Mental health and alcohol, drugs and tobacco: A review of the comorbidity between mental disorders and the use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs

Drug and Alcohol Review

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 515-536

  Jané Llopis, Eva ^a   Matytsina, Irina ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Comorbidity; Drug; Mental health; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

STREET DRUG;

ADDICTION; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; COST OF ILLNESS; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ECONOMICS; HEALTH; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; COMORBIDITY; COST OF ILLNESS; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HUMANS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 33751520065     PISSN: 09595236     EISSN: 14653362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09595230600944461     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. World Health Organisation. The world health report 2001: new understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2001.
2. World Health Organisation. Reducing risks: promoting healthy life. World health report 2002. Geneva:World Health Organisation, 2002.
3. Üstun TB, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Chatterji S, Mathers C, Murray CJL. Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. Br J Psychiatry 2004;184:386-92.
4. Kessler R, McGonagle K, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
5. Wittchen H-U, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe - a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropharmacol 2005;15:357-76.
6. WHO International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. Bull World Health Org 2000;78:413-26.
7. World Health Organisation. Prevention of mental disorders: effective interventions and policy options: a report of the World Health Organisation Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; in collaboration with the Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/ evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf (accessed 5 October 2006).
8. World Health Organisation. Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice: a report from the World Health Organisation, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse; in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. Genva, Switzerland: WHO, 2004. Available at: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/promoting_mhh. pdf (accessed 5 October 2006).
9. International Labour Organisation (ILO). Mental health in the workplace. Geneva: ILO, 2000.
10. Anderson P, Holder H. Alcohol use disorders. In: Hosman C, Jané-Llopis E, Saxena S, eds. Prevention of mental disorders: an overview on evidence-based strategies and programs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in press.
11. Ezzati M, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Vender Hoorn S, Murray CJL. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to individual risk factors. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, eds. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease due to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2004: 2141-65.
12. Rehm J, Room R, Monteiro M, et al. Alcohol use. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, and Murray CJL, eds. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors, vol. 1. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2004:959-1108.
13. Anderson P, Baumberg B. Alcohol in Europe: a public health perspective. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies, 2006.
14. Merikangas K, Mehta R, Molnar B, et al. Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: results of the international consortium in psychiatric epidemiology. Addict Behav 1998;23:893-907.
15. Rohde P, Lewinsohn P-M, Seeley JR. Comorbidity of unipolar depression: II. Comorbidity with other mental disorders in adolescents and adults. J Abnorm Psychol 1991; 100:214-22.
16. Nurcombe B. The evolution and validity of the diagnosis of major depression in childhood and adolescence. In: Cicchetti D, Toth S, eds. Developmental perspectives on depression: Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester, 1992:1-27.
17. Hippius H, Stefanis CN, Miller-Sspahn F, eds. Research in mood disorders: an update. Psychiatry in Progress Series, vol. 1. Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers, 1994:1-16.
18. Hammen C. Depression, California: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis, 1997.
19. Schoenborn CA, Horm S. Negative moods as correlates of smoking and heavier drinking: implications for health promotion. Adv Data 1993;4;236:1-16.
20. Kessler R, Nelson C, McGonagle K, Edlund M, Frank R, Leaf P. The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: implications for prevention and service utilization. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1996;66:17-31.
21. Kessler R, Crum R, Warner L, Nelson C, Schulenberg J, Anthony J. Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:313-21.
22. Book SW, Randall CL. Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health 2002;26:130-5.
23. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Chou PS, Ruan WJ, Pickering RP. Co-occurrence of 12-month alcohol and drug use disorders and personality disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:361-8.
24. Farrell M, Howes S, Taylor C, et al. Substance misuse and psychiatric comorbidity: an overview of the OPCS National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Addict Behav 1998;23:909-18.
25. Weaver T, Rutter D, Madden P, Ward J, Stimson G, Renton A. Results of a screening survey for co-morbid substance misuse amongst patients in treatment for psychotic disorders: prevalence and service needs in an inner London borough. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:399-406.
26. Farris C, Brems C, Johnson ME, Wells R, Burns R, Kletti N. A comparison of schizophrenic patients with or without coexisting substance use disorder. Psychiatr Q 2003;74:205-22.
27. World Health Organisation (WHO). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: WHO, 1992.
28. Kessler R, Tat Chiu W, Demler O, Walters E. Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:617-27.
29. Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:807-816.
30. Grant BF, Hasin DS, Chou SP, Stinson FS, Dawson DA. Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1107-15.
31. Kandel DB, Huang F-Y, Davies M. Comorbidity between patterns of substance use dependence and psychiatric syndromes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;64:233-41.
32. Farrell M, Howes S, Bebbington P, et al. Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:432-7.
33. Offord D, Boyle M, Campbell D, et al. One-year prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Ontarians 15-64 years of age. Can J Psychiatry 1996;41:559-63.
34. Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Bernert S, et al. The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 investigators. 12-month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004;109(Suppl. 420):28-37.
35. Narrow W, Rae W, Robins L, Regier D. Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:115-23.
36. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NSR-R). JAMA 2003;289:3095-106.
37. De Graaf R, Bijl R, Smit F, Vollebergh W, Spijker J. Risk factors for 12-month comorbidity of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:620-9.
38. Watkins KE, Burnam A, Kung F-Y, Paddock S. A national survey of care for persons with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:1062-9.
39. Kessler R, Berglund P, Glantz M, et al. Estimating the prevalance and correlates of serious mental illness in community epidemiological surveys. In: Manderscheid RW, Henderson, M, eds. Mental health United States 2002. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Mental Health Services, 2002: Chapter 12.
40. Kessler R. The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biol Psychiatry 2004;456:730-7.
41. Teesson M, Hall W, Lynskey M, Degenhardt L. Alcoholand drug-use disorders in Australia: implications of the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Aust NZ J Psych 2000;34:206-13.
42. Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lyndskey M. The relationship between cannabis use, depression and anxiety among Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:219-27.
43. Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS. The epidemiology of anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res 1990;24:3-14.
44. John U, Meyer C, Rumpf H-J, Hapke U. Smoking, nicotine dependence and psychiatric comorbidity - a population-based study including smoking cessation after three years. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;76:287-95.
45. Zilberman ML, Tavares H, Blume SB, el-Guebaly N. Substance use disorders: sex differences and psychiatric comorbidities. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:5-13.
46. Poulin C, Hand D, Boudreau B, Santor D. Gender differences in the association between substance use and elevated depressive symptoms in a general adolescent population. Addiction 2005;100:525-35.
47. Ferdinand R, Sondeijker F, van der Ende J, Selten J-P, Huizink A, Verhulst F. Cannabis use predicts future psychotic symptoms, and vice versa. Addiction 2005;100:612-18.
48. Blakely T, Hales S, Kieft C, Wilson N, Woodward A. Distribution of risk factors by poverty. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, eds. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease due to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2004:1941-2128.
49. Hyman S, Chisholm D, Kessler R, Patel V, Whiteford H. Mental disorders. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., eds. Disease control priorities in developing countries, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006:605-27.
50. Bakken K, Landheim AS, Vaglum P. Primary and secondary substance misusers: do they differ in substance-induced and substance-independent mental disorders? Alcohol Alcohol 2003;38:54-9.
51. Phillips P, Johnson S. How does drug and alcohol misuse develop among people with psychotic illness? A literature review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2001;36:269-76.
52. Gratzer D, Levitan RD, Sheldon T, Toneatto T, Rector NA, Goering P. Lifetime rates of alcoholism in adults with anxiety, depression, or co-morbid depression/anxiety: a community survey of Ontario. J Affect Disord 2004;79:209-15.
53. Arsenault L, Cannon M, Witton J, Murray R. Casual association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry 2004;184:110-17.
54. Breslau N, Novak S, Kessler R. Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biol Psychiatry 2004;55:69-76.
55. Mueser KT, Drake RE, Wallach MA. Dual diagnosis: a review of etiological theories. Addict Behav 1998;23:717-34.
56. World Health Organisation. Mental health declaration for Europe: facing challenges, building solutions. Copenhagen: World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, 2005. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/document/mnh/ edoc06.pdf (accessed 5 October 2006).
57. World Health Organisation. Mental health action plan for Europe: facing challenges, building solutions. Copenhagen: World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, 2005.
58. Kessler RC, Price RH. Primary prevention of secondary disorders: a proposal and agenda. Am J Commun Psychol 1993;21:607-33.
59. Coie JD, Watt NF, West SG, et al. The science of prevention. Am Psychol 1993;48:1013-22.
60. Hoefnagels C, Mudde A. Mass media and disclosures of child abuse in the perspective of secondary prevention: putting ideas into practice. Child Abuse Neglect 2000;24:1091-101.
61. Yoshikawa H. Prevention as cumulative protection: effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychol Bull 1994;115:28-54.
62. Hill SY, Locke J, Lowers L, Connolly J. Psychopathology and achievement in children at high risk for developing alcoholism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:883-91.
63. Shinn M, Toohey SM. Refocusing on primary prevention. Prev Treat 2001;4.
64. Olds D. The prenatal early infancy project. In: Price RH, Cowen EL, Lorian RP, Ramos-McKay J, eds. 14 ounces of prevention: a casebook for practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1988:9-23.
65. Olds D. The prenatal early infancy project: preventing child abuse and neglect in the context of promoting maternal and child health. In: Wolfe DA, McMahon RJ, Peters RD, eds. Child abuse: new directions in prevention and treatment across the lifespan. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 1997:130-54.
66. Olds D. The prenatal/early infancy project: fifteen years later. In: Albee GW, Gullotta TP, eds. Primary prevention works. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 1997:41-67.
67. Olds DL. The prenatal/early infancy project: a strategy for responding to the needs of high-risk mothers and their children. Prev Human Serv 1989;7:59-87.
68. Schweinhart LJ, Weikart DP. High/Scope Perry Preschool Program effects at age twenty-seven. In: Crane J, ed. Social programs that work. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998:148-62.
69. Saxena S, Jané-Llopis E, Hosman C. Prevention of mental and behavioural disorders: implications for policy and practice. World Psychiatry 2006;5:5-14.
70. Jané-Llopis E, Hosman C, Jenkins R, Anderson P. Predictors of efficacy in depression prevention. Metaanalysis. Br J Psychiatry 2003;183:384-97.
71. Price RH, Van Ryn M, Vinokur AD. Impact of a preventive job search intervention on the likelihood of depression among the unemployed. J Health Social Behav 1992;33:158-67.
72. Dhossche DM, Meloukheia AM, Chakravorty S. The association of suicide attempts and comorbid depression and substance abuse in psychiatric consultation patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2000;22:281-8.
73. Kay-Lambkin F, Baker A, Lewin T. The 'comorbidity roundabout': a framework to guide assessment and intervention strategies and engineer change among people with co-morbid problems. Drug Alcohol Rev 2004;23:407-23.
74. Anderson P, Laurant M, Kaner E, Grol R, Wensing M. Engaging general practitioners in the management of alcohol problems: results of a meta-analysis. J Stud Alcohol 2004;65:191-9.
75. Anderson P, Jané-Llopis E. How can we increase the involvement of primary care in the treatment of tobacco dependence? A meta-analysis. Addiction 2004;99:299-313.
76. Van Weel-Baumgarten E, Jané-Llopis E, Mynors-Wallis L, Anderson P. Prevention of mental illness in primary care. The Imhpa manual and the general practitioner's role [Editorial]. Eur J Gen Pract 2005;11:92-3.
77. Mynors-Wallis L, DaviesGath DH, Day A, Baker F. Randomised controlled trial of problem-solving treatment, antidepressant medication and combined treatment for major depression in primary care. BMJ 2000;320:26-30.
78. European Community (EC). Green Paper improving the mental health of the population. Towards a strategy on mental health for the European Union. Luxembourg: European Communities, 2005. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/ health/ph_determinants/life_style/mental/green_paper/consultation_en.htm (accessed 5 October 2006).
79. Bijl RV, Ravelli A, van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1998;33:587-95.
80. Henderson S, Andrews G, Hall W. Australia's mental health: an overview of the general population survey. Aust NZJ Psychiatry 2000;34:197-205.