Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible earth to surface loading: An application to glacial isostatic adjustment in Antarctica and Canada

Geophysical Journal International

Volumn 192, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 557-572

  Geruo, A ^a   Wahr, John ^a   Zhong, Shijie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Antarctica.; Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle; Global change from geodesy; Time variable gravity

Indexed keywords

GEODETIC SATELLITES; GRAVITATION; ICE; SEA LEVEL; SEISMOLOGY; VISCOELASTICITY; VISCOSITY;

3D FINITE ELEMENT MODEL; ANTARCTICA; DYNAMICS OF LITHOSPHERE AND MANTLES; GLACIAL ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENT; GLACIAL ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS; GLOBAL CHANGE FROM GEODESIES; TIME-VARIABLE GRAVITY; VISCOELASTIC RESPONSE;

GLACIAL GEOLOGY;

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; DEGLACIATION; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; GEODESY; GLOBAL CHANGE; GPS; GRAVITY; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; LOADING; MANTLE STRUCTURE; SEA ICE; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING; UPLIFT; VISCOELASTICITY;

ANTARCTICA; CANADA;

EID: 84876848337     PISSN: 0956540X     EISSN: 1365246X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/gji/ggs030     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Argus, D.F., Blewitt, G., Peltier, W.R. & Kreemer, C., 2011. Rise of the Ellsworth mountains and parts of the East Antarctic coast observed with GPS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(16), 3-7.
2. Bevis, M. et al., 2009. Geodetic measurements of vertical crustal velocity in West Antarctica and the implications for ice mass balance, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10(10), doi:10.1029/2009GC002642.
3. Chen, J.L.,Wilson, C.R., Blankenship, D.D. & Tapley, B.D., 2006. Antarctic mass rates from GRACE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(11), 3-6.
4. Chen, J.L., Wilson, C.R., Blankenship, D. & Tapley, B.D., 2009. Accelerated Antarctic ice loss from satellite gravity measurements, Nature Geosci., 2(12), 859-862.
5. Chen, J.L., Wilson, C.R., Tapley, B.D., Blankenship, D. & Young, D., 2008. Antarctic regional ice loss rates from GRACE, Earth planet. Sci. Lett, 266(1-2), 140-148.
6. Dahlen, F.A., 1974. On the static deformation of an Earth model with a fluid core, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 36, 461-485.
7. Dziewonski, A.M. & Anderson, D.L., 1981. Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 25(4), 297-356.
8. Han, D. & Wahr, J., 1995. The viscoelastic relaxation of a realistically stratified earth, and a further analysis of postglacial rebound, Geophys. J. Int., 120(2), 287-311.
9. Hughes, T.J.R., 2000. The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis, Dover Publications. Available from http://books.google.com/books?id=yarmSc7ULRsC (Accessed 31 October).
10. Ivins, E.R. & James, T.S., 2005. Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment: a new assessment, Antarctic Sci., 17(4), 541.
11. Ivins, E.R., James, T.S.,Wahr, J., Schrama, E.J.O., Landerer, F.W. & Simon, K., 2013. Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise observed by GRACE with improved GIA correction, J. geophys. Res., submitted.
12. Kaufmann, G. &Wu, P., 2002. Glacial isostatic adjustment in Fennoscandia with a three-dimensional viscosity structure as an inverse problem, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 197(1-2), 1-10.
13. Kaufmann, G., Wu, P. & Ivins, E.R., 2005. Lateral viscosity variations beneath Antarctica and their implications on regional rebound motions and seismotectonics, J. Geodyn., 39(2), 165-181.
14. Latychev, K., 2005. Influence of lithospheric thickness variations on 3-D crustal velocities due to glacial isostatic adjustment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(1), 2-5.
15. Martinec, Z., 1999. Spectral, initial value approach for viscoelastic relaxation of a spherical earth with a three-dimensional viscosity-I. Theory, Geophys. J. Int., 137(2), 469-488.
16. Martinec, Z., 2000. Spectral-finite element approach to three-dimensional viscoelastic relaxation in a spherical earth, Geophys. J. Int., 142(1), 117-141.
17. Mitrovica, J.X. & Forte, A.M., 2004. A new inference of mantle viscosity based upon joint inversion of convection and glacial isostatic adjustment data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225(1-2), 177-189.
18. Mitrovica, J.X. & Peltier, W.R., 1992. A comparison of methods for the inversion of viscoelastic relaxation spectra, Geophys. J. Int., 108(2), 410-414.
19. Mitrovica, J.X.,Wahr, J., Matsuyama, I. & Paulson, A., 2005. The rotational stability of an ice-age earth, Geophys. J. Int., 161(2), 491-506.
20. Paulson, A., Zhong, S. & Wahr, J., 2005. Modelling post-glacial rebound with lateral viscosity variations, Geophys. J. Int., 163(1), 357-371.
21. Peltier, W.R., 2011. Available from http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto. ca/~peltier/datasets/visc_models/VM2_L90.txt10.1093/gji/ggs030.html (Accessed 31 October).
22. Peltier, W.R., 1974. The impulse response of a Maxwell earth, Rev. Geophys., 12(4), 649-669.
23. Peltier, W.R., 1998. Implications variations for climate in the level of the sea, Dyn. Solid Earth, 98, 603-689.
24. Peltier, W.R.R., 2004. Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the ice-age earth: the ice-5g (vm2) model and grace, Annu. Rev. Earth planet. Sci., 32(1), 111-149.
25. Ritsema, J., 1999. Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland, Science, 286(5446), 1925-1928.
26. Shepherd et al., 2012. A reconciled estimate of ice sheet mass balance, Science, in press.
27. Tanaka, Y., Klemann, V.,Martinec, Z. & Riva, R.E.M., 2011. Spectral-finite element approach to viscoelastic relaxation in a spherical compressible Earth: application to GIA modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 184(1), 220-234.
28. Tapley, B.D., Bettadpur, S., Ries, J.C., Thompson, P.F. & Watkins, M.M., 2004. GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system, Science (New York), 305(5683), 503-505.
29. Thomas, I.D. et al., 2011.Widespread low rates of Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment revealed by GPS observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(22), 1-6.
30. Tromp, J. &Mitrovica, J.X., 1999. Surface loading of a viscoelastic earthöI. General theory, Geophys. J. Int., 137(3), 847-855.
31. Velicogna, I., 2009. Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36(19), 5-8.
32. Velicogna, I. &Wahr, J., 2006. Measurements of time-variable gravity show mass loss in Antarctica, Science (New York), 311(5768), 1754-1756.
33. Wang, H. & Wu, P., 2006. Effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity on glacially induced surface motion on a spherical, Self-gravitating Maxwell Earth, 244, 576-589.
34. Watts, A.B., 2001. Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere, Arctic, 55(10), 57.
35. Whitehouse, P.L., Bentley, M.J. & Le Brocq, A.M., 2012. A deglacial model for Antarctica: geological constraints and glaciological modelling as a basis for a new model of Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment, Quat. Sci. Rev., 32, 1-24.
36. Whitehouse, P., Latychev, K., Milne, G.A., Mitrovica, J.X. & Kendall, R., 2006. Impact of 3-D Earth structure on Fennoscandian glacial isostatic adjustment: implications for space-geodetic estimates of present-day crustal deformations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(13), 1-6.
37. Wu, P., 2004. Using commercial finite element packages for the study of earth deformations, sea levels and the state of stress, Geophys. J. Int., 158(2), 401-408.
38. Wu, P. & Peltier, W.R., 1982. Viscous gravitational relaxation, Geophys. J. Int., 70(2), 435-485.
39. Wu, P. & van der Wal, W., 2003. Postglacial sealevels on a spherical, selfgravitating viscoelastic earth: effects of lateral viscosity variations in the upper mantle on the inference of viscosity contrasts in the lower mantle, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 211(1-2), 57-68.
40. Zhong, S., McNamara, A., Tan, E., Moresi, L. & Gurnis, M., 2008. A benchmark study on mantle convection in a 3-D spherical shell using CitcomS, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9(10), 1-32.
41. Zhong, S., Paulson, A. & Wahr, J., 2003. Three-dimensional finite-element modelling of Earth 's viscoelastic deformation: effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness, Geophys. J. Int., 155, 679-695.
42. Zhong, S.R., Qin, C., G.R., A. & Wahr, J., 2012. Can tidal tomography be used to unravel the long-wavelength structure of the lunar interior?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39(L15201), doi:10.1029/2012GL052362.
43. Zhong, S., Zuber, M.T.,Moresi, L.&Gurnis, M., 2000. Role of temperaturedependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection, J. geophys. Res., 105(B5), 11 063-11 082.