If Sugar Is Addictive...What Does It Mean for the Law?

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 41, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2013, Pages 46-49

  Gearhardt, Ashley ^a   Roberts, Michael ^b   Ashe, Marice ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c ChangeLab Solutions offering legal and policy solutions ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; ARTICLE; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; SUGAR INTAKE; UNITED STATES;

BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; DIETARY SUCROSE; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMANS; NUTRITION POLICY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84876994567     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: 1748720X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12038     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. AHMokdad, JSMarks, MFStroup, and JLGerberding, "Actual Causes of Death in the United States, " JAMA 291, no10 (2004): 1238-1245
2. IPStolerman and JJJarvis, "The Scientific Case That Nicotine Is Addictive, " Psychopharmacology 117, no1 (1995): 2-10
3. MNPotenza, "Should Addictive Disorders Include Non-Substance-Related Conditions?" Addiction 101, Supp1 (2006): 142-151
4. KVerebey and MSGold, "From Coca Leaves to Crack: The Effects of Dose and Routes of Administration in Abuse Liability, " Psychiatric Annals 18, no9 (1988): 513-520
5. SBEaton, "The Ancestral Diet: What Was It and Should It Be a Paradigm for Contemporary Nutrition?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65, no1 (2006): 1-6
6. ANGearhardt et al., "The Addiction Potential of Hyperpalatable Foods, " Current Drug Abuse Reviews 4, no3 (2011): 140-145
7. HZiauddeen, SFarooqi, and P.CFletcher, "Obesity and the Brain: How Convincing Is the Addiction Model?" Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, no4 (2012): 279-286; NMAvena, PRada, and BGHoebel, "Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake, "Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 32, no1 (2008): 20-39
8. NMAvena, PRada, and BGHoebel, quot;Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake,"Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 32, no1 (2008): 20-39
9. MLenoir et al., "Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward, " PLoS ONE 2, no8 (2007): e698
10. PMJohnson and PJKenny, "Dopamine D2 Receptors in Addiction-Like Reward Dysfunction and Compulsive Eating in Obese Rats, " Nature Neuroscience 13, no5 (2010): 635-641
11. NDVolkow et al., "Overlapping Neuronal Circuits in Addiction and Obesity: Evidence of Systems Pathology, " Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 363, no1507 (2008): 3191-3200
12. DWTang et al., "Food and Drug Cues Activate Similar Brain Regions: A Meta-Analysis of Functional MRI Studies, " Physiology & Behavior 106, no3 (2012): 317-324
13. EStice et al., "Relation of Obesity to Consummatory and Anticipatory Food Reward, " Physiology & Behavior 97, no5 (2009): 551-560
14. MSGold, KFrost-Pineda, and WSJacobs, "Overeating, Binge Eating, and Eating Disorders as Addictions, " Psychiatric Annals 33, no2 (2003): 117-12215
15. LMFriedman, A History of American Law: Third Edition ( New York : Touchtone, 2005): at XII
16. DLudwig, KPeterson, and SGortmaker, "Relation between Consumption of Sugar Sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Study, " The Lancet 357, no9255 (2001): 505-508
17. JMurphy, "FDA's Added Sugars Study Prompts Complaints from Food Industry, " Food Chemical News (London), August 10 2012, at 1
18. SStrom, "Pepsi and Coke to Post Calories of Drinks Sold in Vending Machines, " New York Times, October 8 2012
19. DAKysar, "Preferences for Processes: The Process/Product Distinction and the Regulations of Consumer Choice, " Harvard Law Review 118, no2 (2004): 525-52920
20. TBabor et al., Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity Research and Public Policy ( New York : Oxford University Press, 2010): at 5
21. FMena and RHobbs, "Narcophobia: Drugs Prohibition and the Generation of Human Rights Abuses, " Trends in Organized Crime 13, no1 (2010): 60-74
22. PSmith, quot;Drugs, Morality, and the Law," Journal of Applied Philosophy 19, no3 (2002): 233-24422
23. KBrownell et al., "Personal Responsibility and Obesity: A Constructive Approach to a Controversial Issue, " Health Affairs 29, no3 (2010): 3379-38723
24. MDaum, "A Feeding Frenzy, " Los Angeles Times, March 3 2011
25. RHLustig et al., "Public Health: the Toxic Truth about Sugar, " Nature 482, no7383 (2012): 27-29; FTC CDC FDA and USDA, Interagency Working Group on Food Marketed to Children: Proposed Nutrition Principles, to Guide Industry Self-Regulatory Efforts, Project NoP094513; BSilverglade and IRHeller, Food Labeling Chaos the Case for Reform, (Washington, D.C.: Center for Science in the Public Interest: March 2010); see CalEducCode § 49431.5 (2006); and also Ackerman vThe Coca-Cola Co., No09-cv-0395, 2010 WL 2925955 (E.D.N.YJul21, 2010)
26. FTC CDC FDA and USDA, Interagency Working Group on Food Marketed to Children: Proposed Nutrition Principles, to Guide Industry Self-Regulatory Efforts, Project NoP094513; BSilverglade and IRHeller, Food Labeling Chaos the Case for Reform, Washington, D.C.: Center for Science in the Public Interest: March 2010
27. CalEducCode § 49431.5 (2006); and also Ackerman vThe Coca-Cola Co., No09-cv-0395, 2010 WL 2925955 (E.D.N.YJul21, 2010)
28. See KMSullivan, The Interagency Working Group's Preliminary Proposed Nutrition Principles to Guide Industry Self-Regulatory Efforts: Constitutional Issues, Appendix A in: Comments of Viacom before the Federal Trade Commission (July 14, 2011), available at (last visited January 3, 2013) (First Amendment concerns "would unquestionably invalidate" mandatory government restrictions on food marketing to children); but cf., GDAllison et al., Open Letter on the First Amendment and the Interagency Working Group Principles to FTC, CDC, FDA, USDA, and the White House, September 6, 2011, available at (last visited January 3, 2013) (Nutrition principles, which are designed to guide industry self-regulatory efforts, do not restrain or compel anyone's speech.)