Chronic daily headaches

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology

Volumn 15, Issue SUPPL., 2012, Pages 40-50

  Ahmed, Fayyaz ^a   Parthasarathy, Rajsrinivas ^a   Khalil, Modar ^a  

^a HULL ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chronic daily headache; chronic migraine; chronic tension type headache; hemicrania continua; new daily persistent headache

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETAMETHASONE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIHYDROERGOTAMINE; ERGOTAMINE; ETIRACETAM; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MEMANTINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; OPIATE; PLACEBO; PROCHLORPERAZINE; TIZANIDINE; TOPIRAMATE; TRIAMCINOLONE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; TRIPTAN DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

ANALGESIC AGENT ABUSE; CHRONIC DAILY HEADACHE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG DETOXIFICATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEALTH CARE COST; HEMICRANIA CONTINUA; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MEDICAL HISTORY; NERVE BLOCK; NERVE STIMULATION; NEW DAILY PERSISTENT HEADACHE; OPIATE ADDICTION; PARESTHESIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TENSION HEADACHE; TRANSFORMED MIGRAINE; TRIGEMINAL AUTONOMIC CEPHALALGIA; TRIGEMINUS NEURALGIA; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 84877070610     PISSN: 09722327     EISSN: 19983549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.100002     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Olesen J, Bousser MG, Diener HC, Dodick D, First M, Goadsby PJ, et al.; Headache Classification Committee. New appendix criteria open for a broader concept of chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2006;26:742-6
2. Castillo J, Muñoz P, Guitera V, Pascual J. Kaplan Award 1998: Epidemiology of chronic daily headache in the general population. Headache 1999;39:190-6
3. Scher AI, Midgette LA, Lipton RB. Risk factors for headache chronification. Headache 2008;48:16-25
4. Karakurum B, Soylu O, Karatas M, Giray S, Tan M, Arlier Z, et al. Personality, depression, and anxiety as risk factors for chronic migraine. Int J Neurosci 2004;114:1391-9
5. Dodick DW. Debate: Analgesic overuse is a cause not consequence, of chronic daily headache analgesic overuse is not a cause of chronic daily headache. Headache 2002;42:547-54
6. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. What predicts the change from episodic to chronic migraine? Curr Opin Neurol 2009;22:269-76
7. World Health Organisation (WHO). Headache disorders. 2007. Available From: Http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs277/ en/. [Last accessed 2012 March 10
8. Steiner TJ. Lifting the burden: The global campaign to reduce the burden of headache worldwide. J Headache Pain 2005;6:373-7
9. Clarke CE, MacMillan L, Sondhi S, Wells NE. Economic and social impact of migraine. QJM 1996;89:77-84
10. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 2004;24 (Suppl 1):1-160
11. Lipton RB. Tracing transformation: Chonic migraine classification, progression, and epidemiology. Neurology 2009;72:S3-7
12. Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine. Neurology 2004;62:788-90
13. Munakata J, Hazard E, Serrano D, Klingman D, Rupnow MF, Tierce J, et al. Economic burden of transformed migraine: Results from the American migraine prevalence and prevention study. Headache 2009;49:498-508
14. Blumenfeld AM, Varon SF, Wilcox TK, Buse DC, Kawata AK, Manack A, et al. Disability, HRQoL and resource use among chronic and episodic migraineurs; Results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS). Cephalalgia 2011;31:301-15
15. Bigal ME, Serrano D, Reed M, Lipton RB. Chronic migraine in the population: Burden, diagnosis, and satisfaction with treatment. Neurology 2008;71:559-66
16. Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB, et al. Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: A longitudinal population-based study. Headache 2008;41:303-9
17. Goadsby PJ, Ahmed F, Weatherall M, Tyagi A. The changing face of chronic migraine: Who to treat? How to treat? Satellites 2010;15:1-4
18. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology 2008;71:1821-8
19. Freitag FG, Kozma CM, Slaton T, Osterhaus JT, Barron R. Characterisation and prediction of emergency department use in chronic daily headache patients. Headache 2005;45:891-8
20. Bahra A, Walsh M, Menon S, Goadsby PJ. Does chronic daily headache arise de novo in association with regular use of analgesics? Headache 2003;43:179-90
21. Wilkinson SM, Becker WJ, Heine JA. Opiate use to control bowel mobility may induce chronic daily headache in patients with migraine. Headache 2001;41:303-9
22. Paemeleire K, Bahra A, Evers S, Matharu MS, Goadsby PJ. Medication-overuse headache in patients with cluster headache. Neurology 2006;67:109-13
23. Deiner HC, Dichgans J, Scholz E, Geiselhart S, Gerber WD, Bille A. Analgesic induced chronic headache: Long term results of withdrawal therapy. J Neurol 1989;236:9-14
24. Aurora SK, Barrodale P, Chronicle EP, Mulleners WM. Cortical inhibition is reduced in chronic and episodic migraine and demonstrates a spectrum of illness. Headache 2005;45:546-52
25. Aurora SK, Barrodale PM, Tipton RL, Khodavirdi A. Brainstem dysfunction in chronic migraine as evidenced by neurophysiological and positron emission tomography studies. Headache 2007;47:996-1003
26. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Concepts and mechanisms of migraine chronification. Headache 2008;48:7-15
27. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Clinical course in migraine conceptualising migraine transformation. Neurology 2008;71:848-55
28. Burstein R, Yarnitsky D, Goor-Aryeh I, Ransil BJ, Bajwa ZH. An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia. Ann Neurol 2000;47:614-24
29. Burstein R, Jakubowski M. Analgesic triptan action in an animal model of intracranial pain: A race against the development of central sensitisation. Ann Neurol 2004;55:27-36
30. Cooke L, Eliasziw M, Becker WJ. Cutaneous allodynia in transformed migraine patients. Headache 2007;47:531-9
31. Sarchielli P, Alberti A, Floridi A, Gallai V. Levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid of chronic daily headache patients. Neurology 2001;57:132-4
32. Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW. Advanced neuroimaging of migraine. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:560-8
33. Matharu MS, Bartsch T, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Weiner R, Goadsby PJ. Central neuromodulation in chronic migraine patients with suboccipital stimulators: A PET study. Brain 2003;127:220-30
34. Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Overbosch J, Van Buchem MA, Ferrari MD. Iron accumulation in deep brain nuclei in migraine: A population-based magnetic resonance imaging study. Cephalalgia 2009;29:351-9
35. De Tommaso M, Losito L, Difruscolo O, Libro G, Guido M, Livrea P. Changes in cortical processing of pain in chronic migraine. Headache 2005;45:1208-18
36. Mathew NT. Transformed migraine. Cephalalgia 1993;13:78-83
37. Mathew NT. Transformed or evolutional migraine. Headache 1987;27:305-6
38. Allena M, Katsarava Z, Nappi G. The COMOESTAS Consortium. From drug-induced headache to medication overuse headache. A short epidemiological review, with a focus on Latin American countries. J Headache Pain 2009;10:71-6
39. Silberstein S, Tfelt-Hansen P, Dodick DW, Limmroth V, Lipton RB, Pascual J, et al. Guidelines for controlled trials of prophylactic treatment of Chronic Migraine in adults. Cephalalgia 2008;28:484-95
40. Martelletti P. Dispute settlement understanding on the use of Botox in chronic migraine. J Headache Pain 2011;12:1-2
41. Hagen K, Jensen R, Bøe MG, Stovner LJ. Medication overuse headache: A critical review of end points in recent followup studies. J Headache Pain 2010;11:373-7
42. Lovell BV, Marmura MJ. New therapeutic developments in chronic migraine. Curr Opin Neurol 2010;23:254-8
43. Hagen K, Albretsen C, Vilming ST, Salvesen R, Grønning M, Helde G, et al. Management of medication overuse headache. 1-year randomised multicentre open-label trial. Cephalalgia 2009;29:221-32
44. Diener HC, Bussone G, Van Oene JC, Lahaye M, Schwalen S, Goadsby PJ. TOPMAT-MIG-201(TOP-CHROME) study group. Topiramate reduces headache days in chronic migraine: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2007;27:814-23
45. Silberstein SD, Neto W, Schmitt J, Jacobs D; MIGR-001 study group. Topiramate in migraine prevention: Results of a large controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004;61:490-5
46. Goadsby PJ, Zanchin G, Geraud G, de Klippel N, Diaz-Insa S, Gobel H, et al. Early versus non-early intervention in acute migraine - Act when Mild (AwM). A double blind, placebocontrolled trial of almotriptan. Cephalalgia 2008;28:383-91
47. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Freitag FG, Ramadan N, Mathew N, et al. Efficacy and safety of Topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache 2007;47:170-80
48. Farinelli I, De Filippis S, Coloprisco G, Missori S, Martelletti P. Future drugs for migraine. Intern Emerg Med 2009;4:367-73
49. Láinez MJ, Freitag FG, Pfeil J, Ascher S, Olson WH, Schwalen S. Time course of adverse events most commonly associated with Topiramate for migraine prevention. Eur J Neurol 2007;14:900-6
50. Akerman S, Goadsby PJ. Topiramate inhibits cortical spreading depression in rat and cat: Impact in migraine aura. Neuroreport 2005;16:1383-7
51. Mathew NT, Ali S. Valproate in the treatment of persistent chronic daily headache. An open label study. Headache 1991;31:71-4
52. Freitag FG, Diamond S, Diamond ML, Urban GJ. Divalproex in the long-term treatment of chronic daily headache. Headache 2001;41:271-8
53. Spira PJ, Beran RG. Australian gabapentin chronic daily headache group. Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache: A randomised, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2003;61:1753-9
54. Saper JR, Lake AE 3rd, Cantrell DT, Winner PK, White JR. Chronic Daily Headache prophylaxis with tizanidine: A doubleblind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre outcome study. Headache 2002;42:470-82
55. Saper JR, Silberstein SD, Lake AE 3rd, Winters ME. Double-blind trial of fluoxetine: Chronic daily headache and migraine. Headache 1994;34:497-502
56. Krymchantowski AV, Silva MT, Barbosa JS, Alves LA. Amitriptyline versus Amitriptyline combined with fluoxetine in the preventative treatment of transformed migraine: A double-blind study. Headache 2002;42:510-4
57. Rapoport AM, Sheftell FD, Tepper SJ, Bigal ME. Levatiracetam in the preventive treatment of transformed migraine; A prospective, open-label, pilot study. Current Therapeutic Research 2005;66:212-21
58. Spengos K, Theleritis C, Paparrigopoulos T. Memantine and NMDA antagonism for chronic migraine: A potentially novel therapeutic approach? Headache 2008;48:284-6
59. Goadsby PJ, Schoenen J, Ferrari MD, Silberstein SD, Dodick D. Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia 2006;26:1168-70
60. Aurora SK, Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine; results from the double-blind randomised placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT I trial. Cephalalgia 2010;30:793-803
61. Diener HC, Dodick DW, Aurora SK, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Lipton RB, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chonic migraine; results from double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial. Cephalalgia 2010;30:804-14
62. Dodick DW, Turkel CC, DeGryse RE, Aurora SK, Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine; pooled results from the double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical programme. Headache 2010;50:921-36
63. Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P. License for Botox in so-called migraine. Lancet 2010;376:1825-6
64. Kyne J. Response from MHRA, Lancet 2010;376:1825-6
65. Botox for chronic migraine. Drug Ther Bull 2011;49:22-4
66. National Institute for healthcare and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Available from: www.nice.org.uk. [Last accessed on 2012 May 11
67. Afridi SK, Shields KG, Bhola R, Goadsby PJ. Greater occipital nerve injection in primary headache syndromes - prolonged effects from a single injection. Pain 2006;122:126-9
68. Peres MF, Stiles MA, Siow HC, Rozen TD, Young WB, Silberstein SD. Greater occipital nerve blockade for cluster headache. Cephalalgia 2002;22:520-2
69. Ambrosini A, Vandenheede M, Rossi P, Aloj F, Sauli E, Pierelli F, et al. Sub-occipital injection with a mixture of rapid and long acting steroids in cluster headache: A double-blind placebo controlled study. Pain 2005;118:92-6
70. Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW, Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic headache-long term safety and efficacy. Cephalalgia 2007;27:153-7
71. Saper JR, Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, McCarville S, Sun M, Goadsby PJ. ONSTIM Investigators. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of intractable chronic migraine: ONSTIM feasibility study. Cephalalgia 2011;31:271-85
72. Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation in 14 patients. Neurology 2009;72:341-5
73. Silberstein SD, Olesen J, Bousser MG, Diener HC, Dodick D, First M, et al. The international classification of headache disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II)- revision of criteria for 8.2 Medication-overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2005;25:460-5
74. Dodick D, Freitag F. Evidence-based understanding of medicationoveruse headache: Clinical implications. Headache 2006;46:202-11
75. Kavuk I, Katsarava Z, Selekler M, Sayar K, Agelink MW, Limmroth V, et al. Clinical features and therapy of medication overuse headache. Eur J Med Res 2004;9:565-9
76. Rapoport A, Weeks R, Sheftell F. Analgesic rebound headache: The theoretical and practical implications. In: Olesen J, editor. Proceedings of the second international headache congress, Copenhagen. Copenhagen: Intenational Headache Society; 1985. p. 448-9
77. Relja G, Granato A, Maria Antonello R, Zorzon M. Headache induced by chronic substance use: Analysis of medication overused and minimum dose required to induce headache. Headache 2004;44:148-53
78. Straube A, Pfaffenrath V, Ladwig KH, Meisinger C, Hoffmann W, Fendrich K, et al. Prevalence of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache in Germany- the German DMKG headache study. Cephalalgia 2010;30:207-13
79. Evers S, Marziniak M. Clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of medication-overuse headache. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:391-401
80. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Overuse of acute migraine medications and migraine chronification. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2009;13:301-7
81. Katsarava Z, Jensen R. Medication-overuse headache: Where are we now? Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20:326-30
82. Diener HC, Katasarva Z. Analgesic/abortive overuse and misuse in chronic daily headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001;5:545-50
83. Katsarava Z, Fritsche G, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Drug-induced headache (DIH) following the use of different triptans. Cephalalgia 2000;20:293 (abstract
84. Silverman K, Evans SM, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Withdrawal syndrome after the double-blind cessation of caffeine consumption. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1109-14
85. Weksler BB. Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis in human vascular cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;509:142-8
86. Fumal A, Laureys S, Di Clemente L, Boly M, Bohotin V, Vandenheede M, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex involvement in chronic analgesic-overuse headache evolving from episodic migraine. Brain 2006;129:543-50
87. Rossi P, Jensen R, Nappi G, Allena M. COMOESTAS Consortium. A narrative review on the management of medication overuse headache: The steep road from experience to evidence. J Headache Pain 2009;10:407-17
88. Zeeberg P, Olesen J, Jensen R. Discontinuation of medication overuse in headache patients: Recovery of therapeutic responsiveness. Cephalalgia 2006;26:1192-8
89. Katsarava Z, Fritsche G, Muessig M, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Clinical features of withdrawal headache following overuse of triptans and other headache drugs. Neurology 2001;57:1694-8
90. Rossi P, Di Lorenzo C, Faroni J, Cesarino F, Nappi G. Advice alone vs. structured detoxification programmes for medication overuse headache: A prospective, randomised, open-label trial in transformed migraine patients with low medical needs. Cephalalgia 2006;26:1097-105
91. Dodick DW, Freitag F, Banks J, Saper J, Xiang J, Rupnow M, et al. Topiramate versus amitriptyline in migraine prevention: A 26-week, multicenter, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group non inferiority trial in adult migraineurs. Clin Ther 2009;31:542-59
92. Domingues RB, Silva AL, Domingues SA, Aquino CC, Kuster GW. A double blind randomised controlled trial of low doses of propranolol, nortriptyline, and the combination of propranololand nortriptyline for the preventive treatment of migraine. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67:973-7
93. Silberstein SD, Saper J, Stein M, DeGryse R, Turkel C. Onabotulinumtoxin A for treatment of chronic migraine: 56-week analysis of the PREEMPT chronic migraine subgroup with baseline acute headache medication overuse, 62th American Academy of Neurology meeting, Toronto April 10-17, 2010
94. Mitsikostas DD, Jumah MA. Medication overuse and headache. In: Martelletti P, editor. Handbook of headache. Springer, Milan; 2011. p. 638-50
95. Boes CJ, Black DF, Dodick DW. Pathophysiology and management of transformed migraine and medication overuse headache. Semin Neurol 2006;26:232-41
96. Mathew NT. Amelioration of ergotamine withdrawal symptoms with naproxen. Headache 1987;27:130-3
97. Krymchantowski AV, Barbosa JS. Prednisone as initial treatment of analgesic-induced daily headache. Cephalalgia 2000;20:107-13
98. Pageler L, Katsarava Z, Diener HC, Limmroth V. Prednisone vs. Placebo in withdrawal therapy following medication overuse headache. Cephalalgia 2008;28:152-6
99. Bøe MG, Mygland A, Salvesen R. Prednisolone does not reduce withdrawal headache: A randomised, double-blind study. Neurology 2007;69:26-31
100. Silberstein SD, Schulman EA, Hopkins MM. Repetitive intravenous DHE in the treatment of refractory headache. Headache 1990;30:334-9
101. Ford RG, Ford KT. Continuous intravenous dihydroergotamine in the treatment of intractable headache. Headache 1997;37:129-36
102. Raskin NH. Repetitive intravenous dihydroergotamine as therapy for intractable migraine. Neurology 1986;36:995-7
103. Schwartz TH, Karpitskiy VV, Sohn RS. Intravenous valproate sodium in the treatment of daily headache. Headache 2002;42:519-22
104. Smith TR. Low dose tizanidine with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for detoxification from analgesic rebound headache. Headache 2002;42:175-7
105. Baumgartner C, Wessely P, Bingöl C, Maly J, Holzner F. Long term prognosis of analgesic withdrawal in patients with drug-induced headache. Headache 1989;29:510-4
106. Katsarava Z, Limmroth V, Finke M, Diener HC, Fritsche G. Rates and predictors for relapse in medication overuse headache: A 1-year prospective study. Neurology 2003;60:1682-3
107. Grande RB, Aaseth K, Lundqvist C, Russell MB. Prevalence of New Daily Persistent Headache in the General Population. The Akershus Study of Chronic Headache. Cephalalgia 2009;29:1149-55
108. Li D, Rozen TD. The clinical characteristics of New Daily Persistent Headache. Cephalalgia 2002;22:66-9
109. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB. Chronic Daily Headache, including transformed migraine, chronic tension-type headache and medication overuse. In: Silberstein SD, editor. Wolff's Headache and other head pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001. p. 247-82
110. Vanast WJ. New daily persistent headache. Definition of a benign syndrome. Headache 1986;26:317
111. Peng KP, Fuh JL, Yuan HK, Shia BC, Wang SJ. New daily persistent headache: Should migrainous features be incorporated? Cephalalgia 2011;31:1561-9
112. Diaz-Mitoma F, Vanast WJ, Tyrrell DL. Increased frequency of Epstein-Barr virus excretion in patients with new daily persistent headaches. Lancet 1987;1:411-5
113. Meineri P, Torre E, Rota E, Grasso E. New daily persistent headache: Clinical and serological characteristics in a retrospective study. Neurol Sci 2004;25:S281-2
114. Peres MF, Lucchetti G, Mercante JP, Young WB. New daily persistent headache and panic disorder. Cephalalgia 2011;31:250-3
115. Takase Y, Nakano M, Tatsumi C. Primary new daily persistent headache (NDPH): Clinical characteristics of forty-three cases in Japan. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2003;43:533-8
116. Takase Y, Nakano M, Tatsumi C, Matsuyama T. Clinical features, effectiveness of Drug-Based treatment, and prognosis of New Daily Persistent Headache (NDPH): 30 cases in Japan. Cephalalgia 2004;24:955-9
117. Evans RW, Rozen TD. Etiology and treatment of new daily persistent headache. Headache 2001;41:830-2
118. Marmura MJ, Passero FC Jr, Young WB. Mexiletine for refractory chronic daily headache: A report of nine cases. Headache 2008;48:1506-10
119. Spears RC. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in New Daily Persistent Headache. J Headache Pain 2008;9:405-6
120. Russell MB, Levi N, Saltyte-Benth J, Fenger K. Tension-type headache in adolescents and adults: A population based study of 33,764 twins. Eur J Epidemiol 2006;21:153
121. Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Simon D, Lipton RB. Epidemiology of tension-type headache. JAMA 1998;279:381-3
122. Russell MB. Tension type headache in 40 year olds: A Danish population based sample of 4000. J Headache Pain 2005;6:441-7
123. Schmidt-Wilcke T, Leinisch E, Straube A, Kämpfe N, Draganski B, Diener HC, et al. Gray matter decrease in patients with chronic tension type headache. Neurology 2005;65:1483-6
124. Jensen R. Peripheral and central mechanisms in tension-type headache; an update. Cephalalgia 2003;23:49-52
125. Iversen HK, Langemark M, Andersson PG, Hansen PE, Olesen J. Clinical characteristics of migraine and episodic tension type headache in relation to old and new diagnostic criteria. Headache 1990;30:514-9
126. Langemark M, Olesen J, Poulsen DL, Bech P. Clinical characterisation of patients with chronic tension type headache. Headache 1988;28:590-6
127. Sandrini G, Antonaci F, Pucci E, Bono G, Nappi G. Comparative study with EMG, pressure algometry and manual palpation in tension-type headache and migraine. Cephalalgia 1994;14:451-7
128. Sjaastad O, Spierings EL. Hemicrania continua: Another headache absolutely responsive to indomethacin. Cephalalgia 1984;4:65-70
129. Peres MF, Silberstein SD, Nahmias S, Shechter AL, Youssef I, Rozen TD, et al. Hemicrania continua is not that rare. Neurology 2001;57:948-51
130. Antonaci F. Chronic paroxysmal hemicranias and hemicranias continua: Orbital phlebography and MRI studies. Headache 1994;34:32-4
131. Antonaci F, Sandrini G, Danilov A, Sand T. Neurophysiological studies in chronic paroxysmal hemicranias and hemicranias continua. Headache 1994;34:479-83
132. Antonaci F. Sand T, Sjaastad O. Hemicrania continua and chronic paroxysmal hemicranias: A comparison of pupillometric findings. Funct Neurol 1992;7:385-9
133. Matharu MS, Cohen AS, McGonigle DJ, Ward N, Frackowiak RS, Goadsby PJ. Posterior hypothalamic and brainstem activation in hemicranias continua. Headache 2004;44:747-61
134. Lay CL, Newman LC. Postraumatic hemicranias continua. Headache 1999;39:275-9
135. Antonaci F, Sjaastad O. Hemicrania continua: A possible symptomatic case, due to mesenchymal tumour. Funct Neurol 1992;7:471-4
136. Southerland AM, Login IS. Rigorously defined hemicranias continua presenting bilaterally. Cephalalgia 2011;31:1490-2
137. Pasquier F, Leys D, Petit H. Hemicrania continua: The first bilateral case? Cephalalgia 1987;7:169-70
138. Cittadini E, Goadsby PJ. Hemicrania continua: A clinical study of 39 patients with diagnostic implications. Brain 2010;133:1973-86
139. Antonaci F, Pareja JA, Caminero AB, Sjastaad O. Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and hemicrania continua. Parenteral indomethacin: The 'indotest'. Headache 1998;38:122-8
140. Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Gupta M. Hemicrania continua: Who responds to indomethacin? Cephalalgia 2009;29:300-7
141. Pareja JA, Caminero AB, Franco E, Casado JL, Pascual J, Sánchez del Río M. Dose efficacy and tolerability of long-term indomethacin treatment of chronic paroxysmal hemicranias and hemicranias continua. Cephalalgia 2001;21:906-10
142. Bordini C, Antonaci F, Stovner LJ, Schrader H, Sjaastad O. Hemicrania continua: A clinical review. Headache 1991;31:20-6
143. Koopman JS, Dielman JP, Hugen FJ, de Mos M, Martin CG, Sturkenboom MC. Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2008:147:122-7
144. Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, Argoff C, Brainin M, Burchiel K, et al. AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management. Eur J Neurol 2008;15:1013-8
145. Stovner LJ, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Lipton R, Scher A, et al. The global burden of headache: A documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia 2007;27:193-210
146. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, Freitag F, Reed ML, Stewart WF; AMPP Advisory Group. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology 2007;68:343-9