS. Gait retraining to reduce lower extremity loading in runners. Clin Biomech. 2011;26:78-83. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.003.
    • (2011) Clin Biomech , vol.26 , pp. 78-83
    • Crowell, H.P.1    Davis, I.S.2
  • 70
    • 84862781061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Step frequency and lower extremity loading during running
    • 10.1055/s-0031-1291232 22383130 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38vltVOrsA%3D%3D 10.1055/s-0031-1291232
    • Hobara H, Sato T, Sakaguchi M, Sato T, Nakazawa K. Step frequency and lower extremity loading during running. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33:310-3. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1291232.
    • (2012) Int J Sports Med , vol.33 , pp. 310-313
    • Hobara, H.1    Sato, T.2    Sakaguchi, M.3    Sato, T.4    Nakazawa, K.5
  • 71
    • 80052056215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barefoot running claims and controversies: A review of the literature
    • 21622635
    • Jenkins DW, Cauthon DJ. Barefoot running claims and controversies: a review of the literature. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2011;101:231-46.
    • (2011) J Am Podiatr Med Assoc , vol.101 , pp. 231-246
    • Jenkins, D.W.1    Cauthon, D.J.2
  • 72
    • 42449106519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium and vitamin d SUPPL.ementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits
    • 10.1359/jbmr.080102 18433305 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtFyrsbY%3D 10.1359/jbmr.080102
    • Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Recker R, Ahlf R, Thompson K. Calcium and vitamin d SUPPL.ementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:741-9. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.080102.
    • (2008) J Bone Miner Res , vol.23 , pp. 741-749
    • Lappe, J.1    Cullen, D.2    Haynatzki, G.3    Recker, R.4    Ahlf, R.5    Thompson, K.6
  • 73
    • 77955623479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk among young female cross-country runners
    • 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.020 20709302 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.020 quiz 94
    • Nieves JW, Melsop K, Curtis M, Kelsey JL, Bachrach LK, Greendale G, et al. Nutritional factors that influence change in bone density and stress fracture risk among young female cross-country runners. PM R. 2010;2:740-50. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.020. quiz 94.
    • (2010) PM R , vol.2 , pp. 740-750
    • Nieves, J.W.1    Melsop, K.2    Curtis, M.3    Kelsey, J.L.4    Bachrach, L.K.5    Greendale, G.6
  • 75
    • 33748048777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men
    • 10.1359/jbmr.060607 16939407 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVSrtrrJ 10.1359/jbmr.060607
    • Ruohola JP, Laaksi I, Ylikomi T, Haataja R, Mattila VM, Sahi T, et al. Association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and bone stress fractures in Finnish young men. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1483-8. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.060607.
    • (2006) J Bone Miner Res , vol.21 , pp. 1483-1488
    • Ruohola, J.P.1    Laaksi, I.2    Ylikomi, T.3    Haataja, R.4    Mattila, V.M.5    Sahi, T.6
  • 76
    • 21844432674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for clinical stress fractures in male military recruits: A prospective cohort study
    • 10.1016/j.bone.2005.04.016 15964254 10.1016/j.bone.2005.04.016
    • Valimaki VV, Alfthan H, Lehmuskallio E, Loyttyniemi E, Sahi T, Suominen H, et al. Risk factors for clinical stress fractures in male military recruits: a prospective cohort study. Bone. 2005;37:267-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.04. 016.
    • (2005) Bone , vol.37 , pp. 267-273
    • Valimaki, V.V.1    Alfthan, H.2    Lehmuskallio, E.3    Loyttyniemi, E.4    Sahi, T.5    Suominen, H.6
  • 77
    • 77957258666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers
    • 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2 20818195 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2
    • Constantini NW, Arieli R, Chodick G, Dubnov-Raz G. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20:368-71. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2.
    • (2010) Clin J Sport Med , vol.20 , pp. 368-371
    • Constantini, N.W.1    Arieli, R.2    Chodick, G.3    Dubnov-Raz, G.4
  • 78
    • 77956824014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D and athletes
    • 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7dd45 20622540
    • Larson-Meyer DE, Willis KS. Vitamin D and athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010;9:220-6. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7dd45.
    • (2010) Curr Sports Med Rep , vol.9 , pp. 220-226
    • Larson-Meyer, D.E.1    Willis, K.S.2
  • 79
    • 0036605934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults
    • 12034416 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XktVCitrg%3D 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01091-4
    • Tangpricha V, Pearce EN, Chen TC, Holick MF. Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults. Am J Med. 2002;112:659-62.
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.112 , pp. 659-662
    • Tangpricha, V.1    Pearce, E.N.2    Chen, T.C.3    Holick, M.F.4
  • 80
    • 77958176997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the relationship of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of stress fracture injuries in the young athlete: A review of the literature
    • 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.05.006 20970764 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.05.006
    • Tenforde AS, Sayres LC, Sainani KL, Fredericson M. Evaluating the relationship of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of stress fracture injuries in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PM R. 2010;2:945-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.05.006.
    • (2010) PM R , vol.2 , pp. 945-949
    • Tenforde, A.S.1    Sayres, L.C.2    Sainani, K.L.3    Fredericson, M.4
  • 81
    • 84861802762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current concept review: Vitamin D and stress fractures
    • 10.3113/FAI.2012.0526 22735329 10.3113/FAI.2012.0526
    • McCabe MP, Smyth MP, Richardson DR. Current concept review: vitamin D and stress fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33:526-33. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2012.0526.
    • (2012) Foot Ankle Int , vol.33 , pp. 526-533
    • McCabe, M.P.1    Smyth, M.P.2    Richardson, D.R.3
  • 82
    • 84877707054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Institutes of Health: strengthening knowledge and understanding of dietary SUPPL.ements: vitamin D. Accessed November 26
    • The National Institutes of Health: strengthening knowledge and understanding of dietary SUPPL.ements: vitamin D. http://ods.od.nih.gov/ factsheets/vitamind. Accessed November 26, 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 83
    • 84921431291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions for preventing and treating stress fractures and stress reactions of bone of the lower limbs in young adults
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000450
    • Gillespie WJ, Grant I. Interventions for preventing and treating stress fractures and stress reactions of bone of the lower limbs in young adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000:CD000450. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000450.
    • (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
    • Gillespie, W.J.1    Grant, I.2
  • 84
    • 79952326765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower limb injuries in soldiers: Feasibility of reduction through implementation of a novel orthotic screening protocol
    • Baxter ML, Baycroft C, Baxter GD. Lower limb injuries in soldiers: feasibility of reduction through implementation of a novel orthotic screening protocol. Milit Med. 2011;176:291-6.
    • (2011) Milit Med , vol.176 , pp. 291-296
    • Baxter, M.L.1    Baycroft, C.2    Baxter, G.D.3
  • 85
    • 82455220490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can orthotic insoles prevent lower limb overuse injuries? A randomized-controlled trial of 228 subjects
    • 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01116.x 20492587 1:STN:280: DC%2BC38%2Fjtlymuw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01116.x
    • Mattila VM, Sillanpaa PJ, Salo T, Laine HJ, Maenpaa H, Pihlajamaki H. Can orthotic insoles prevent lower limb overuse injuries? A randomized-controlled trial of 228 subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2011;21:804-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01116.x.
    • (2011) Scand J Med Sci Sports , vol.21 , pp. 804-808
    • Mattila, V.M.1    Sillanpaa, P.J.2    Salo, T.3    Laine, H.J.4    Maenpaa, H.5    Pihlajamaki, H.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.