Consensus document of the International Union of Angiology (IUA)-2013 current concepts on the management of arterio-venous malformations

International Angiology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 9-36

  Lee, B B ^a,i   Baumgartner, I ^b   Berlien, H P ^c   Bianchini, G ^d   Burrows, P ^e   Do, Y S ^f   Ivancev, K ^g   Kool, L S ^h   Laredo, J ⁱ   Loose, D A ^j   Lopez Gutierrez, J C ^k   Mattassi, R ^l   Parsi U Rimon, K ^m,n   Rosenblatt, M ^o   Shortell, C ^p   Simkin, R ^q   Stillo, F ^d   Villavicencio, L ^r   Yakes, W ^s  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b BERN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^c Evangelische Elisabethklinik   (Germany)

^d LABORATORIO DI PATOLOGIA VASCOLARE   (Italy)

^e MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

^f Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine   (South Korea)

^g ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

ⁱ GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^j Die Facharztklinik Hamburg   (Germany)

^k HOSPITAL INFANTIL LA PAZ   (Spain)

^l Istituto Clinico Mater Domini   (Italy)

^m UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

ⁿ TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^o Connecticut Image Guided Surgery ^*  (United States)

^p DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^q UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^r WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^s UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Angiography; Arteriovenous malformations; Central nervous system vascular malformations; Classification; Sclerotherapy.

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BLEOMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; ENBUCRILATE; ONYX COPOLYMER; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); TETRADECYL SULFATE SODIUM;

ANGIOLOGY; ARTERIOGRAPHY; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; ARTERY LIGATION; COIL EMBOLIZATION; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; EXTRATRUNCULAR ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; GOLD STANDARD; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MORBIDITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; RARE DISEASE; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; SCLEROTHERAPY; TREATMENT PLANNING; TRUNCULAR ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION;

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; HUMANS; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 84877322501     PISSN: 03929590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. rd edition. London: A Hodder Arnold Ltd; 2009.
2. Lee BB. Fast facts-vascular surgery highlights 2006-07. Chapter: Management of arteriovenous malformation. p. 42-50. Abington, Oxford OX143LN, UK: Health Press Limited, Elizabeth House, Queen Street, 2007.
3. Lee BB. Mastery of vascular and endovascular surgery. In: Zelenock A, Huber B, Messina E, Lumsden F, Moneta C, editors. Chapter 76. Arteriovenous malformation. p. 597-607. Philidelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins publishers; 2006.
4. Lee BB, Do YS, Yakes W, Kim DI, Mattassi R, Hyun WS Management of arterial-venous shunting malformations (AVM) by surgery and embolosclerotnerapy. A multidisciplinary approach. J Vasc Surg 2004;39:590-600.
5. Loose DA. Combined treatment of congenital vascular defects: Indications and tactics. Semin Vasc Surg 1993;4:260-5. (Pubitemid 24001457)
6. Loose DA Die kombinierte Therapie von av-Malformationen. Gefäßchirurgie 2005;05:25.
7. Loose DA, Weber J. Indications and tactics for a combined treatment of congenital vascular defects. In: Balas, editor. Progress in Angiology 1991. Turin: Edizioni Minerva Medica; 1991. p. 373-8.
8. Loose DA. The combined surgical therapy in congenital AV-shunting malformations. In: St. Belov DA, Loose J, Weber A, editors. In: Vascular malformations, Periodica Angiologica, Vol. 16. Reinbeck: Einhorn Presse Verlag; 1989.
9. Lee BB, Laredo J, Lee TS, Huh S, Neville R. Terminology and classification of congenital vascular malformations. Phlebology 2007;22:249-52. (Pubitemid 351534738)
10. Lee BB, Laredo J, Kim YW, Neville R. Congenital vascular malformations: general diagnostic principles. Phlebology 2007;22:253-7. (Pubitemid 351534739)
11. Mulliken JB. Classification of vascular birthmarks. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, editors. Vascular birthmarks: hemangiomas and malformations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988. p. 24-37.
12. Mulliken JB. Cutaneous vascular anomalies. Seminars in Vascular Surgery 1993;6:204-18. (Pubitemid 24001451)
13. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69:412-422. (Pubitemid 12191292)
14. Mulliken JB. Treatment of hemangiomas. In: Mulliken JB, Young AE, editors. Vascular Birthmarks, Hemangiomas and Malformations. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1988. p. 88-90.
15. Lee BB, Bergan J, Gloviczki P, Laredo J, Loose DA, Mattassi R Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations - Consensus Document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP)-2009. Int Angiol 2009;28:434-51.
16. Koskinen EVS, Tala P, Siltanen P. The effect of massive arteriovenous fistula on hemodynamics and bone growth. Clin Orthop 1967;50:305.
17. Nakano J. Effect of arteriovenous fistula on the cardiovascular dynamics. Jpn Heart J 1971;12:392.
18. Sumner D. Hemodynamics and pathophysiology of arteriovenous fistulae. In: Rutherford RB, editor. Vascular Surgery. 4th edition. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 1995. p. 1166-91.
19. th edition. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 1995. p. 1166-91.
20. Leu HJ. Pathomorphology of vascular malformations: analysis of 310 cases. Int Angiol 1990;9:147-55.
21. Woolard HH. The development of the principal arterial stems in the forelimb of the pig. Contrib Embryol 1922;14:139-54.
22. DeTakats G. Vascular anomalies of the extremities. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932;55:227-37.
23. Bastide G, Lefebvre D. Anatomy and organogenesis and vascular malformations. In: Belov St, Loose DA, Weber J, editors. Vascular malformations. Reinbek: Einhorn-Presse Verlag GmbH; 1989. p. 20-2.
24. John L, Doppman JL. The nidus concept of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. A surgical recommendation based upon angiographic observations. Br J Radiol 1971;44:758-63.
25. Valavanis A, Schubiger O, Wichmann W. Classification of brain arteriovenous malformation nidus by magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol Suppl 1986;369:86-9.
26. Geibprasert S, Pongpech S, Jiarakongmun P, Shroff MM, Armstrong DC, Krings T. Radiologic Assessment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: What Clinicians Need to Know. RadioGraphics 2010;30:483-501.
27. Aletich VA, Debrun GM, Koenigsberg R, Ausman JI, Charbel F, Dujovny M. Arteriovenous Malformation Nidus Catheterization with Hydrophilic Wire and Flow-Directed Catheter. AJNR 1997;18:929-35. (Pubitemid 28529921)
28. Leu HJ. Zur Morphologie der arteriovenösen Anestomosen bei kongenitalen Angiodysplasien. Morphol Med 1982;2:99-107. (Pubitemid 12055219)
29. Villavicencio JL. Congenital vascular malformations: historical background. Phlebology 2007;22:247-8. (Pubitemid 351534737)
30. rd edition. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1995. p. 834-8.
31. Leu HJ. Pathoanatomy of congenital vascular malformations. In: Belov S, Loose DA, Weber J, editors. Vascular malformations. Vol 16. Reinbek, Germany: Einhorn-Presse Verlag; 1989. p. 37-46.
32. Malan E, Puglionisi A. Congenital angiodysplasia of the extremities. Note 1: generalities and classification; venous dysplasias. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1964;5:87-130.
33. Malan E. Considerazioni sulle fistole artero-venose congenite degli arti. Boll Soc Priem Chir 1954;24:297-301.
34. Belov S. Classification, terminology, and nosology of congenital vascular defects. In: Belov S, Loose DA, Weber J, editors. Vascular malformations. Reinbek, Germany: Einhorn-Presse; 1989. p. 25-30.
35. Belov St. Anatomopathological classification of congenital vascular defects. Seminars in Vascular Surgery 1993;6:219-24.
36. Belov St, Loose DA, Weber J. Editors comment: classification. In: In: Belov St, loose DA, Weber J: Vascular Malformations. Reinbeck: Einhorn-Presse Ed; 1984. p. 29.
37. Lee BB. Les malformations veineuses congénitales: évolution des concepts actuels de diagnostic et de traitement. Angéiologie 1998;50:17-9.
38. Sabin FR. Origin and development of the primitive vessels of the chick and of the pig. Cont Embriol Carnegie Inst 1971;6-7:61-7.
39. Rienhoff WF. Congenital arteriovenous fistula. Bull John Hopkins Hosp 1924;35:271-84.
40. Bastide G, Lefebvre D, Jaeger JF. The organogenesis and anatomy of vascular malformations. Int Angiol 1990;9:137-40.
41. Belov St. Classification of congenital vascular defects. Int Angiol 1990;9:141-6.
42. Lee BB, Kim HH, Mattassi R, Yakes W, Loose D, G. Tasnadi. A new approach to the congenital vascular malformation with a new concept: how the pioneer Prof. Stefan Belov enlightened us through the Seoul consensus. Int J Angiol 2003;12:248-51. (Pubitemid 38501404)
43. Van Der Stricht. Classification of vascular malformations. In: Belov St, Loose DA, Weber J, editors. Vascular Malformations. Reinbek: Einhorn-Presse Verlag GmbH; 1989. p. 23.
44. Houdart E, Gobin YP, Casasco A, Aymard A, Herbreteau D, Merland JJ. A proposed angiographic classification of intracranial arteriovenous fistulae and malformations. Neuroradiology 1993;35:381-5. (Pubitemid 23151954)
45. Cho AK, Do YS, Shin SW, Kwang Bo, Park KB Peripheral arteriovenous malformations with a dominant outflow vein: results of ethanol embolization. Korean J Radiol 2008;9:258-67.
46. Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, Mulliken JB. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:643-54. (Pubitemid 28402605)
47. Jackson JE, Mansfield AO, Allison DJ. Treatment of high-flow vascular malformations by venous embolization aided by flow occlusion techniques. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996;19:323-8. (Pubitemid 26358947)
48. Al-Shahi R, Warlow C. A systematic review of the frequency and prognosis of arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. Brain 2001;124:1900-26. (Pubitemid 32951757)
49. Tasnadi G. Epidemiology and etiology of congenital vascular malformations. Semin Vasc Surg 1993;6:200-3. (Pubitemid 24001450)
50. Cho SK, Do YS, Shin SW, Choo SW, Choo IW Arteriovenous malformations of the body and extremities: analysis of therapeutic outcomes and approaches according to a modified angiographic classification. J Endovasc Ther 2006;13:527-38. (Pubitemid 44423047)
51. Lee BB, Laredo J, Neville R. Embryological background of truncular venous malformation in the extracranial venous pathways as the cause of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Int Angiol 2010;29:95-108.
52. Lee BB. Not all venous malformations needed therapy because they are not arteriovenous malformations. Comments on Dermatol Surg 2010;36:340-6.
53. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:347.
54. Lee BB, Laredo J, Seo JM, Neville R. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations. In: Mattassi A, Loose F, Vaghi G, editors. Chapter 29, Treatment of lymphatic malformations. Milan: Springer-Verlag Italia; 2009. p. 231-50.
55. Lee BB, Villavicencio JL. Primary lymphedema and lymphatic malformation: are they the two sides of the same coin? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010;39:646-53
56. Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Vikkula M. RASA1: variable phenotype with capillary and arteriovenous malformations. Curr Opi Genetics Develop 2005;15:265-9. (Pubitemid 40726049)
57. Eerola I, Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Burrows PE, Dompmartin A, Watanabe S Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation, a new clinical and genetic disorder caused by RASA1 mutations. Am J Hum Gen 2003;73:1240-9. (Pubitemid 38037418)
58. Iacobas I, Burrows PE, Adams DM, Sutton VR, Hollier LH, Chintagumpala MM. Oral rapamycin in the treatment of patients with hamartoma syndromes and PTEN mutation. Pediatr Blood Cancer2011;57:321-3.
59. Kurek KC, Howard E, Tenant L, Upton J, Alomari AI, Burrows PE PTEN Hamartoma of Soft Tissue: A Distinctive Lesion in PTEN Syndromes. Am J Surg Pathology 2012;36:671-87.
60. McDonald J, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Pyeritz RE. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an overview of diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis. Genet Med 2011;13:607-16.
61. Revencu N, Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Enjolras O, Cordisco MR, Burrows PE Parkes Weber syndrome, vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, and other fast-flow vascular anomalies are caused by RASA1 mutations. Human Mut 2009;29:959-65. (Pubitemid 351951290)
62. Richards-Yutz J, Grant K, Chao EC, Walther SE, Ganguly A. Update on molecular diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Hum Gen 2010;128:61-77.
63. Sho E, Sho M, Singh TM, Nanjo H, Komatsu M, Xu C Arterial enlargement in response to high flow requires early expression of matrix metalloproteinases to degrade extracellular matrix. Exp Mol Pathol 2002;73:142-53.
64. Tan WH, Baris HN, Burrows PE, Robson CD, Alomari AI, Mulliken JB The spectrum of vascular anomalies in patients with PTEN mutations: implications for diagnosis and management. J Med Genet 2007;44:594-602. (Pubitemid 47441769)
65. Thiex R, Mulliken JB, Revencu N, Boon LM, Burrows PE, Cordisco M A novel association between RASA1 mutations and spinal arteriovenous anomalies. Am J Neuroradiol 2010;31:775-9.
66. Urness LD, Sorensen LK, Li DY. Arteriovenous malformations in mice lacking activin receptor-like kinase-1. Nat Genet 2000;26:328-31.
67. Vikkula M, Boon LM, Mulliken JB. Molecular genetics of vascular malformations. Matrix Biol 2001;20:327-35. (Pubitemid 32846718)
68. Brouillard P, Vikkula M. Genetic causes of vascular malformations. Hum Mol Genetics 2007;16(Spec No 2):R140-9.
69. Vikkula M. Pathogenesis and genetics of vascular anomalies. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2006;51:282-6.
70. Limaye N, Boon LM, Vikkula M. From germline towards somatic mutations in the pathophysiology of vascular anomalies. Hum Mol Genet 2009;18:R65-R74.
71. Marler JJ, Fishman SJ, Kilroy SM, Fang J, Upton J, Mulliken JB Increased expression of urinary matrix metalloproteinases parallels the extent and activity of vascular anomalies. Pediatrics 2005;116:35-8.
72. Hashimoto T, Mesa-Tejada R, Quick CM, Bollen AW, Joshi S, Pile-Spellman J Evidence of increased endothelial cell turnover in brain arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 2001;49:124-31
73. Gao P, Chen Y, Lawton MT, Barbaro NM, Yang GY, Su H Evidence of endothelial progenitor cells in the human brain and spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 2010;67:1029-35.
74. th ISSVA Workshop. Brussels, April. 2010
75. Ziyeh S, Spreer J, Rossler J, Strecker R, Hochmuth A, Schumacher M Parkes Weber or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome? Non-invasive diagnosis with MR projection angiography. Eur Radiol 2004;14:2025-9. (Pubitemid 39481172)
76. Courivaud D, Delerue A, Delerue C, Boon L, Piette F, Modiano P. Familial case of Parkes Weber syndrome Ann Dermatol Venereol 2006;133(5 Pt 1):445-7. (Pubitemid 44270832)
77. Bartels C, Claeys L, Ktenidis K, Horsch SFP. Weber syndrome associated with a brachial artery aneurysm. A case report. Angiology 1995;46:1039-42.
78. Langer M, Langer R, Friedrich JM. Congenital angiodysplasias of types F.P. Weber, Klippel-Trenaunay and Servelle-Martorell J Mal Vasc 1982;7:317-24. (Pubitemid 13185058)
79. Gloviczki P, Duncan A, Kalra M, Oderich G, Ricotta J, Bower T Vascular malformations: an update. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther 2009;21:133-48.
80. th edition. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Company; 1995. p. 1211-7.
81. Strandness DE Jr, Sumner DS. Arteriovenlous fistula. In: Hemodynamics for surgeons. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1975. p. 621-63.
82. Vollmar J Die Chirurgie kongenitaler arteriovenöser Fisteln der Gliedmaßen. In: JF Vollmar, FP Nobbe (Hrsg.):Arteriovenöse Fisteln-dilatierende Arteriopathien (Aneurysmen). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme; 1976. p. 66-76.
83. Szilagyi DE, Elliott JP, DeRusso FJ, Smith RF. Peripheral congenital arteriovenous fistulas. Surgery 1965;57:61-81.
84. Ingebrigtsen R, Krog J, Leraand S. Velocity and flow of blood in the femoral artery proximal to an experimental arteriovenous fistula. Acta Chir Scand 1962;124-45.
85. Lavigne JE, Mesinna LM, Golding MR, Kerr JC, Hobson RW 2nd, Swan KG. Fistula size and hemodynamic events within and about canine femoral arteriovenous fistulas. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977;74:551.
86. Schenk WG Jr, Bahn RA, Cordell AR, Stephens JG. The regional hemodynamics of experimental acute arteriovenous fistulas. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1957;105:773.
87. Sumner DS, Aretriovenous fistula. In: Strandness DE Jr, editor. Collateral circulation in clinical surgey. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1969. p. 27-90.
88. Berwald C, Salazard B, Bardot J, Casanova D, Magalon G. Port wine stains or capillary malformations: surgical treatment Ann Chir Plast Esthet 2006;51:369-72. (Pubitemid 44528821)
89. Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, Ruiz-Esparza J. Treatment of port-wine stains (capillary malformation) with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. J Pediatr 1993;122:71-7. (Pubitemid 23010686)
90. Loose DA. Diagnostik und Therapie von angeborenen Gefäß fehlern. Zentralblatt für Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten 1996;168:12.
91. Loose DA. Systematik, Radiologische Diagnostik und Therapie vaskulärer Fehlbildungen. In: Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M. Operative Dermatologie im Kindesund Jugendalter. Diagnostik und Therapie von Fehlund Neubildungen. Berlin, Wien: Blackwell Wissenschaftsverlag; 1997. p. 79-94.
92. Ondra SL, Troupp H, George ED, Schwab K. The natural history of symptomatic arteriovenous malformations of the brain: A 24 year follow-up assessment. J Neurosurg 1990;73:387-91. (Pubitemid 20260008)
93. Pollock BE, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD, Bissonette DJ, Kondziolka D. Factors that predict the bleeding risk of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Stroke 1996;27:1-6. (Pubitemid 26008285)
94. Horton BT. Hemihypertrophy of Extremities associated with Congenital Arteriovenous Fistula. JAMA 1932;98:373.
95. Ballock RT, Wiesner GL, Myers MT, Thompson GH. Current concepts review - hemihypertrophy. Concepts and controversies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997:1731-8 (Pubitemid 27508534)
96. Belov St. Correction of lower limbs length discrepancy in congenital vascular-bone disease by vascular surgery performed during childhood. Sem Vasc Surg 1993;6:245-51.
97. Mattassi R. Differential diagnosis in congenital vascular-bone syndromes. Sem Vasc Surg 1993;6:233-44. (Pubitemid 24001454)
98. Mattassi R and Vaghi M. Vascular bone syndrome - angio-osteodystrophy: current concepts. Phlebology 2007;22:287-90. (Pubitemid 351534744)
99. Kim YW, Do YS, Lee SH, Lee BB. Risk factors for leg length discrepancy in patients with congenital vascular malformation. J Vasc Surg 2006;44:545-53.
100. Loose DA. Surgical management of venous malformations. Phlebology 2007;22:276-82. (Pubitemid 351534742)
101. Surdam JW, Morris CD, DeWeese JD, Drvaric DM. Leg length inequality and epiphysiodesis: review of 96 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 2003;23:381-4. (Pubitemid 36529593)
102. Paley D. Current techniques of limb lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8:73-92. (Pubitemid 18022031)
103. Peixinho M, Arakaki T, Toledo CS. Correction of leg inequality in the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Int Orthop 1982;6:45-7. (Pubitemid 12080272)
104. McGrory BJ, Amadio PC. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: orthopaedic considerations. Orthop Rev 1993;22:41-50. (Pubitemid 23032160)
105. Enjolras O, Chapot R, Merland JJ. Vascular anomalies and the growth of limbs: a review. J Pediatr Orthop B 2004;13:349-57. (Pubitemid 39507062)
106. Brunelle F. Arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen in children. Pediatr Radiol 1997;27:501-13. (Pubitemid 27254492)
107. Horowitz MB, Jungreis CA, Quisling RG, Pollack I. Vein of Galen aneurysms: a review and current perspective. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:1486-96. (Pubitemid 24285902)
108. Kleindienst A, Hildebrandt G, Klug N, Schon R. Management of vein of Galen malformations: a review based on five neurosurgically treated cases and literature reports. Zentralbl Neurochir 1999;60:172-82. (Pubitemid 30033060)
109. Nightingale S, Ray GS. Paradoxical embolism causing stroke and migraine. J Postgrad Med 2010;56:206-8.
110. Cottin V, Plauchu H, Bayle J-Y, Barthelet M, Revel D, Cordier JF. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:994-1000. (Pubitemid 38543636)
111. Schönlein KM, Worret W-I. Dermatologisch relevante arteriovenöse Malformationen. Phlebologie 1992;21:27-30.
112. Parsi K, Partsch H, Rabe E, Ramelet AA. Reticulate Eruptions. Part 1: Vascular Networks and Physiology. Aust J Dermatol2011;52:159-66.
113. Parsi K, Partsch H, Rabe E, Ramelet AA. Reticulate eruptions. Part 2: historical perspectives, morphology, terminology and classificationAust J Dermatol 2011;52:237-44.
114. Lee BB, Lardeo J, Neville R. Arterio-venous malformation: how much do we know? Phlebology 2009;24:193-200
115. Lee BB. Not all venous malformations needed therapy because they are not arteriovenous malformations. Comments on Dermatol Surg 2010;36:340-6.
116. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:347.
117. Yakes WF, Parker SH. Diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies. Intern Radiology 1991;Vol. 1:152-89.
118. Simkin R. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Scope on phlebology and lymphology 2001;7:129-35.
119. Lee BB, Mattassi R, Choe YH, Vaghi M, Ahn JM, Kim DI Critical role of duplex ultrasonography for the advanced management of a venous malformation (VM). Phlebology 2005;20:28-37. (Pubitemid 40462615)
120. Dubois J, Patriquin HB, Garel L, Powell J, Filiatrault D, David M Soft-tissue hemangiomas in infants and children: diagnosis using Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998;171:247-52. (Pubitemid 28308684)
121. Timmerman D, Wauters J, Van Calenbergh S, Van Schoubroeck D, Maleux G, Van Den Bosch T Color Doppler imaging is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of uterine vascular malformations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003;21:529-31.
122. Trop I, Dubois J, Guibaud L, Grignon A, Patriquin H, McCuaig C Soft-tissue venous malformations in pediatric and young adult patients: diagnosis with Doppler US. Radiology 1999;212:841-5. (Pubitemid 29410991)
123. Lee BB, Choe YH, Ahn JM, Do YS, Kim DI, Huh SH The new role of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) in the contemporary diagnosis of venous malformation: can it replace angiography? J Am Coll Surg 2004;198:549-58. (Pubitemid 38446528)
124. Breugem CC, Maas M, Reekers JA, van der Horst CM. Use of magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of vascular malformations of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:870-7. (Pubitemid 32847706)
125. Rak KM, Yakes WF, Ray RL, Dreisbach JN, Parker SH, Luethke JM MR imaging of symptomatic peripheral vascular malformations. AJR 1992;159:107-12.
126. Smith JK, Castillo M, Wilson JD. MR characteristics of low-flow facial vascular malformations in children and young adults. Clin Imaging 1995;19:109-17.
127. Duran M, Schoenberg S, Yuh W, Knopp M, van Kaick G, Essig M. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations: morphologic evaluation by ultrashort 3D gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Eur Radiol 2002;12:2957-64. (Pubitemid 36940418)
128. Napoli A, Fleischmann D, Chan FP, Catalano C, Hellinger JC, Passariello R Computed tomography angiography: state-of-the-art imaging using multidetector row technology. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004;28(Suppl 1):S32-45. (Pubitemid 38988806)
129. Fleischmann D. Multiple detector-row CT angiography of the renal and mesenteric vessels. Eur J Radiol 2003;45(Suppl 1):S79-87. (Pubitemid 36206505)
130. Catalano C, Laghi A, Fraioli F, Pediconi F, Napoli A, Danti M High-resolution CT angiography of the abdomen. Abdom Imaging 2002;27:479-87. (Pubitemid 36459363)
131. Fleischmann D. Present and future trends in multiple detector-row CT applications: CT angiography. Eur Radiol 2002;12(Suppl 2):S11-15. (Pubitemid 40826299)
132. Dubois J, Alison M. Vascular anomalies: what a radiologist needs to know. Pediatr Radiol 2010;40:895-905.
133. Lidsky M, Spritzer C, Shortell C. The role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and management of patients with vascular malformations. J Vasc Surg I 2011;53:131-7.
134. Lee BB, Mattassi R, Kim BT, Park JM. Advanced management of arteriovenous shunting malformation with Transarterial Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy (TLPS) for follow up assessment. Int Angiol 2005;24:173-84. (Pubitemid 43933038)
135. Dentici R, Mattasi R, Vaghi M. La diagnostica per immagini in medicina nucleare. Capitolo 19. In: Mattassi R, Belov S, Loose DA, Vaghi M, editors. Malformazioni vascolari ed emangiomi. Testo-atlante di diagnostica e terapia. Milano: Springer-Verlag Italia; 2003. p. 32-9.
136. Lee BB, Mattassi R, Kim BT, Kim DI, Ahn JM, Choi JY. Contemporary diagnosis and management of venous and AV shunting malformation by whole body blood pool scintigraphy (WBBPS). Int Angiol 2004;23:355-67. (Pubitemid 43057198)
137. Fukuda Y, Murata Y, Umehara I, Yamashita T, Ono C, Iwai T Perfusion and blood pool scintigraphy for diagnosing soft-tissue arteriovenous malformations. Clin Nucl Med 1999;24:232-4. (Pubitemid 29156332)
138. Rutherford RB. Congenital vascular malformations: diagnostic evaluation. Semin Vasc Surg 1993;6:225-32. (Pubitemid 24001453)
139. Burrows PE, Mulliken JB, Fellows KE, Strand RD. Childhood hemangiomas and vascular malformations: angiographic differentiation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1983;141:483-8. (Pubitemid 13039895)
140. Robbs JV, Carrim AA, Kadwa AM, Mars M. Traumatic arteriovenous fistula: experience with 202 patients. Br J Surg 1994;81:1296-9. (Pubitemid 24275147)
141. Rich NM, Hobson RW, Collins JG. Traumatic arteriovenous fistulas and aneurysms. Surgery 1975;78:817-29.
142. Al Dhaybi R, Powell J, McCuaig C, Kokta V. Differentiation of vascular tumors from vascular malformations by expression of Wilms tumor 1 gene: evaluation of 126 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:1052-7.
143. Trindade F, Tellechea O, Torrelo A, Requena L, Colmenero I. Wilms tumor 1 expression in vascular neoplasms and vascular malformations. Am J Dermatopathol 2011;33:569-72.
144. Simkin R. Varices, Ulceras y Angiodisplasias. Lopez Libreras Editores, Buenos Aires 429-451 and 481-487; 1991.
145. th edition. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 1046-64.
146. Lee BB, Bergan JJ. Advanced management of congenital vascular malformations: a multidisciplinary approach. Cardiovasc Surg 2002;10:523-33. (Pubitemid 35365861)
147. Loose DA. Combined therapy in arteriovenous malformations (Surgery and interventional radiology). Phlebol Rev 2005;13:51-8.
148. Lee BB. Critical role of multidisciplinary team approach in the new field of vascular surgery - endovascular surgery. J Kor Soc Vasc Surg 2003;19:121-3.
149. Donnelly LF, Adams DM, Bisset GS, 3rd. Vascular malformations and hemangiomas: a practical approach in a multidisciplinary clinic. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:597-608. (Pubitemid 30126231)
150. Lee BB. Current concept of venous malformation (VM). Phlebolymphology 2003;43:197-203.
151. Lee BB, Kim YW, Seo JM, Hwang JH, Do YS, Kim DI Current concepts in lymphatic malformation (LM). J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;39:67-81.
152. Lee BB, Andrade M, Bergan J, Boccardo F, Campisi C, Damstra R, Flour M, Gloviczki P, Laredo J, Piller N, Michelini S, Mortimer P, Villavicencio JL: Diagnosis and treatment of Primary Lymphedema - Consensus Document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP)-2009. International Angiology 2010;29:454-70.
153. Lee BB. Advanced management of congenital vascular malformation (CVM). Int Angiol 2002;21:209-13. (Pubitemid 35414739)
154. Lee BB, Laredo J, Lee SJ, Huh SH, Joe JH, Neville R. Congenital vascular malformations: general treatment principles. Phlebology 2007;22:258-63. (Pubitemid 351534740)
155. nd edition. Cases, questions and commentaries; Chapter 41. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited; 2005. p. 377-92.
156. Lee BB, Kim HH, Mattassi R, Yakes W, Loose D, Tasnadi G. A new approach to the congenital vascular malformation with new concept -Seoul Consensus. Int J Angiol 2003;12:248-51.
157. Lee BB. Statues of new approaches to the treatment of congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) - single center experiences - (Editorial Review). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;30:184-97. (Pubitemid 40932019)
158. Lee BB. Critical issues on the management of congenital vascular malformation. Annals Vasc Surg 2004;18:380-92. (Pubitemid 38691577)
159. Lee BB, Mattassi R, Loose D, Yakes W, Tasnadi G, Kim HH: Consensus on Controversial Issues in Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Vascular Malformation- Seoul Communication. Int J Angiol 2004;13:182-92 (Pubitemid 41264559)
160. Belov St. Operative-technical peculiarities in operations of congenital vascular defects. In: Balas P, editor. Progress in angiology 1991. Turin: Edizioni Minerva Medica, 1992. p. 379-82.
161. Belov St, Loose DA. Surgical treatment of congenital vascular defects. Intern Angiol 1990;9:175-82.
162. Belov St, Loose DA, Mattassi R, Spatenka J, Tasnádi G, Wang Z. Therapeutical strategly, surgical tactics and operative techniques in congenital vascular defects (multicentre study). In: Strano A, Novo S, editors. Advances in vascular pathology. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1989. p. 1355-60. (Pubitemid 19276364)
163. Loose DA. Therapie angeborener Gefäßmißbildungen. In: Göhrich J, Brambs H-L, Sunder-Plassmann L, Götz H-J. Endovaskuläre Chirurgie. State-of-the-Art-Symposium. München, Bern, Wien, New York: Zuckschwert; 1997. p. 147-55.
164. Kim JY, Kim DI, Do YS, Kim YW, Lee BB. Surgical treatment for congenital arteriovenous malformation: 10 years' experience. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006;32:101-6. (Pubitemid 43842749)
165. Belov St. Spätergebnisse der chirurgischen Behandlung von 100 Kranken mit kongenitalen Angiodysplasien. ZBL Chir 1974;99:935-45.
166. Loose DA, Belov St. Chirurgische Therapiemöglichkeiten bei angeborenen peripheren Gefäßdysplasien. In: Aktuelles aus Angiologie, Gefäßchirurgie, Chirurgie. Periodica Angiologica, Band 11, Hrsg.: D.A. Loose. Reinbek: Einhorn-Presse-Verlag; 1985. p. 1-17.
167. Mattassi R. Surgical treatment of congenital arteriovenous defects. Int Angiol 1990;9:196-202.
168. Lee BB. Advanced management of congenital vascular malformation (CVM). Int Angiol 2002;21:209-13. (Pubitemid 35414739)
169. Mattassi R. Individual indications for surgical and combined treatment in so-called inoperable cases of congenital vascular defects. In: Balas P, editor. Progress in angiology. Turin: Edizioni Minerva Medica; 1992. p. 383-90.
170. Loose DA, Mattassi R, Vaghi M. Gefäßmalformationen. In: Debus ES, Gross-Fengels W, editors. Operative und interventionelle Gefäßmedizin. Springer, Berlin: 2012. p. 769-91.
171. Mattassi R. Individual indications for surgical and combined treatment in so-called inoperable cases of congenital vascular defects. In: Balas P, editor. Progress in Angiology 1991. Turin: Edizioni Minerva Medica; 1992. p. 383-90.
172. Weber JH. Vaso-occlusive angiotherapy (VAT) in congenital vascular malformations. Semin Vasc Surg 1993;6:279-96. (Pubitemid 24001459)
173. White RI Jr, Pollak J, Persing J, Henderson KJ, Thomson JG, Burdge CM. Long-term outcome of embolotherapy and surgery for high-flow extremity arteriovenous malformations. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11:1285-95.
174. Berenstein A, Kricheff II. Catheter and material selection for transarterial embolization. Technical considerations: catheters. Radiology 1979;132:619.
175. Novak D. Embolization materials. In: Dondelinger RF, Rossi P, Kurdziel JC, Wallace S, editors. Interventional radiology. New York, NY: Thieme; 1990.
176. Weber J Embolisationstherapie arteriovenöser Missbildungen. Radiol Diagn 1987;28:513-6.
177. Hauert J, Loose DA, Deyer T, Obermayer B, Deibele A. Angiodysplasisce Arthropathie (Hauert disease). Der Orthopäe 2012;6:493-504.
178. Lima, M., et al., Congenital symptomatic intrahepatic arteriovenous fistulas in newborns: management of 2 cases with prenatal diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40:e1-5. (Pubitemid 41530139)
179. Cho SK, Do YS, Kim DI, Kim YW, Shin SW, Park KB Peripheral arteriovenous malformations with a dominant outflow vein: results of ethanol embolization. Korean J Radiol 2008;9:258-67.
180. Burrows P. Endovascular treatment of vascular malformations of the female pelvis. Semin Intervent Radiol 2008;25:347-60.
181. Fan XD, Su LX, Zheng JW, Zheng LZ, Zhang ZY. Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations of the mandible. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:1178-83.
182. Numan F, Omeroglu A, Kara B, Cantaşdemir M, Adaletli I, Kantarci F. Embolization of peripheral vascular malformations with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:939-46. (Pubitemid 39249848)
183. Cohen JE, Gomori JM, Grigoriadis S, Sibly Z, Rajz G. Complete and persistent occlusion of arteriovenous malformations of the mandible after endovascular embolization. Neurol Res 2009;31:467-71.
184. Gianturco C, Anderson JH, Wallace S. Mechanical devices for arterial occlusion. Am J Roentgenol 1975;124:428-30.
185. Zanetti PH. Cyanoacrylate/iophenylate mixtures: modification and in vitro evaluation as embolic agents. J Int Radiol 1987;2:65-8. (Pubitemid 17162327)
186. Grady RM, Sharkey AM, Bridges ND. Transcatheter coil embolisation of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in a neonate. Br Heart J 1994;71:370-1. (Pubitemid 24163692)
187. Gupta P, Mordin C, Curtis J, Hughes JM, Shovlin CL, Jackson JE. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: effect of embolization on right-to-left shunt, hypoxemia, and exercise tolerance in 66 patients. AJR August 2002;2:347-55. (Pubitemid 34785635)
188. Upton J, Taghinia A. Special considerations in vascular anomalies: operative management of upper extremity lesions. Clin Plast Surg 2011;38:143-51.
189. Jackson JE, Mansfield AO, Allison DJ. Treatment of high-flow vascular malformations aided by flow occlusion techniques. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996;19:323-8. (Pubitemid 26358947)
190. Jeong HS, Baek CH, Son YI, Kim TW, Lee BB, Byun HS. Treatment for extracranial arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck. Acta Otolaryngol 2006;126:295-300. (Pubitemid 43259235)
191. Rosenblatt M. Endovascular management of venous malformations. Phlebology 2007;22:264-75. (Pubitemid 351534741)
192. Tan KT, Kirby J, Rajan DK, Hayeems E, Beecroft JR, Simons ME. Percutaneous sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy for peripheral venous vascular malformations: a single-center experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2007;18:343-51. (Pubitemid 46616717)
193. Mathur NN, Rana I, Bothra R, Dhawan R, Kathuria G, Pradhan T. Bleomycin sclerotherapy in congenital lymphatic and vascular malformations of head and neck. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005;69:75-80. (Pubitemid 41583094)
194. Mimura H, Fujiwara H, Hiraki T, Gobara H, Mukai T, Hyodo T Polidocanol sclerotherapy for painful venous malformations: evaluation of safety and efficacy in pain relief. Eur Radiol 2009;19:2474-80.
195. Velat GJ, Reavey-Cantwell JF, Sistrom C, Smullen D, Fautheree GL, Whiting J Comparison of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and onyx for the embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations: analysis of fluoroscopy and procedure times. Neurosurgery 2008;63(1 Suppl 1):ONS73-8; discussion ONS78-80.
196. Han MH, Seong SO, Kim HD, Chang KH, Yeon KM, Han MC. Craniofacial arteriovenous malformation: preoperative embolization with direct puncture and injection of n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Radiology 1999;211:661-6. (Pubitemid 29249461)
197. Natarajan SK, Born D, Ghodke B, Britz GW, Sekhar LN. Histopathological changes in brain arteriovenous malformations after embolization using Onyx or N-butyl cyanoacrylate. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg 2009;111:105-13.
198. Loh Y, Duckwiler GR. Onyx Trial Investigators. A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial of the Onyx liquid embolic system and N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2010;113:733-41.
199. Jahan R, Murayama Y, Gobin YP, Duckwiler GR, Vinters HV, Viñuela F. Embolization of arteriovenous malformations with Onyx: clinicopathological experience in 23 patients. Neurosurgery 2001;48:984-95.
200. Pierot L, Januel C, Herbreteau D, Barreau X, Drouineau J, Berge J Endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformation using Onyx: preliminary results of a prospective multicenter study. Interventional Neuroradiology 2005;11:159-64. (Pubitemid 41645465)
201. van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Beute GN. Brain AVM embolization with Onyx, AJNR 2007;28:172-7. (Pubitemid 46147561)
202. Frenzel T, Lee CZ, Kim H, Quinnine NJ, Hashimoto T, Lawton MT Feasibility of minocycline and doxycycline use as potential vasculostatic therapy for brain vascular malformations: pilot study of adverse events and tolerance. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25:157-63. (Pubitemid 351280391)
203. Ierardi AM, Mangini M, Vaghi M, Cazzulani A, Mattassi R, Carrafiello G. Occlusion of an intraosseous arteriovenous malformation with percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2011;34(Suppl 2):S150-3.
204. Yakes WF, Pevsner P, Reed M, Donohue HJ, Ghaed N. Serial embolizations of an extremity AVM with alcohol via direct puncture. AJR 1986;146:1038-44.
205. Yakes WF, Haas, DK, Parker SH, Gibson MD, Hopper KD, Mulligan JS Symptomatic vascular malformations: ethanol embolotherapy. Radiology 1989;170:1059-66. (Pubitemid 19060376)
206. Yakes WF, Takebayashi S, Hosaka M, Ishizuka E AVMs of the kidney: ablation with alcohol. AJR 1988;150:587-90.
207. Vinson AM, Rohrer DG, Willcox CW, Sigfred SV, Wheeler JR, Jacobs JS. Absolute ethanol embolization for peripheral AVM: report of 2 cures. South Med J 1988;1:1052-5.
208. Do YS, Park KB, Park HS, Cho SK, Shin SW, Moon JW Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations: interim results. Radiology 2005;235:674-82.
209. Shin BS, Do YS, Cho HS, Hahm TS, Kim CS Effects of repeat bolus ethanol injections on cardiopulmonary hemodynamic changes during embolotherapy of arteriovenous malformations of the extremities. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010;21:81-9.
210. Ko JS, Kim JA, Do YS, Kwon MA, Choi SJ, Gwak MS Prediction of the effect of injected ethanol on pulmonary arterial pressure during sclerotherapy of arteriovenous malformations: relationship with dose of ethanol. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009;20:39-45; quiz 45.
211. Shin BS, Do YS, Lee BB, Kim DI, Chung IS, Cho HS Multistage ethanol sclerotherapy of soft-tissue aretriovenous malformations: effect on pulmonary arterial pressure. Radiology 2005;235:1072-7. (Pubitemid 40695911)
212. Lee BB, Do YS, Byun HS, Choo IW, Kim DI, Huh SH. Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:533-8. (Pubitemid 36350895)
213. Lee BB, Kim DI, Huh S, Kim HH, Choo IW, Byun HS New experiences with absolute ethanol sclerotherapy in the management of a complex form of congenital venous malformation. J.Vasc. Surg 2001;33:764-72. (Pubitemid 33586630)
214. Götze CJ, Secknus MA, Strauss HJ, Lauer B, Ohlow MA. High-output congestive heart failure due to congenital iliac arteriovenous fistula. Herz 2006;31:793-7. (Pubitemid 44934655)
215. Evans WN, Galindo A, Acherman RJ, Rothmal A, Berthoty DP. Congenital portosystemic shunts and AMPLATZER vascular plug occlusion in newborns. Pediatr Cardiol 2009;30:1083-8.
216. Hill SL, Hijazi ZM, Hellenbrand WE, Cheatham JP. Evaluation of the AMPLATZER vascular plug for embolization of peripheral vascular malformations associated with congenital heart disease. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;67:113-9. (Pubitemid 43062615)
217. Hochman M, Adams DM, Reeves TD. Current knowledge and management of vascular anomalies, II: malformations. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2011;13:425-33.
218. Hintringer T. Treatment of haemangiomas and vascular malformations with the neodymium-YAG laser - strategy and results in over 2000 cases. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2009;41:83-7.
219. Lopez Gutierrez JC. Diode Laser in the treatment of congenital venous malformations. Flebology handbook. CIF Ed. [In press].
220. Lu X, Ye K, Shi H, Li W, Huang Y, Huang X Percutaneous endovenous treatment of congenital extratruncular venous malformations with an ultrasound-guided and 810-nm diode laser. J Vasc Surg 2011;54:139-45.
221. Scherer K, Waner M. Nd:YAG lasers (1,064 nm) in the treatment of venous malformations of the face and neck: challenges and benefits. Lasers Med Sci. 2007;22:119-26. Epub 2007 Feb 22.
222. Glade R, Vinson K, Richter G, Suen JY, Buckmiller LM. Endoscopic management of airway venous malformations with Nd:YAG laser. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010;119:289-93.
223. Berlien HP, Waldschmidt J, Mueller G. Laser treatment of cutaneous and deep vessel anomalies. In: Waidelich W (ed) laser Optoelectronics in medicine. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1988.p.526-8.
224. Landthaler M, Hoherleutner U. Laser treatment of congenital vascular malformations. International Angiology 1990;9:208-13.
225. Kimmig W. Laser therapy of congenital vascular malformations. In: Belov S, Loose DA, Weber J. eds. Vascular Malformations. Reinbek, Germany: Einhorn-Presse; 1989:195-6.
226. Clymer MA, Fortune DS, Reinisch L, Toriumi DM, Werkhaven JA, Ries WR. Interstitial Nd:YAG photocoagulation for vascular malformations and hemangiomas in childhood. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:431-6. (Pubitemid 28178316)
227. Kono T, Groff WF, Sakurai H. Treatment of port wine stains with the pulse dye laser. Ann Plast Surg 2006;56:460-3.
228. Eivazi B, Wiegand S, Teymoortash A, Neff A, Werner JA: Laser treatment of mucosal venous malformations of the upper aerodigestive tract in 50 patients. Lasers Med Sci 2010;25:571-6. Epub 2010 Mar 9.
229. Berlien P: Laser therapy of vascular malformations. In: Mattassi R, Loose DA, Vaghi M, editors. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Milan: Springer, 2009. p. 181-93.
230. Poetke M: Laser treatment in haemangiomas and vascular malformations. In: Berlien H-P, Müller G, editors. Applied Laser Medicine. Springer, 2003.
231. Iacobas I, Burrows PE, Adams DM, Sutton VR, Hollier LH, Chintagumpala MM. Oral rapamycin in the treatment of patients with hamartoma syndromes and PTEN mutation. Pediatr Blood Cancer2011;57:321-3.
232. Dupuis-Girod S, Ginon I, Saurin JC, Marion D, Guillot E, Decullier E Bevacizumab in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and severe hepatic vascular malformations and high cardiac output. JAMA 2012;307:948-55.
233. Burrows PE, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Klement GL, Folkman J. Pharmacological treatment of a diffuse arteriovenous malformation of the upper extremity in a child. J Craniofac Surg 2009;20(Suppl 1):597-602.
234. Adam Z, Pour L, Krejcí M, Pourová E, Synek O, Zahradová L Successful treatment of angiomatosis with thalidomide and interferon alpha. A description of five cases and overview of treatment of angiomatosis and proliferating hemangiomas. Vnitr Lek 2010;56:810-23.
235. Bauditz J, Lochs H. Angiogenesis and vascular malformations: Antiangiogenic drugs for treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:5979-84. (Pubitemid 350238263)