The overlap of symptomatic dimensions between frontotemporal dementia and several psychiatric disorders that appear in late adulthood

International Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 159-167

  Pose, Mariangeles ^a   Cetkovich, Marcelo ^a,b   Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel ^a,b   Ibáñez, Agustin ^a,b,c,d   Torralva, Teresa ^a,b   Manes, Facundo ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE OF COGNITIVE NEUROLOGY INECO   (Argentina)

^b FAVALORO UNIVERSITY   (Argentina)

^c UNIVERSIDAD DIEGO PORTALES   (Chile)

^d Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto M Lillo   (Argentina)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULTHOOD; APATHY; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FRONTAL VARIANT FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; PSYCHOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL COGNITION;

AGE OF ONSET; AGED; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84876773524     PISSN: 09540261     EISSN: 13691627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.769939     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Akiskal, H. (1995). Toward a temperament-based approach to depression: Implications for neurobiologic research. In G.L. Gessa, W. Fratta, L. Pani & G. Serra (Eds), Depression and Mania: From Neurobiology to Treatment. (p. 6). New York: Raven
2. Almeida, O., Howard, R., Levy, R. & David, A.S. (1995). Psychotic states arising in late life (late paraphrenia): Psychopathology and nosology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 205 - 214
3. Almeida, O.P. & Fenner, S. (2002). Bipolar disorder: Similarities and differences between patients with illness onset before and after 65 years of age. International Psychogeriatrics, 14, 311 - 321
4. Alexopoulos, G.S., Meyers, B.S., Young, R.C., Campbell, S., Silbersweig, D. & Charlson, M. (1997). Vascular depression hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 915 - 922
5. Alexopoulos, G.S., Meyers, B.S., Young, R.C., Mattis, S. & Kakuma, T. (1993). The course of geriatric depression with'reversible dementia': A controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1693 - 1699
6. Amoruso, L., Cardona, J., Melloni, M., Sede ñ o, L. & Ibanez, A. (2012). Contextual impairments in schizophrenia and the FN400. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 191. doi: 10.3389/ fnhum.2012.00191
7. APA (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
8. Avery, D. & Silverman, J. (1984). Psychomotor retardation and agitation in depression: Relationship to age, sex and response to treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 7, 67 - 76
9. Baldwin, R.C. & O'Brien, J. (2002). Vascular basis of late-onset depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 15 - 60
10. Barber, R., Snowden, J.S. & Craufurd, D. (1995). Frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Retrospective differentiation using information from informants. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 59, 61 - 70
11. Blazer, D., Burchetti, B., Service, C. & George, L.K. (1991). The association of age in depression among the elderly: An epidemiologic exploration. Journal of Gerontology, 46, 210 - 215
12. Bozeat, S., Gregory, C.A., Ralph, M.A. & Hodges, J.R. (2000). Which neuropsychiatric and behavioral features distinguish frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 69, 178 - 186
13. Brown, R., Sweeney, J., Loutsch, E., Kocsis, J. & Frances, A. (1984). Involutional melancholia revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 24 - 28
14. Butters, M.A., Whyte, E.M., Nebes, R.D., Begley, A.E., Dew, M.A., Mulsant, B.H.,.Becker, J.T. (2004). The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 587 - 595
15. Callahan, C.M., Hendrie, H.C., Dittus, R.S., Brater, D.C., Hui, S.L. & Tierney, D.N. (1994). Depression in late life: The use of clinical characteristics to focus screening efforts. Journal of Gerontololy, 49, M9 - M14
16. Cassidy, F. & Carroll, B.J. (2002). Vascular risk factors in late onset mania. Psychological Medicine, 32, 359 - 362
17. Charlish, A. & Cutting, J. (1995) Schizophrenia: Understanding and Coping with the Illness. London: Thorsons Health
18. Chow, T.W. & Mendez, M.F. (2002). Goals in symptomatic pharmacologic management of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. American Journal of Alzheimer Disease and Other Dementias, 17, 267 - 272
19. Chow, T.W., Binns, M.A., Freedman, M., Stuss, D.T., Ramirez, J., Scott, C.J. & Black, S. (2008). Overlap in frontotemporal atrophy between normal aging and patients with frontotemporal dementias. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 22, 327 - 335
20. Davies, R.R., Kipps, C.M., Mitchell, J., Kril, J.J., Halliday, G.M. & Hodges, J.R. (2006). Progression in frontotemporal dementia: Identifying a benign behavioral variant by magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of Neurology, 63, 1627 - 1631
21. Delaloye, C., Moy, G., Baudois, S., de Bilbao, F., Remund, C.D., Hofer, F.,.Giannakopoulos, P. (2009). Cognitive features in euthymic bipolar patients in old age. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 735 - 743
22. Depp, C. & Jeste, D. (2004). Bipolar disorder in older adults: A critical review. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 343 - 367
23. Dorey, J.M., Beauchet, O., Thomas Ant é rion, C., Rouch, I., Krolak-Salmon, P., Gaucher, J.,.Akiskal, H.S. (2008). Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and bipolar spectrum disorders: Review of the evidence of a relationship and treatment implications. CNS Spectrums, 13, 796 - 803
24. Faraone, S.V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C. & Biederman, J. (2003). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition? World Psychiatry, 2, 104 - 113
25. Foster, J.R., Cataldo, J.K. & Boksay, I.J. (1991). Incidence of depression in a medical long-term facility: Findings from a restricted sample of new admissions. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 13 - 20
26. Fujikawa, T., Yamawaki, S. & Touhouda, Y. (1995). Silent cerebral infarctions in patients with late-onset mania. Stroke, 26, 946 - 949
27. Ghaemi, S.N., Boiman. E. & Goodwin, F.K. (2000). Insight and outcome in bipolar, unipolar, and anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 167 - 171
28. Gleichgerrcht, E., Torralva, T., Lischinsky, A., Roca, M. & Manes, F. (2010a). Late-life attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A neglected condition in a memory clinic. Neurology, 74 (S2), A411
29. Gleichgerrcht, E., Torralva, T., Roca, M. & Manes, F. (2010b). Utility of an abbreviated version of the executive and social cognition battery in the detection of executive defi cits in early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16, 687 - 694
30. Gleichgerrcht, E., Torralva, T., Roca, M., Pose, M. & Manes, F. (2011). The role of social cognition in moral judgment in frontotemporal dementia. Social Neuroscience, 6, 113 - 122
31. Gum, A.M. & Cheavens, J.S. (2008). Psychiatric comorbidity and depression in older adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10, 23 - 29
32. Hachinski, V.C., Potter, P. & Merskey, H. (1987). Leuko-araiosis. Archives of Neurology, 44, 21 - 23
33. Harris, M.J. & Jeste, D.V. (1988). Late-onset schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 39 - 45
34. Heinrichs, W. & Zakzanis, K. (1998). Neurocognitive defi cits n schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426 - 445
35. Herrmann, L.L., Goodwin, G.M. & Ebmeier, K.P. (2007). The cognitive neuropsychology of depression in the elderly. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1693 - 1702
36. Hill, K., Mann, L., Laws, K.R., Stephenson, C.M., Nimmo-Smith, I. & McKenna, P.J. (2004). Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 243 - 256
37. Hornberger, M., Savage, S., Hsieh, S., Mioshi, E., Piguet, O. & Hodges, J.R. (2010). Orbitofrontal dysfunction discriminates behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 30, 547 - 552
38. Hornberger, M., Shelley, B.P., Kipps, C.M., Piguet, O. & Hodges, J.R. (2009). Can progressive and non-progressive behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia be distinguished at presentation? Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 80, 591 - 593
39. Howard, R., Almeida, O.P. & Levy, R. (1994). Phenomenology, demography and diagnosis in late paraphrenia. Psychological Medicine, 24, 397 - 410
40. Howard, R., Castle, D., Wessely, S. & Murray, R.M. (1993). A comparative study of 470 cases of early and late-onset schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 352 - 357
41. Howard, R., Rabins, P.V., Seeman, M.V. & Jeste, D.V. (2000). Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: An international consensus. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 172 - 178
42. Hu, W.T., Wang, Z., Lee, V.M., Trojanowski, J.Q., Detre, J.A. & Grossman, M. (2010). Distinct cerebral perfusion patterns in FTLD and AD. Neurology, 75, 881 - 888
43. Huepe, D., Riveros, R., Manes, F., Couto, B., Hurtado, E., Cetkovich, M.,.Iba ñ ez, A. (2011). The relationship of clinical, cognitive and social measures in schizophrenia: A preliminary fi nding combining measures in probands and relatives. Behavioural Neurol ogy, 25, 137 - 150. doi:10.3233/ BEN-2011-0350
44. Ibach, B., Poljansky, S., Barta, W., Koller, M., Wittmann, M. & Hajak, G. (2004). Patterns of referring of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration to psychiatric in- and out-patient services. Results from a prospective multicentre study. Dementia and other Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 17, 269 - 273
45. Ib á ñ ez, A. & Manes, F. (2012). Contextual social cognition and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Neurology, 78, 1354 - 1362
46. Ib á ñ ez, A., Cetkovich, M., Petroni, A., Urquina, H., Baez, S., Gonzalez-Gadea, M. L.,. Manes, F. (2012b). The neural basis of decision-making and reward processing in adults with euthymic bipolar disorder or attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PLoS ONE, 7, e37306
47. Ib á ñ ez, A., Petroni, A., Urquina, H., Torrente, F., Torralva, T., Hurtado, E.,. Manes, F. (2011c). Cortical defi cits of emotional face processing in adults with ADHD: Its relation to social cognition and executive function. Social Neuroscience, 6, 464 - 481
48. Ib á ñ ez, A., Riveros, R., Aravena, P., Vergara, V., Cardona, J. F., Garc í a, L.,. Manes, F. (2011a). When context is diffi cult to integrate: Cortical measures of congruency in schizophrenics and healthy relatives from multiplex families. Schizophrenia Research, 126, 303 - 305
49. Ib á ñ ez, A., Riveros, R., Hurtado, E., Gleichgerrcht, E., Urquina, H., Herrera, E.,. Manes, F. (2011b). The face and its emotion: Right N170 defi cits in structural processing and early emotional discrimination in schizophrenic patients and relatives. Psychiatry Research, 195, 18 - 26
50. Ib á ñ ez, A., Urquina, H., Petroni, A., Baez, S., Lopez, V., do Nascimento, M.,. Manes, F. (2012a). Neural processing of emotional facial and semantic expressions in euthymic bipolar disorder (BD) and its association with theory of mind (ToM). PLoS ONE, 7, e46877. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0046877
51. Johnson, D.E., Epstein, J.N., Waid, L.R., Latham, P.K., Voronin, K.E. & Anton, R.F. (2001). Neuropsychological performance defi cits in adults with attention defi cit/ hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 587 - 604
52. Katon, W.J. (2003). Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms and general medical illness. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 216 - 226
53. Kessing, L.V., Hansen, M.G., Andersen, P.K. & Angst, J. (2004). The predictive effect of episodes on the risk of recurrence in depressive and bipolar disorders - A life-long perspective. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 339 - 344
54. Kipps, C., Hodges, J. & Hornberger, M. (2010). Nonprogressive behavioral frontotemporal dementia: Recent developments and clinical implications of the'bvFTD phenocopy syndrome'. Current Opinion in Neurology, 23, 628 - 632
55. Kipps, C.M., Nestor, P.J., Fryer, T.D. & Hodges, J.R. (2007) Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: Not all it seems? Neurocase, 13, 237 - 247
56. Le Ber, I., Camuzat, A., Hannequin, D., Pasquier, F., Guedj, E., Rovelet-Lecrux, A. & Brice, A. (2008). Phenotype variability in progranulin mutation carriers: A clinical, neuropsychological, imaging and genetic study. Brain, 131, 732 - 746
57. Le Ber, I., Guedj, E., Gabelle, A., Verpillat, P., Volteau, M., Thomas-Anterion, C. & Dubois, B. (2006). Demographic, neurological and behavioral characteristics and brain perfusion SPECT in frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 129, 3051 - 3065
58. Lockwood, K.A., Alexopoulos, G.S., Kakuma, T. & Van Gorp, W.G. (2000). Subtypes of cognitive impairment in depressed older adults. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 201 - 208
59. Lopez, O.L., Gonzalez, M., Becker, J.T., Reynolds, C.F., Sudilovsky, A. & DeKosky, S. (1996). Symptoms of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 9, 154 - 161
60. Lough, S., Kipps, C.M., Treise, C., Watson, P., Blair, J.R. & Hodges, J.R. (2006). Social reasoning, emotion and empathy in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia, 44, 950 - 958
61. Manes, F.F., Torralva, T., Roca, M., Gleichgerrcht, E., Bekinschtein, E. & Hodges, J.R. (2010). Frontotemporal dementia presenting as pathological gambling. Nature Reviews Neurology, 6, 347 - 352
62. Manes, F. (2012). Psychiatric conditions that can mimic early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: The importance of the new diagnostic criteria. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14, 450 - 452
63. Martino, D., Strejilevich, S.A & Manes, F. (2013). Neurocognitive functioning in early-onset and late-onset older patients with euthymic bipolar disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 142 - 148. doi: 10.1002/gps.3801 Epub ahead of print
64. Martino, D.J., Igoa, A., Marengo, E., Sc á pola, M., Ais, E.D. & Strejilevich, S.A. (2008). Cognitive and motor features in elderly people with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 105, 291 - 295
65. Mendez, M.F., Lauterbach, E.C. & Sampson, S.M. (2008). An evidence-based review of the psychopathology of frontotemporal dementia: A report of the ANPA Committee on Research. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 20, 130 - 149
66. Mendez, M.F., Perryman, K.M., Miller, B.L. & Cummings, J.L. (1998). Behavioral differences between frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A comparison on the BEHAVE-AD rating scale. International Psychogeriatrics, 10, 155 - 162
67. Mirsen, T.R., Lee, D.H., Wong, C.J., Janzing, J.G., Diaz, J.F., Fox, A.J., Hachinski, V.C., & Merskey, H. (2006). Clinical correlates of white-matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. Archives of Neurology, 48, 1015 - 1021
68. Naarding, P., de Koning, I., van Kooten, F., Janzing, J.G., Beekman, A.T. & Koudstaal, P.J. (2006). Post-stroke dementia and depression: Frontosubcortical dysfunction as missing link? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 1 - 8
69. Neary, D., Snowden, J.S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S.,.Benson, B.D. (1998). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51, 1546 - 1554
70. Ng, B., Camacho, A., Lara, D.R., Brunstein, M.G., Pinto, O.C. & Akiskal, H.S. (2008). A case series of the hypothesized connection between mania and bipolar spectrum disorders: Bipolar Type VI? Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 307 - 315
71. Pantelis, C., Barnes, T.R., Nelson, H.E., Tanner, S., Weatherley, L., Owen, A.M. & Robbins, T.W. (1997). Frontal-striatal cognitive defi cits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain, 120, 1823 - 1843
72. Parmelee, P.A., Kleban, M.H., Lawton, M.P. & Katz, I.R. (1991). Depression and cognitive change among institutionalized aged. Psychology and Aging, 6, 504 - 511
73. Pearlson, G.D., Kreger, L., Rabins, P.V., Chase, G.A., Cohen, B., Wirth, J.B.,.Tune, L.E. (1989). A chart review study of lateonset and early-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1568 - 1574
74. Rabins, P., Aylward, E., Holyrod, S. & Pearlson, G. (2000). MRI fi ndings differentiate between late-onset schizophrenia and late-life mood disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 954 - 960
75. Rapp, M.A., Dahlman, K., Sano, M., Grossman, H.T., Haroutunian, V. & Gorman, J.M. (2005). Neuropsychological differences between late-onset and recurrent geriatric major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 691 - 698
76. Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J.R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M.F., Kramer, J.H., Neuhaus, J.,.Miller, B.L. (2011). Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 134, 2456 - 2477
77. Raz, N., Gunning, F.M., Head, D., Dupuis, J.H., McQuain, J., Briggs, S.D. & Acker, J.D. (1997). Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 268 - 282
78. Reynolds, C.F. (1992). Treatment of depression in special populations. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 45 - 53
79. Rihmer, Z., Akiskal, K.K., Rihmer, A. & Akiskal, H.S. (2010). Current research on affective temperaments. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23, 12 - 18
80. Riveros, R., Manes, F., Hurtado, E., Escobar, M., Martin Reyes, M., Cetkovich, M. & Iba ñ ez, A. (2010). Context-sensitive social cognition is impaired in schizophrenic patients and their healthy relatives. Schizophrenia Research, 116, 297 - 298
81. Sajatovic, M., Blow, F.C., Ignacio, R.V. & Kaless, H.C. (2005). New onset bipolar disorder in later life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 282 - 389
82. Schouws, S.N., Comijs, H.C., Stek, M.L., Dekker, J., Oostervink, F., Naarding, P. & Beekman, A.T. (2009). Cognitive impairment in early and late bipolar disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 508 - 515
83. Sch ü rhoff, F., Bellivier, F., Jouvent, R., Mouren-Sim é oni, M.C., Bouvard, M., Allilaire, J.F. & Leboyer, M. (2000). Early and late onset bipolar disorders: Two different forms of manicdepressive illness? Journal of Affective Disorders, 58, 215 - 221
84. Schweitzer, I., Tuckwell, V., O'Brien, J. & Ames, D. (2002). Is late onset depression a prodrome to dementia? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 997 - 1005
85. Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Aharon-Peretz, J. & Levkovitz, Y. (2007). The neuroanatomical basis of affective mentalizing in schizophrenia: Comparison of patients with schizophrenia and patients with localized prefrontal lesions. Schizophrenia Research, 90, 274 - 283
86. Sheline, Y.I., Barch, D.M., Garcia, K., Gersing, K., Pieper, C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. & Doraiswamy, P.M. (2006). Cognitive function in late life depression: Relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 58 - 65
87. Shenton, M.E., Dickey, C.C., Frumin, M. & McCarley R.W. (2001). A review of MRI fi ndings in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 49, 1 - 52
88. Shue, K.L. & Douglas, V.I. (1992). Attention defi cit hypera ctivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 20, 104 - 124
89. Shulman, K.I. & Post, F. (1980). Bipolar affective disorder in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 26 - 32
90. Snowden, J.S., Neary, D. & Mann, D.M.A. (2002). Frontotemporal dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 140 - 143
91. Snowden, J.S., Rollinson, S., Thompson, J.C., Harris, J.M., Stopford, C.L., Richardson, A.M.,.Pickering-Brown, S.M. (2012). Distinct clinical and pathological characteristics of frontotemporal dementia associated with C9ORF72 mutations. Brain, 135, 693 - 708
92. Speer, D. & Bates, K. (1992). Comorbid mental and substance disorders among older psychiatric patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 40, 886 - 890
93. Tamashiro, J.H., Zung, S., Zanetti, M.V., de Castro, C.C., Vallada, H., Busatto, G.F. & de Toledo Ferraz Alves, T.C. (2008). Increased rates of white matter hyperintensities in lateonset bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 765 - 775
94. Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E., Lischinsky, A., Roca, M. & Manes, F. (2012b).'Ecological'and highly demanding executive tasks detect real-life defi cits in high-functioning adult ADHD patients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17, 11 - 19
95. Torralva, T., Strejilevich, S.A., Gleichgerrcht, E., Roca, M., Martino, D., Cetkovich, M. & Manes, F. (2012a). Defi cits in tasks of executive functioning that mimic real-life scenarios in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 118 - 125
96. V á zquez, G.H., Kahn, C., Schiavo, C.E., Goldchluk, A., Herbst, L., Piccione, M. & Akiskal, H.S. (2008). Bipolar disorders and affective temperaments: A national family study testing the'endophenotype'and'subaffective'theses using the TEMPS-A Buenos Aires. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 25 - 32
97. Velakoulis, D., Walterfang, M., Mocellin, R., Pantelis, C. & McLean, C. (2009). Frontotemporal dementia presenting as schizophrenia-like psychosis in young people: Clinicopathological series and review of cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 298 - 305
98. Waddington, J.L. (2007). Neuroimaging and other neurobiological indices in schizophrenia: Relationship to measurement of functional outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 52 - 57
99. Woolley, J.D., Khan, B.K., Murthy, N.K., Miller, B.L. & Rankin, K.P. (2011). The diagnostic challenge of psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative disease; rates of and risk factors for prior psychiatric diagnosis in patients with early neurodegenerative disease. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 126 - 133
100. Yen, C.F., Chen, C.C., Lee, Y., Tang, T.C., Ko, C.H. & Yen, J.Y. (2005). Insight and correlates among outpatients with depressive disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 384 - 389
101. Young, R.C. (1997). Bipolar disorder in the elderly. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 20, 121 - 136
102. Zung, S., Cordeiro, Q., Lafer, B., Nascimento, A.F. & Vallada, H. (2009). Bipolar disorder in the elderly: Clinical and socio-demographic characteristics. Scientia Medica, 19, 162 - 169