Gel nanostructure in alkali-activated binders based on slag and fly ash, and effects of accelerated carbonation

Cement and Concrete Research

Volumn 53, Issue , 2013, Pages 127-144

  Bernal, Susan A ^a,b   Provis, John L ^a,b   Walkley, Brant ^a   San Nicolas, Rackel ^a   Gehman, John D ^c   Brice, David G ^a,d   Kilcullen, Adam R ^a,d   Duxson, Peter ^d   Van Deventer, Jannie S J ^a,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^d ZEOBOND PTY LTD   (Australia)

Author keywords

Alkali activated cements (D); Carbonation (C); Fly ash (D); Granulated blast furnace slag (D); NMR spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATED CARBONATION; ALKALI-ACTIVATED BINDER; ALKALI-ACTIVATED SLAGS; ALKALIACTIVATED CEMENTS (D); CARBONATION RESISTANCE; FLY ASHES (D); GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS; PORE SOLUTION CHEMISTRY;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBONATION; FLY ASH; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; SLAGS;

BINDERS;

EID: 84877056615     PISSN: 00088846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.06.007     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. C. Shi, P.V. Krivenko, and D.M. Roy Alkali-Activated Cements and Concretes 2006 Taylor & Francis Abingdon, UK
2. J.S.J. van Deventer, J.L. Provis, and P. Duxson Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement Miner. Eng. 29 2012 89 104
3. J.S.J. van Deventer, J.L. Provis, P. Duxson, and D.G. Brice Chemical research and climate change as drivers in the commercial adoption of alkali activated materials Waste Biomass Valoriz. 1 1 2010 145 155
4. EN 13295 Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures - Test Methods - Determination of Resistance to Carbonation 2004
5. M.A. Sanjuán, C. Andrade, and M. Cheyrezy Concrete carbonation test in natural and accelerated conditions Adv. Cem. Res. 15 4 2003 171 180
6. M. Palacios, and F. Puertas Effect of carbonation on alkali-activated slag paste J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89 10 2006 3211 3221 (Pubitemid 44434792)
7. J. Deja Carbonation aspects of alkali activated slag mortars and concretes Silic. Ind. 67 1 2002 37 42
8. K. Byfors, V. Klingstedt, V. Lehtonen, H. Pyy, and L. Rombern Durability of concrete made with alkali activated slag V.M. Malhotra, 3rd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP114 1989 American Concrete Institute Trondheim, Norway 1429 1466
9. S.A. Bernal, R. Mejía de Gutierrez, V. Rose, and J.L. Provis Effect of silicate modulus and metakaolin incorporation on the carbonation of alkali silicate-activated slags Cem. Concr. Res. 40 6 2010 898 907
10. E. Rodríguez, S. Bernal, R. Mejía de Gutierrez, and F. Puertas Alternative concrete based on alkali-activated slag Mater. Constr. 58 291 2008 53 67
11. D.W.S. Ho, and R.K. Lewis Carbonation of concrete and its prediction Cem. Concr. Res. 17 3 1987 489 504
12. S.A. Bernal, J.L. Provis, R. Mejia de Gutierrez, and J.S.J. van Deventer Accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated slag/metakaolin blended concretes: effect of exposure conditions Mater. Struct. 2013 (submitted for publication)
13. S.A. Bernal, J.L. Provis, D.G. Brice, A. Kilcullen, P. Duxson, and J.S.J. van Deventer Accelerated carbonation testing of alkali-activated binders significantly underestimate the real service life: the role of the pore solution Cem. Concr. Res. 42 10 2012 1317 1326
14. I. Lecomte, M. Liégeois, A. Rulmont, R. Cloots, and F. Maseri Synthesis and characterization of new inorganic polymeric composites based on kaolin or white clay and on ground-granulated blast furnace slag J. Mater. Res. 18 11 2003 2571 2579
15. C. Li, H. Sun, and L. Li A review: the comparison between alkali-activated slag (Si + Ca) and metakaolin (Si + Al) cements Cem. Concr. Res. 40 9 2010 1341 1349
16. M. Criado, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández-Jiménez Alkali activation of fly ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the reaction products Fuel 84 16 2005 2048 2054 (Pubitemid 41023850)
17. J. Bijen, and H. Waltje Alkali activated slag-fly ash cements V.M. Malhotra, 3rd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, ACI SP114 1989 American Concrete Institute Trondheim, Norway 1565 1578
18. R.P. Williams, and A. van Riessen Determination of the reactive component of fly ashes for geopolymer production using XRF and XRD Fuel 89 12 2010 3683 3692
19. M. Ben Haha, B. Lothenbach, G. Le Saout, and F. Winnefeld Influence of slag chemistry on the hydration of alkali-activated blast-furnace slag - Part I: Effect of MgO Cem. Concr. Res. 41 9 2011 955 963
20. A. Fernández-Jiménez, F. Puertas, I. Sobrados, and J. Sanz Structure of calcium silicate hydrates formed in alkaline-activated slag: influence of the type of alkaline activator J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 8 2003 1389 1394
21. S.D. Wang, and K.L. Scrivener Hydration products of alkali-activated slag cement Cem. Concr. Res. 25 3 1995 561 571
22. I.G. Richardson, A.R. Brough, G.W. Groves, and C.M. Dobson The characterization of hardened alkali-activated blast-furnace slag pastes and the nature of the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) paste Cem. Concr. Res. 24 5 1994 813 829
23. F. Bonk, J. Schneider, M.A. Cincotto, and H. Panepucci Characterization by multinuclear high-resolution NMR of hydration products in activated blast-furnace slag pastes J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 10 2003 1712 1719
24. J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, and J.S.J. van Deventer Do geopolymers actually contain nanocrystalline zeolites? A reexamination of existing results Chem. Mater. 17 12 2005 3075 3085 (Pubitemid 40850378)
25. E. Dubina, L. Korat, L. Black, J. Strupi-Šuput, and J. Plank Influence of water vapour and carbon dioxide on free lime during storage at 80 C, studied by Raman spectroscopy Spectrochim. Acta A 111 2013 299 303
26. Institute of Experimental Mineralogy of the Russian Academy of Sciences WWW-MINCRYST: Crystallographic and Crystallochemical Database for Minerals and their Structural Analogues http://database.iem.ac.ru/mincryst/index.php 2011
27. R.C. Wells, and D.J. McAdam Phase relations of the system: sodium carbonate and water J. Am. Chem. Soc. 29 5 1907 721 727
28. C. Monnin, and J. Schott Determination of the solubility products of sodium carbonate minerals and an application to trona deposition in Lake Magadi (Kenya) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 3 1984 571 581
29. J.R. Goldsmith, and D.L. Graf Relation between lattice constants and composition of the Ca - Mg carbonates Am. Mineral. 43 1 1958 84 101
30. A. Navrotsky Energetic clues to pathways to biomineralization: precursors, clusters, and nanoparticles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 33 2004 12096 12101 (Pubitemid 39145403)
31. A. Sarkar, and S. Mahapatra Synthesis of all crystalline phases of anhydrous calcium carbonate Cryst. Growth Des. 10 5 2010 2129 2135
32. H. Haynes, R. O'Neill, M. Neff, and P.K. Mehta Salt weathering of concrete by sodium carbonate and sodium chloride ACI Mater. J. 107 3 2010 258 266
33. C.Y. Wen Noncatalytic heterogeneous solid-fluid reaction models Ind. Eng. Chem. 60 9 1968 34 54
34. O. Levenspiel Chemical Reaction Engineering 3rd ed. 1999 Wiley New York
35. M. Castellote, and C. Andrade Modelling the carbonation of cementitious matrixes by means of the unreacted-core model, UR-CORE Cem. Concr. Res. 38 12 2008 1374 1384
36. F. Rey, V. Fornes, and J.M. Rojo Thermal decomposition of hydrotalcites. An infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 88 15 1992 2233 2238
37. 4(3 - y) (0 < y < 0.176) studied by neutron thermodiffractometry J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28 9 2008 1737 1748
38. 2O system Thermochim. Acta 106 1986 273 282
39. D.R. Johnson, and W.A. Robb Gaylussite: thermal properties by simultaneous thermal analysis Am. Mineral. 58 1973 778 784
40. S.K. Sharma, C.K. Jotshi, and S. Kumar Thermal stability of sodium salt hydrates for solar energy storage applications Sol. Energy 45 3 1990 177 181
41. L.A. Hollingbery, and T.R. Hull The thermal decomposition of huntite and hydromagnesite - a review Thermochim. Acta 509 2010 1 11
42. M. Maciejewski, H.-R. Oswald, and A. Reller Thermal transformations of vaterite and calcite Thermochim. Acta 234 1994 315 328
43. E.M. Barall, and L.B. Rogers Differential thermal analysis of the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate and its simple double salts J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 28 1 1966 41 51
44. P.K. Heda, D. Dollimore, K.S. Alexander, D. Chen, E. Law, and P. Bicknell A method of assessing solid state reactivity illustrated by thermal decomposition experiments on sodium bicarbonate Thermochim. Acta 255 1995 255 272
45. 2O Mater. Chem. Phys. 14 3 1986 219 227 (Pubitemid 16520684)
46. J.L. Provis, R.J. Myers, C.E. White, V. Rose, and J.S.J. van Deventer X-ray microtomography shows pore structure and tortuosity in alkali-activated binders Cem. Concr. Res. 42 6 2012 855 864
47. G.K. Sun, J.F. Young, and R.J. Kirkpatrick The role of Al in C-S-H: NMR, XRD, and compositional results for precipitated samples Cem. Concr. Res. 36 1 2006 18 29 (Pubitemid 41773611)
48. 29Si MAS NMR investigation Inorg. Chem. 42 7 2003 2280 2287
49. 27Al NMR and EELS J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 76 9 1993 2285 2288
50. P. Faucon, A. Delagrave, J.C. Petit, C. Richet, J.M. Marchand, and H. Zanni Aluminum incorporation in calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) depending on their Ca/Si ratio J. Phys. Chem. B 103 37 1999 7796 7802
51. 27Al NMR study of alkali-activated slag Cem. Concr. Res. 33 5 2003 769 774
52. 27Al MAS-NMR of NaOH-activated blast-furnace slag J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77 9 1994 2363 2368
53. 27Al solid-state NMR structural studies of hydrotalcite compounds calcined at different temperatures Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 30 1 2009 149 152
54. 25Mg solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance study of hydrotalcite and its thermal decomposition sequence J. Mater. Chem. 3 12 1993 1263 1269
55. P.J. Sideris, F. Blanc, Z. Gan, and C.P. Grey Identification of cations clustering in Mg - Al layered double hydroxides using multinuclear solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Chem. Mater. 24 2012 2449 2461
56. 29Si NMR characterization of hydrates formed in calcium aluminate-silica fume mixtures J. Solid State Chem. 181 2008 1744 1752
57. 29Si NMR investigations on Si-substituted hydrogarnets Acta Mater. 55 4 2007 1183 1191 (Pubitemid 46176676)
58. S. Martínez-Ramírez, and M. Frías The effect of curing temperature on white cement hydration Constr. Build. Mater. 23 3 2009 1344 1348
59. 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy Cem. Concr. Res. 34 2004 857 868
60. 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy Cem. Concr. Res. 36 1 2006 3 17 (Pubitemid 41773610)
61. 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopy J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 4 10 1985 1293 1295 (Pubitemid 16487333)
62. G. Engelhardt, and D. Michel High-Resolution Solid-State NMR of Silicates and Zeolites 1987 John Wiley & Sons Chichester
63. R.J. Kirkpatrick MAS NMR-Spectroscopy of minerals and glasses Rev. Mineral. 18 1988 341 403
64. 29Si NMR study J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 12 2011 4541 4547
65. 29Si NMR in cement: a theoretical study on calcium silicate hydrates J. Phys. Chem. C 116 2012 9755 9761
66. R.J. Myers, S.A. Bernal, R. San Nicolas, and J.L. Provis Generalized structural description of calcium-sodium aluminosilicate hydrate gels: the crosslinked substituted tobermorite model Langmuir 29 17 2013 5294 5306
67. A.R. Brough, and A. Atkinson Sodium silicate-based, alkali-activated slag mortars - Part I. Strength, hydration and microstructure Cem. Concr. Res. 32 6 2002 865 879 (Pubitemid 34524477)
68. F. Puertas, A. Gil-Maroto, M. Palacios, and T. Amat Alkali-activated slag mortars reinforced with AR glassfibre. Performance and properties Mater. Constr. 56 283 2006 79 90 (Pubitemid 44482771)
69. I.G. Richardson The nature of C-S-H in hardened cements Cem. Concr. Res. 29 1999 1131 1147
70. J.L. Provis, P. Duxson, G.C. Lukey, and J.S.J. van Deventer Statistical thermodynamic model for Si/Al ordering in amorphous aluminosilicates Chem. Mater. 17 11 2005 2976 2986 (Pubitemid 40850256)
71. 29Si NMR determination of crystalline silica in natural iron oxide pigments Anal. Chim. Acta 286 1 1994 25 35
72. 29Si MAS NMR relaxation study of shocked Coconino Sandstone from Meteor Crater, Arizona Phys. Chem. Miner. 25 5 1998 313 317
73. 27Al MAS NMR spectra of mullites from different kaolinites Spectrochim. Acta A 60 5 2004 1061 1064
74. 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy of mullite Phys. Chem. Miner. 18 1991 47 52
75. A. Palomo, S. Alonso, A. Fernández-Jiménez, I. Sobrados, and J. Sanz Alkaline activation of fly ashes: NMR study of the reaction products J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87 6 2004 1141 1145
76. P. Duxson, G.C. Lukey, F. Separovic, and J.S.J. van Deventer The effect of alkali cations on aluminum incorporation in geopolymeric gels Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 4 2005 832 839 (Pubitemid 40227478)
77. J.J. Chen, J.J. Thomas, and H.M. Jennings Decalcification shrinkage of cement paste Cem. Concr. Res. 36 5 2006 801 809 (Pubitemid 44389385)
78. J.L. Provis, A. Hajimohammadi, C.E. White, S.A. Bernal, R.J. Myers, R.P. Winarski, V. Rose, T.E. Proffen, A. Llobet, and J.S.J. van Deventer Nanostructural characterization of geopolymers by advanced beamline techniques Cem. Concr. Compos. 36 2013 56 64