Permit But Discourage: Regulating Excessive Consumption

Permit But Discourage: Regulating Excessive Consumption

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-396

  Bogart, W A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Excessive Consumption; Gambling; Harm Minimization; Normativity; Obesity; Problem Gambling; Regulation; Smoking

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876986452     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379877.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (366)

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62. M. Eisenberg, Corporate Law and Social Norms, 99 COLUM. L. REV. 1255-64 (1999).
63. See generally C. Fennell, Sources on Social Norms and Law, available at http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/faculty/cfennell/syllabus/normbib.htm.
64. A. Etzioni, Social Norms: Internalization, Persuasion, and History, 34 LAW & SOC'Y REV. 157 (2000). This section of the chapter is particularly indebted to this article.
65. N. Duxbury, Signalling and Social Norms, 21 OXFORD J. LEG. STUDS 719 (2001).
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147. J. Braithwaite, Rewards and Regulation, 29 J.L. & SOC'Y 12 (2002);
148. M. Friedland, Rewards in the Legal System: Tenure, Airbags, and Safety Bingo, 31 ALBERTA LAW REV. 493 (1993).
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151. E. POSNER, LAW AND SOCIAL NORMS (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2000);
152. A. Etzioni, Social Norms: Internalization, Persuasion, and History, 34 LAW & SOC'Y REV. 157 (2000).
153. J. Black, Regulatory Conversations, 29 J.L. & SOC'Y 163, 170 (2002).
154. See also J. Black, Critical Reflections on Regulation, 27 AUSTRALIAN J. LEGAL PHIL. 1 (2002).
155. See also C. HOOD, H. ROTHSTEIN & R. BALDWIN, THE GOVERNMENT OF RISK: UNDERSTANDING RISK REGULATION REGIMES 21 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001).
156. S. Cnossen, Economics and Politics of Excise Taxation, in THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EXCISE TAXATION: SMOKING, DRINKING, GAMBLING, POLLUTING, AND DRIVING 1, 5 (S. Cnossen ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005).
157. S. Wood, Three Questions About Corporate Codes: Problematizations, Authorizations and the Public/Private Divide, in ETHICS CODES, CORPORATIONS AND THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION 245 (W. Cragg ed., Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar 2005).
158. See also S. Wood, Green Revolution or Greenwash? Voluntary Environmental Standards, Public Law and Private Authority in Canada, in NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE DIVIDE 123 (Law Commission of Canada ed., Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 2003).
159. see J. VERSCHUUREN, THE IMPACT OF LEGISLATION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EX ANTE EVALUATION 21-22 (Leiden-Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009).
160. see K. Banting, Dis-embedding Liberalism: The New Social Policy Paradigm in Canada, in DIMENSIONS OF INEQUALITY IN CANADA 417 (D. Green & J. Kesselman eds., Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 2006).
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162. M. Trebilcock et al., Government by Voucher, 80 B.U. L. REV. 205 (2000);
163. J. Bosman, Families Urge Bloomberg to Save After School Vouchers, N.Y. TIMES, June 13, 2009, at A13.
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166. J. Braithwaite & T. Makkai, Trust and Compliance, 4 POLICING & SOC'Y 1 (1994).
167. PUBLIC MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (PUMA), REDUCING THE RISK OF POLICY FAILURE: CHALLENGES FOR REGULATORY COMPLIANCE (Paris: OECD 2000).
168. Regarding a possible countertrend in the United Kingdom, see R. Baldwin, The New Punitive Regulation, 67 MOD. L. REV. 351 (2004).
169. R. THALER & C. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS (New Haven & London: Yale University Press 2008).
170. see O. Amir & O. Lobel, Stumble, Predict, Nudge: How Behavioral Economics Informs Law and Policy, 108 COLUM. L. REV. 2098, 2127 (2008) and following.
171. This discussion of Nudge is based on W.A. Bogart, Nudge...Fat...Drugs: Permit But Discourage-The Regulation of Excessive Consumption, 27 WINDSOR Y.B. ACCESS JUST. (2010) (forthcoming).
172. G. Soros, The Crisis and What to do About It, 55 N.Y. REV. BOOKS 63 (2008).
173. P. Goodman & G. Morgenson, Saying Yes, WaMu Built Empire on Shaky Loans, N.Y. TIMES, December 28, 2008, at A1.
174. J. FREEMAN & M. MINNOW, GOVERNMENT BY CONTRACT: OUTSOURCING AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2009).
175. H. BENEVIDES, PROTECTION AND PRECAUTION: CANADIAN PRIORITIES FOR FEDERAL REGULATORY POLICY (Toronto: Canadian Environmental Association 2005);
176. P. Webster & J. Cuthro, HANDS OFF-Is Smart Regulation Dumb for Canada's Wilderness Areas?, WALRUS (2007), Special Arctic Issue, Issue 40.
177. L. FRIEDMAN, THE REPUBLIC OF CHOICE: LAW, AUTHORITY, AND CULTURE 74 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1990) [hereinafter FRIEDMAN, THE REPUBLIC OF CHOICE].
178. For a harsh review of THE REPUBLIC OF CHOICE and Friedman's response, see D. Herzog, I Hear a Rhapsody: A Reading of The Republic of Choice, 17 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 147 (1992);
179. L. Friedman, I Hear Cacophony: Herzog and The Republic of Choice, 17 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 159, 162 (1992).
180. See also J. Kaplan, Book Review of The Republic of Choice: Law, Authority, and Culture by L. Friedman, 27 HARV. J. ON LEGIS. 613 (1990).
181. J. GROSS STEIN, THE CULT OF EFFICIENCY 199-200 (Toronto, House of Anansi 2001).
182. W.A. BOGART, GOOD GOVERNMENT? GOOD CITIZENS?: COURTS, POLITICS, AND MARKETS IN A CHANGING CANADA 76-79 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 2005).
183. D. Brooks, The Triumph of Hope Over Self-Interest, N.Y. TIMES, January 12, 2003, at 415.
184. L. COHEN, A CONSUMERS' REPUBLIC: THE POLITICS OF MASS CONSUMPTION IN POSTWAR AMERICA (New York: Alfred A. Knopf 2003).
185. R. van Gestel, Regulatory Impact Assessments in the European Union and the Netherlands, in STATE MODERNIZATION IN EUROPE 139 (H. Schäffer & J. Iliopoulos-Strangas eds., Athens/Berlin/Brussels: Ant. N. Sakkoulas 2007).
186. citing I. Sanderson, Evaluation, Policy Learning and Evidence-Based Policy Making, 80 PUB. ADMIN. 1 (2002).
187. G. ROSENBERG, THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE? (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2d ed. 2008).
188. For reviews and critiques of the first edition of THE HOLLOW HOPE, see LEVERAGING THE LAW: USING COURTS TO ACHIEVE SOCIAL CHANGE (D. Schultz ed., New York: Peter Lang 1998).
189. P. BELL & J. O'CONNELL, ACCIDENTAL JUSTICE-THE DILEMMAS OF TORT LAW (New Haven: Yale University Press 1999).
190. E. TENNER, WHY THINGS BITE BACK-TECHNOLOGY AND THE REVENGE OF UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES 255 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1996);
191. E. Mertz, A New Social Constructionism for Sociolegal Studies, 28 LAW & SOC'Y REV. 1243, 1246-48 (1994).
192. S. Dubner & S. Levitt, Unintended Consequences-Why Do Well-Meaning Laws Backfire?, N.Y. TIMES, Sunday Magazine, January 20, 2008, at A3.
193. K. MARX, CRITIQUE OF HEGEL'S 'PHILOSOPHY OF RIGHT' 131 (New York: Cambridge University Press 1977).
194. S. ZUKIN, POINT OF PURCHASE-HOW SHOPPING CHANGED AMERICAN CULTURE (New York: Routledge 2004);
195. L. PAQUET, THE URGE TO SPLURGE-A SOCIAL HISTORY OF SHOPPING (Toronto: ECW Press 2003).
196. This paragraph and the next one depend heavily on L. COHEN, A CONSUMERS' REPUBLIC: THE POLITICS OF MASS CONSUMPTION IN POSTWAR AMERICA, at Prologue, 9-11 (New York: Vintage Books 2004) [hereinafter COHEN, CONSUMERS' REPUBLIC].
197. T. VEBLEN, THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS: AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF INSTITUTIONS (New York: Macmillan 1899).
198. S. PATTEN, THE NEW BASIS OF CIVILIZATION (New York: Macmillan 1907);
199. S. PATTEN, PRODUCT AND CLIMAX (New York: Huebsch 1909).
200. D. POTTER, PEOPLE OF PLENTY: ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE AND THE AMERICAN CHARACTER 177 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1954).
201. J. GALBRAITH, THE AFFLUENT SOCIETY (Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1958).
202. H. MARCUSE, ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAN: STUDIES IN THE IDEOLOGY OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (Boston: Beacon 1964).
203. J. GROSS STEIN, THE CULT OF EFFICIENCY 3 (Toronto: House of Anansi 2001);
204. W.A. BOGART, GOOD GOVERNMENT? GOOD CITIZENS?: COURTS, POLITICS, AND MARKETS IN A CHANGING CANADA 77-79 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 2005).
205. G. EASTERBROOK, THE PROGRESS PARADOX: HOW LIFE GETS BETTER WHILE PEOPLE FEEL WORSE (New York: Random House 2003);
206. J. OLIVER, FAT POLITICS: THE REAL STORY BEHIND AMERICA'S OBESITY, EPIDEMIC (New York: Oxford University Press 2006).
207. J. ORFORD, EXCESSIVE APPETITES: A PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF ADDICTIONS 1-2 (Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2d ed. 2002).
208. G. HEYMAN, ADDICTION-A DISORDER OF CHOICE (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2009).
209. S. Cnossen, Economics and Politics of Excise Taxation, in THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EXCISE TAXATION: SMOKING, DRINKING, GAMBLING, POLLUTING, AND DRIVING 1, 3-4 (S. Cnossen ed., New York: Oxford University Press 2005).
210. J. Broder, F.T.C. Charges 'Joe Camel' Ad Illegally Takes Aim at Minors, N.Y. TIMES, May 29, 1997, at A1. B10.
211. B. Meier, Files of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Show Effect on Youths, N.Y. TIMES, January 15, 1998, at A10. A12.
212. Stuart Elliott, Joe Camel, a Giant in Tobacco Marketing, is Dead at 23, N.Y. TIMES, July 11, 1997, at C1.
213. M. NESTLE, FOOD POLITICS: HOW THE FOOD INDUSTRY INFLUENCES NUTRITION AND HEALTH 4 (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press 2007) [hereinafter NESTLE, FOOD POLITICS] (emphasis in original).
214. L. Beck, We're a Nation of Mindless Eaters: We Think We're Knowledgeable About Food But We're Still Confused About Fats, Cholesterol and When to Eat During the Day, GLOBE & MAIL, October 15, 2008, at L4.
215. See, e.g., R. Rosenblatt, How to End the Abortion War, N.Y. TIMES MAG., January 19, 1992, at A3;
216. C. Goldberg, Public Still Backs Abortion, But Wants Limits, Poll Says, N.Y. TIMES, January 16, 1998, at A1.
217. R. POSNER, SEX AND REASON (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1994).
218. LAW COMMISSION OF CANADA, WHAT IS A CRIME?: CHALLENGES AND ALTERNATIVES, Discussion Paper (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada 2003).
219. H. Sapolsky, The Political Obstacles to the Control of Cigarette Smoking in the United States, 5 J. HEALTH POL., POL'Y & LAW 277 1980.
220. R. Kagan & D. Vogel, The Politics of Smoking Regulation: Canada, France, the United States, in SMOKING POLICY: LAW, POLITICS, AND CULTURE 22, 22-23 (R. Rabin & S. Sugarman eds., New York: Oxford University Press 1993).
221. W.A. BOGART, CONSEQUENCES: THE IMPACT OF LAW AND ITS COMPLEXITY (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2002) [hereinafter BOGART, CONSEQUENCES].
222. K. Leslie, Smoking in Cars With Kids Now Against the Law, GLOBE & MAIL, January 21, 2009, at A16.
223. D. Moore, Town to Ban Smoking on Revitalized Shopping Street, GLOBE & MAIL, January 13, 2009, at A16.
224. R. THALER & C. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS 6 (New Haven & London: Yale University Press 2008).
225. This discussion of Nudge is based on W.A. Bogart, Nudge... Fat... Drugs: Permit But Discourage - The Regulation of Excessive Consumption, 27 WINDSOR Y.B. ACCESS JUST. (2010) (forthcoming).
226. C. Kummer, Fixing Lunch, ATLANTIC, July/August 2009, at 32.
227. E. Nagourney, Soda Ban in School Has Little Impact, N.Y. TIMES, September 23, 2008, at D6.
228. K. Raine, Obesity and Overweight in Canada: A Population Health Perspective (Ottawa: Canadian Institute for Health Information, Canadian Population Health Initiative 2004).
229. A. Picard, Fat but fit? Enjoy a longer life, GLOBE & MAIL, December 5, 2007, at L1. L4;
230. P. Belluck, Big Benefits Are Seen From Eating Less Salt, N.Y. TIMES, January 21, 2010, at A20.
231. R. Rabin, In the Fatosphere Big Is In or at Least Accepted, N.Y. TIMES, January 22, 2008, at A5. A7.
232. M. Katz, Tossing Out The Diet and Embracing The Fat, N.Y. TIMES, July 16, 2009, at E3.
233. N. Onishi, Japan, Seeking Trim Waists, Decides to Measure Millions, N.Y. TIMES, June 13, 2008, at A1. A10.
234. W. MCINTOSH & C. CATES, MULTI-PARTY LITIGATION: THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT 137 (Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press 2009).
235. A. Hartcollis, A Governor with No Money Seeks to Improve the People's Health, N.Y. TIMES, January 11, 2009, at 21.
236. L. Powell & F. Chaloupla, Food Prices and Obesity: Evidence and Policy Implications for Taxes and Subsidies, 87 MILBANK Q. 229 (2009);
237. D. Kein, Food Taxation and Pricing Strategies to 'Thin Out' the Obesity Epidemic, 30 AM. J. PREV. MED. 430 (2006).
238. A. Tobias, Kids in poor areas more likely to be overweight, GLOBE & MAIL, February 19, 2008, at L4.
239. T. Parker-Pope, Money is Tight, and Junk Food Beckons, N.Y. TIMES, November 4, 2008, at D6.
240. J. Brody, Eating Well on a Downsized Food Budget, N.Y. TIMES, March 3, 2009, at D7.
241. A. Picard, Let's stop penalizing disabilities-including obesity, GLOBE & MAIL, December 11, 2008, at L4.
242. For another, just published (2010), discussion of these issues see D. RHODE, THE BEAUTY BIAS (New York: Oxford University Press 2010).
243. D. KESSLER, THE END OF OVEREATING: TAKING CONTROL OF THE INSATIABLE AMERICAN APPETITE 249 (New York: Rodale, 2009).
244. See, e.g,. G. LOURY, RACE, INCARCERATION AND AMERICAN VALUES (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2008).
245. E. Eckholm, Reports Find Persistent Racial Gaps in Drug Arrests, N.Y. TIMES, May 6, 2008, at A21.
246. A. Liptak, Inmate Count in US Dwarfs Other Nations, N.Y. TIMES, April 23, 2008, at A1. A14;
247. Editorial, Not Winning the War on Drugs, N.Y. TIMES, July 2, 2008, at A18.
248. Editorial, Sen. Webb's Call for Prison Reform, N.Y. TIMES, January 1, 2009, at A20;
249. J. Peters, New York Is Set To End Drug Law Requiring Prison, N.Y. TIMES, March 26, 2009, at A1. A21;
250. J. Steinhauer, To Trim Costs, State Relaxes Hard Line on Prisons, N.Y. TIMES, March 25, 2009, at A1, A16;
251. J. Dwyer, Letting Judges Have A Say In Sentencing, N.Y. TIMES, March 25, 2009, at A22.
252. T. Egan, Fresh Ideas For a Tired Crusade, N.Y. TIMES, April 1, 2008, at A23.
253. J. Hunter, Medicinal heroin project winding down, GLOBE & MAIL, May 26, 2008, at A7.
254. M. Wente, Legalization in disguise, GLOBE & MAIL, July 19, 2008, at A17.
255. See generally C. COLLIN, CANADA'S FEDERAL DRUG STRATEGY (Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and Research Services 2006).
256. A. Picard, Supporting Insite Unethical, Clement tells doctors, GLOBE & MAIL, August 19, 2008, at A1. A15.
257. see L. MURPHY, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF S.7: THE CASE OF PHS COMMUNITY SERVICES SOCIETY V. CANADA (Attorney General) (2009, unpublished; copy on file with the author).
258. I. Bailey, Appeal court upholds right to operate for Vancouver safe-injection site, GLOBE & MAIL, January 16, 2010, at A14.
259. M. Wente, They're sick of watching young people die: Just ask the police and doctors on the front line-harm reduction doesn't work, GLOBE & MAIL, July 12, 2008, at A15.
260. G. Mate, To help, or at least do no harm, GLOBE & MAIL, June 4, 2008, at A17.
261. Editorial, For the community to decide, GLOBE & MAIL, May 31, 2008, at A20.
262. M. Wente, Shooting Up Is A Charter Right?, GLOBE & MAIL, June 3, 2008, at A19.
263. Leader, How to Stop the Drug Wars, ECONOMIST, March 7-13, 2009, at 15.
264. L. FRIEDMAN, THE REPUBLIC OF CHOICE: LAW, AUTHORITY, AND CULTURE (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1990).
265. G. REITH, THE AGE OF CHANCE: GAMBLING AND WESTERN CULTURE 156 (London and New York: Routledge 2002).
266. For a particularly dramatic example see: Watanabe restates his casino losses, OMAHA WORLD-HERALD, May 22, 2010.
267. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT (Geneva: World Health Organization 2003).
268. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE, GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ALCOHOL 2004, at 30 (Geneva: World Health Organization 2004).
269. R. Smart & J. Ferris, Alcohol, drugs, and gambling in the Ontario adult population, 41 CANADIAN J. PSYCH. 36 (1994);
270. H. Lesieur & M. Heineman, Pathological gambling among multiple substance abusers in a therapeutic community, 83 BRIT. J. ADDICTION 765 (1998).
271. R. WILLIAMS, B. WEST & R. SIMPSON, PREVENTION OF PROBLEM GAMBLING: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE ISSUES AND THE EVIDENCE 40-41 (Edmonton: Alberta Gaming Research Institute 2007) [hereinafter WILLIAMS et al., PREVENTION].
272. M. ABBOTT et al., A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON ASPECTS OF PROBLEM GAMBLING-FINAL REPORT 130-35 (Auckland, NZ: Gambling Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology 2004).
273. Q. Singleton, Framework on Controlling the Socioeconomic Costs of Compulsive Gambling, 12 GAMING LAW REV. 37 (2008).
274. A. Blaszczynski, R. Ladouceur & H. Shaffer, A science-based framework for responsible gambling: The Reno Model, 20 J. GAMBLING STUDS. 301 (2004).
275. See also N. HING & M. DICKERSON, RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING: AUSTRALIAN VOLUNTARY AND MANDATORY APPROACHES (Melbourne: Australian Gaming Council 2001).
276. See also an attempt in Canada in Manitoba: S. OLYNIK, RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING MEDIA CAMPAIGNS (Winnipeg: Manitoba Lotteries Corporation 2004).
277. R. MacNeil, Government as Gambling Regulator and Operator: the Case of Electronic Gaming Machines, in CASINO STATE: LEGALIZED GAMBLING IN CANADA 140, 151-52 (J. Cosgrave & T. Klassen, eds., Toronto: University of Toronto Press Inc. 2009).
278. T. SCHELLINCK & T. SCHRANS, A FRAMEWORK FOR A GLOBAL GAMBLING STRATEGY, RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING, PUBLIC POLICY AND RESEARCH: THE HALIFAX MODEL, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Alberta Conference on Gambling Research (Calgary: Alberta Gaming Research Institute 2005).
279. D. Korn et al., Framing Public Policy Towards a Public Health Paradigm for Gambling, 19 J. GAMBLING STUDS. 235, 237-39 (2003).
280. E. Morse & E. Goss, Tribal Gaming, in GOVERNING FORTUNE: CASINO GAMBLING IN AMERICA 212 (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press 2007).
281. see Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada, available at CAMH http://www.camh.net/.
282. See, e.g., THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE 20TH CENTURY: LATE LESSONS FROM EARLY WARNINGS (P. Harremoës et al. eds., London: Earthscan Publcations Ltd. 2002).
283. For various formulations, see C. Sunstein, Precautions and Nature, 137 DAEDULUS 49, 50-51 (2008).
284. D. MULLAN, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: CASES, TEXT, AND MATERIALS 12-17 (Toronto: Emond-Montgomery 2003).
285. OMBUDSMAN OF ONTARIO, A GAME OF TRUST: INVESTIGATION INTO THE ONTARIO LOTTERY AND GAMING CORPORATION'S PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC FROM FRAUD AND THEFT, at Executive Summary, #23 (Toronto: Ombudsman of Ontario 2007).
286. Statistics Canada, available at http://www.statcan.ca/english/studies/75-001/comm/1-1.htm.
287. Investing in People-Managing Ontario's Finances, Ontario Ministry of Finance, Appendix A, at 52-55, available at http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/english/budget/ontariobudgets/2005/papera.html.
288. Canadian Gaming Association, Study reveals support for Canadian gaming industry, CANADIAN GAMING ASS'N, April 26, 2006, Economic Benefits, available at http://www.canadiangaming.ca/media_uploads/pdf/17.pdf.
289. Regarding such costs and smoking, see W.A. BOGART, CONSEQUENCES: THE IMPACT OF LAW AND ITS COMPLEXITY 197-203 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2002).
290. A. Terrett & I. Monaghan, The Internet-An Introduction for Lawyers, in L. EDWARDS & C. WAELDE, LAW AND THE INTERNET: A FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 1 (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2d ed. 2000);
291. See also W.A. BOGART, GOOD GOVERNMENT? GOOD CITIZENS?: COURTS, POLITICS, AND MARKETS IN A CHANGING CANADA 118-126 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 2005).
292. F. CAIRNCROSS, THE DEATH OF DISTANCE: HOW THE COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION IS CHANGING OUR LIVES 37 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2d ed. 2001).
293. J. NAUGHTON, A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FUTURE: THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET xii (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999).
294. When Terrorists Log On, N.Y. TIMES, October 21, 2001, at A14;
295. J. Schwartz, Cyberspace Seen as Potential Battleground, N.Y. TIMES, November 23, 2001, at B5.
296. A. SHAPIRO, THE CONTROL REVOLUTION: HOW THE INTERNET IS PUTTING INDIVIDUALS IN CHARGE AND CHANGING THE WORLD WE KNOW 63-64 (New York, NY: Public Affairs 1999).
297. Developments in the Law: The Law of Cyberspace, 112 HARV. L. REV. 1574 (1999);
298. J. Boyle, Foucault in Cyberspace: Surveillance, Sovereignty, and Hard-WiredCensors (1997), available at http://www.wcl.americam.edu/pub/faculty/boyle/foucault.htm.
299. L. Lessig, The Law of the Horse: What Cyberlaw Might Teach, 113 HARV. L. REV. 501 (1999);
300. see F. Easterbrook, Cyberspace and the Law of the Horse, U. CHI. LEGAL FOUND. 207 (1996).
301. M. Geist, Internet Jurisdiction: The Shifting Adjudicatory Approach, ISUMA 87 (Spring 2002);
302. M. Richtel, Courts Are Split On Internet Bans-Some Judges Say Cybercrime Justifies Limits on Convicts, N.Y. TIMES, January 21, 2003, at A1. C2.
303. GOVERNMENT OF CANADA, ILLEGAL AND OFFENSIVE CONTENT ON THE INTERNET (Ottawa: Industry Canada February 2001), available at http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/C2-532-2000E.pdf.
304. D. Johnson & D. Post, Law and Borders-The Rise of Law in Cyberspace, 48 STAN. L. REV. 1367, 1390 (1996).
305. J. GOLDSMITH & T. WU, WHO CONTROLS THE INTERNET?: ILLUSIONS OF A BORDERLESS WORLD (New York, NY: Oxford University Press 2008).
306. R. WILLIAMS & R. WOOD, INTERNET GAMBLING: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS OF THE LITERATURE (2007), Report Prepared for the Ontario Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, at 6 [hereinafter WILLIAMS & WOOD, INTERNET GAMBLING].
307. J. WIEBE & M. LIPTON, AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNET GAMBLING REGULATIONS (2008), Report Prepared for the Ontario Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario Canada, at 3.
308. J. Wiebe, Internet Gambling Safeguards: What are online gaming sites doing to protect customers?, NEWSLINK (2006), Fall/Winter 4. Published by the Responsible Gambling Council.
309. C. Levy, Putin's Crackdown on Casinos is Putting Russians Out of Jobs, N.Y. TIMES, June 29, 2009, at A1. A8.
310. see R. WILLIAMS, B. WEST & R. SIMPSON, PREVENTION OF PROBLEM GAMBLING: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE ISSUES AND THE EVIDENCE, at Table 2, 46 (Edmonton: Alberta Gaming Research Institute 2007) [hereinafter WILLIAMS et al., PREVENTION] for a chart that attempts an assessment of the effectiveness of various interventions.
311. see W.A. BOGART, CONSEQUENCES: THE IMPACT OF LAW AND ITS COMPLEXITY 208-09 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 2002) [hereinafter BOGART, CONSEQUENCES].
312. The various age restrictions in a number of jurisdictions are set out in N. Rose, Gambling and the Law: Minimum Age to Place a Bet (2001), available at http://www.gamblingandthelaw.com/agechart.html.
313. J. Derevensky, Youth Gambling: A Canadian Perspective, in CASINO STATE: LEGALIZED GAMBLING IN CANADA 192, 193-94 (J. Cosgrave & T. Klassen eds., Toronto: University of Toronto Press Inc. 2009) [hereinafter Derevensky, Youth Gambling].
314. J. Felsher et al., Lottery Playing Amongst Youth: Implications for Prevention and Social Policy, 20 J. GAMBLING STUDS., 127, 141(2004).
315. S. SADINSKY, REVIEW OF THE PROBLEM-GAMBLING AND RESPONSIBLE-GAMING STRATEGY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF ONTARIO 198 (Report to the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, 2005), Recommendation #64.
316. M. ABBOTT et al., A REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON ASPECTS OF PROBLEM GAMBLING-FINAL REPORT 169 (Auckland: Auckland University of Technology, Gambling Research Centre 2004).
317. J. WIEBE & A. FALKOWSKI-HAM, UNDERSTANDING THE AUDIENCE: THE KEY TO PREVENTING YOUTH GAMBLING PROBLEMS 1-2 (Toronto: Responsible Gambling Council 2003).
318. J. Derevensky et al., Adolescent Problem Gambling: Legislative and Policy Decisions, 8 GAMING LAW REV. 107, 110(2004).
319. J. McPhee, Dealing With the Duty to Accommodate, CANADIAN LAW. 48 (July 2007).
320. A. KIRKLAND, FAT RIGHTS: DILEMMAS OF DIFFERENCE AND PERSONHOOD (New York: New York University Press 2008).
321. J. CASTEL, GAMING CONTROL LAW IN ONTARIO 14-1-14-3 (Aurora, Ontario: Canada Law Book 2010).
322. D. Wilson, Regulating Tobacco Industry is a Recent Concept, N.Y. TIMES, June 11, 2009, at A3.
323. P. Benedetti, Don't bet on it, GLOBE & MAIL, March 24, 2007, at F3.
324. S. Porter, Caught in the grip of the 'almighty VLT,' GLOBE & MAIL, April 2, 2007, at A7.
325. RESPONSIBLE GAMBLING COUNCIL, ELECTRONIC GAMING MACHINES AND PROBLEM GAMBLING, Prepared for the Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority by the Responsible Gambling Council (Toronto: Responsible Gambling Council 2007) [hereinafter RGC, EGM].
326. R. THALER & C. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS (New Haven & London: Yale University Press 2008).
327. E. MORSE & E. GOSS, GOVERNING FORTUNE: CASINO GAMBLING IN AMERICA 254 (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press 2007).
328. F. Napolitano, The Self-Exclusion Program: Legal and Clinical Considerations, 19 J. GAMBLING STUDS. 303 (2003).
329. C. ALLCOCK, CURRENT ISSUES RELATED TO IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM GAMBLER IN THE GAMBLING VENUE (Melbourne: Australia Gaming Council 2002).
330. L. Priest, What to do when your best customers have a problem, GLOBE & MAIL, October 7, 2009, at A14.
331. L. Priest, The million-dollar club: Losing big, losing often, GLOBE & MAIL, October 5, 2009, at A4.
332. T. GARETT, CASINO GAMBLING IN AMERICA AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT (St. Louis, Missouri: Federal Reserve Bank 2003).
333. L. Priest, Casinos Spend Millions to Make Losers Feel Like Winners, GLOBE & MAIL, October 3, 2009, at A1. A11.
334. W. SASSO & J. KALAJDZIC, DO ONTARIO AND ITS GAMING VENUES OWE A DUTY OF CARE TO PROBLEM GAMBLERS? (Guelph: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre January 2007).
335. See also A. Igelman & J. Kelly, Status of Canadian Compulsive Gambling Litigation, 9(2) GAMING LAW REV. (2005).
336. J. Cameron, Problem Gamblers and the Duty of Care: A Response to Sasso and Kalajdzic, 11 GAMING LAW REV. 554 (2007).
337. E. Mohammed, The Problem with Problem Gaming: A Response to Sasso and Kalajdzic, In Defense of the Gaming Industry, 14 GAMING LAW REV. 340 (2008)
338. see response: J. Kalajdzic, Letter to the Editor, 5 GAMING LAW REV. 470 (2008).
339. E. Mohammed, Food for Tort: Giving the Casino Some Consideration, A Continued Defence of the Gaming Industry, 27 WINDSOR REV. LAW & SOC. ISSUES 129 (2009).
340. J. Kalajdzic, Cameron's Rejection of a Duty of Care to Problem Gamblers: A Response to Sasso and Kalajdzic or an Apology for the Gaming Industry, 12 GAMING LAW REV. 55 (2008).
341. P.S. Atiyah, Tort Law and the Alternatives: Some Anglo-American Comparisons, 1987 DUKE L.J. 1002, 1018 (1987).
342. D. Dewees & M. Trebilcock, The Efficacy of the Tort System and its Alternatives: A Review of Empirical Evidence, 30 OSGOODE HALL L.J. 57 (1992);
343. R. Epstein, The Social Consequences of Common Law Rules, 95 HARVARD LAW REV. 1717 (1982).
344. D. DEWEES, D. DUFF & M. TREBILCOCK, EXPLORING THE DOMAIN OF ACCIDENT LAW: TAKING THE FACTS SERIOUSLY 413 (New York: Oxford University Press 1996) [hereinafter DEWEES et al., EXPLORING THE DOMAIN].
345. G. ROSENBERG, THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE? (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2d ed. 2008).
346. W.A. Bogart, The Ascendance of Courts, in GOOD GOVERNMENT? GOOD CITIZENS?: COURTS, POLITICS, AND MARKETS IN A CHANGING CANADA 23 (Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press 2005).
347. L. COHEN, A CONSUMERS' REPUBLIC: THE POLITICS OF MASS CONSUMPTION IN POSTWAR AMERICA (New York: Vintage Books 2004).
348. See discussion in: OLG, Myths and Facts, available at OLG Know Your Limit Web site http://www.knowyourlimit.ca/myths-about-gambling.html.
349. W. Arnold, The Nanny State Places a Bet, N.Y. TIMES, May 23, 2006, at C1.
350. G. Rivlin, Casinos Go All In to Draw Asians, N.Y. TIMES, June 13, 2007, at C1.
351. L Najavits et al., Can advertising increase awareness of problem gambling? A statewide survey of Impact, 17 PSYCH. ADDICTIVE BEHAVS. 324 (2003).
352. L. FRIEDMAN, CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN AMERICAN HISTORY 14 (New York: Basic Books, 1993) (emphasis in original).
353. J. DUFF, HINTS FOR A REFORM, PARTICULARLY THE GAMBLING CLUBS: BY A MEMBER OF THE PARLIAMENT 10 (1784)
354. cited in D. MIERS, REGULATING COMMERCIAL GAMBLING: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 10 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004)
355. G. TREVELYAN, THE EARLY HISTORY OF CHARLES JAMES FOX 478 (New York: Harper & Brothers 1881), quoted in Ch. 5: II. "One Vast Casino": Gambling in England Into the Nineteenth Century.
356. R. THALER AND C. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE-IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH AND HAPPINESS (New Haven: Yale University Press 2008), discussed in Ch.2 III b). The Changing Emphasis: Two Examples.
357. E. POSNER, LAW AND SOCIAL NORMS 4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2000), quoted in Ch. 3: Introduction.
358. D. Kahan, Signalling or Reciprocity? A Response to Eric Posner's Law and Social Norms, 36 U. RICH. L. REV. 367, 367 (2002), quoted in Ch. 3: Introduction.
359. R. McAdams, The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, 96 MICH. L. REV. 338 (1997).
360. R. Scott, The Limits of Behavioral Theories of Law and Social Norms, 86 VA. L. REV. 1603, 1647 (2000), quoted in Ch. 3: IV. b). Things Are Clearer Looking Back.
361. R. Kagan and J. Skolnick, Banning Smoking: Compliance Without Enforcement, in SMOKING: LAW, POLICY, POLITICS, AND CULTURE 85 (R. Rabin & S. Sugarman eds., New York: Oxford University Press 1993).
362. M. VALVERDE, DISEASES OF THE WILL: ALCOHOL AND THE DILEMMAS OF FREEDOM 11 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1998)
363. quoted in A. KIRKLAND, FAT RIGHTS (New York: New York University Press 2008).
364. D. KESSLER, THE END OF OVEREATING: TAKING CONTROL OF THE INSATIABLE AMERICAN APPETITE 249 (New York: Rodale 2009)
365. J. DUFF, HINTS FOR A REFORM, PARTICULARLY THE GAMBLING CLUBS: BY A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT 10 (1784)
366. D. Korn et al., Framing Public Policy Towards a Public Health Paradigm for Gambling, 19 J. GAMBLING STUDS. 235, 239 (2003), quoted in Ch. 6: III. b). 1. The Public Health Perspective.