World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) second edition: Guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestations on dogs and cats

Veterinary Parasitology

Volumn 194, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 84-97

  Marchiondo, A A ^a   Holdsworth, P A ^b   Fourie, L J ^c   Rugg, D ^a   Hellmann, K ^d   Snyder, D E ^e   Dryden, M W ^f  

^a PFIZER INC   (United States)

^b Animal Health Alliance (Australia) Ltd   (Australia)

^c Universitas   (South Africa)

^d Klifovet AG   (Germany)

^e ELANCO ANIMAL HEALTH   (United States)

^f KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cat; Dog; Ectoparasiticides; Fleas; Insect growth regulators; Persistent efficacy; Repellency; Systemic compounds: Topical compounds; Therapeutic efficacy; Tick categorization; Ticks; Updated guidelines

Indexed keywords

ACARICIDE; AMITRAZ; AMITRAZ PLUS FIPRONIL PLUS METHOPRENE; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; CITRONELLAL; ECTOPARASITICIDE; INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR; INSECTICIDE; PYRETHROID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL HOUSING; ANIMAL WELFARE; ANTIFEEDING ACTIVITY; ARITHMETIC; ARTICLE; CAT DISEASE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; DOG DISEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; FLEA INFESTATION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GEOMETRY; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFERTILITY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LETHALITY; LIFE CYCLE; NONHUMAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REPELLENCY; SAMPLING; TICK INFESTATION; WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY II;

EID: 84876699226     PISSN: 03044017     EISSN: 18732550     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.003     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method of comparing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18, 265-267.
2. Anon., 1971. Recommended methods for the detection and measurement of resistance of agricultural pests to pesticides. Tentative method for larvae for the cattle tick, Boophilus spp. FAO Plant Protect. B., 15, FAO Method No. 19.
3. Apanaskevich, D.A., Horak, I.G., Camicas, J.L., 2007. Redescription of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) elliptica (Koch, 1844), an old taxon of the Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi group from east and southern Africa, and of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi (Audouin, 1826) (Ixodida, Ixodidae). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 74, 181-208.
4. Baker, N.F., Farver, T.B., 1983. Failure of brewer's yeast as a repellent to fleas on dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 183, 212-214.
5. Barnard, D.R., Jones, B.G., Rodgers, G.D., Mount, G.A., 1981. Acaricide susceptibility in the lone star tick: assay techniques and baseline data. J. Econ. Entomol. 74, 466-469.
6. Bissinger, B.W., Roe, R.M., 2010. Tick repellents: past. present and future. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 96, 63-79.
7. Blagburn, B.L., Hendrix, C.M., Vaughn, J.L., Lindsay, D.S., Barnett, S.H., 1995. Efficacy of lufenuron against developing stages of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) in dogs housed in simulated home environments. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56, 464-467.
8. Cadiergues, M.C., Hourcq, P., Cantaloube, B., Franc, M., 2000. First bloodmeal of Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) on cats: time to initiation and duration of feeding. J. Med. Entomol. 37 (4), 634-636.
9. Carlotti, D.N., Jacobs, D.E., 2000. Therapy, control and prevention of flea allergy dermatitis in dogs and cats. Vet. Dermatol. 11 (2), 83.
10. Carroll, J.F., Solberg, V.B., Klun, J.A., Kramer, M., Debboun, M., 2003. Comparative activity of Deet and AI3-37220 repellents against the tick Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory bioassays. J. Med. Entomol. 41, 249-254.
11. Coles, G.C., Bauer, C., Borgsteede, F.H.M., Klei, T.R., Taylor, M.A., Waller, P.J., 1992. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet. Parasitol. 44, 35-44.
12. Dautel, H., 2004. Test systems for tick repellents. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293 (Suppl. 37), 182-188.
13. Dautel, H., Kahl, O., Siems, K., Oppenrieder, M., Muller-Kuhrt, L., Hilker, M., 1999. A novel test system for detection of tick repellents. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 91, 431-441.
14. Dautel, H., Cranna, R., 2006. Assessment of repellency and mortality of imidacloprid plus permethrin spot-on solution against Ixodes holocyclus using a moving object bioassay. Aust. Vet. Pract. 36, 138-147.
15. Dobson, R.J., Sangster, N.C., Besier, R.B., Woodgate, R.G., 2009. Geometric means provide a biased efficacy result when conducting a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). Vet. Parasitol. 161, 162-167.
16. Donahue, W.A., Teel, P.D., Strey, O.F., Meola, R.W., 1997. Pyriproxyfen effects on newly engorged larvae and nymphs of the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 34 (2), 206-211.
17. Drummond, R.O., Crust, S.F., Trevino, J., Gladney, I., Graham, W.J.O.H., 1973. Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus: laboratory studies of insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 66, 130-133.
18. Dryden, M.W., 1992. Differential activity of cythioate against female and male Ctenocephalides felis on cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53, 801-802.
19. Dryden, M., Gaafar, S., 1991. Blood Consumption by the Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 28 (3), 394-400.
20. Dryden, M.W., Rust, M.K., 1994. The cat flea: biology, ecology and control. Vet. Parasitol. 52, 1-19.
21. Dryden, M.W., Boyer, J.E., Smith, V., 1994. Techniques for estimating onanimal populations of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 21, 631-634.
22. Dryden, M.W., Payne, P.A., 2004. Biology and control of ticks infesting dogs and cats in North America. Vet. Ther. 5 (2), 139-154.
23. Duncan, J.L., Abbott, E.M., Arundel, J.H., Eysker, M., Klei, T.R., Krecek, R.C., Lyons, E.T., Reinemeyer, C., Slocombe, J.O.D., 2002. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.): second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. Vet. Parasitol. 103, 1-8.
24. Düwel, D., Barth, D.W., Battle, E.G., Berger, H., Stewart, T.B., Theodorides, V.J., 1986. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in swine. Vet. Parasitol. 21, 69-82.
25. Endris, R.G., Cooke, D., Amodie, D., 2002. Repellency and efficacy of 65% permethrin and selamectin against Ixodes ricinus. Vet. Ther. 3 (1), 64-71.
26. Estrada-Pena, A., Ascher, F., 1999. Comparison of an amitraz-impregnated collar with topical administration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 214, 1799-1803.
27. Estrada-Peña, A., Bouattour, Camicas, J.L., Walker, A.R., 2004. Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Mediterranean Region: A Guide to Identification of Species. University of Zaragosa, Spain.
28. Finney, D.J., 1971. Probit Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Fisher, M.A., Jacobs, D.E., Hutchinson, M.J., Dick, I.G., 1996. Evaluation of flea control programmes for cats using fenthion and lufenuron. Vet. Rec. 138 (4), 79-81.
29. Fox, I., Rivera, G.A., Bayona, I.G., 1969. Controlling cat fleas with dichlorvosimpregnated collars. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 1246-1249.
30. Franc, M., Beugnet, F., Vermot, S., 2007. Efficacy of Fipronil-(S)- Methoprene on fleas, flea egg collection, and flea egg development following transplantation of gravid fleas onto treated cats. Vet. Ther. 8, 285-295.
31. Gregory, L.M., Zakson, M., Endris, R.G., Shoop, W.L., 1995. A further comparison of the thumb-counting and comb-counting techniques used to determine Ctenocephalides felis infestation levels on dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 56, 349-352.
32. Halos, L., Baneth, G., Beugney, F., Bowman, A.S., Chomel, B., Farkas, R., Franc, M., Guillot, J., Inokuma, H., Kaufman, R., Jongejan, F., Joachim, A., Otranto, D., Pfister, K., Pollmeier, M., Sainz, A., Wall, R., 2012. Defining the concept of 'tick repellency' in veterinary medicine. Parasitology 139, 419-423.
33. Hartley, G.S., West, T.F., 1969. Repellents, Attractants and other Behaviour Controlling Compounds. In Chemicals of Pest Control. Pergamon Press, London. Heckenberg, K., Costa, S.D., Gregory, L.M., Michael, B.F., Endris, R.G., Shoop, W.L., 1994. Comparison of thumb-counting and comb-counting methods to determine Ctenocephalides felis infestation levels on dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 53, 153-157.
34. Holdsworth, P.A., Conway, D.P., McKenzie, M.E., Dayton, A.D., Chapman, H.D., Mathis, G.F., Skinner, J.T., Mundt, H.C., Williams, R.B., 2004. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs in chickens and turkeys. Vet. Parasitol. 121, 189-212.
35. Holdsworth, P.A., Vercruysse, J., Rehbein, S., Peter, R., De Bruin, C., Letonja, T., Green, P., 2006a. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting and nuisance flies on ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 136, 3-13.
36. Holdsworth, P.A., Vercruysse, J., Rehbein, S., Peter, R., De Bruin, C., Letonja, T., Green, P., 2006b. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against myiasis causing parasites on ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 136, 15-28.
37. Holdsworth, P.A., Kemp, D., Green, P., Peter, R.J., De Bruin, C., Jonsson, N.N., Letonja, T., Rehbein, S., Vercruysse, J., 2006c. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against ticks on ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 136, 29-43.
38. Holdsworth, P.A., Vercruysse, J., Rehbein, S., Peter, R., Letonja, T., Green, P., 2006d. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against biting lice, sucking lice and sheep ked on ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 136, 45-54.
39. Jacobs, D.E., Arakawa, A., Coutrney, C.H., Gemmell, M.A., McCall, J.W., Myers, G.H., Vanparijs, O., 1994. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics for dogs and cats. Vet. Parasitol. 52, 179-202.
40. Jacobs, D.E., Hutchinson, M.J., Stanneck, D., Mencke, N., 2001. Accumulation and persistence of flea larvicidal activity in the immediate environment of cats treated with imidacloprid. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15 (3), 342-345.
41. Jongejan, F., Fourie, J.J., Chester, S.T., Manavella, C., Mallouk, Y., Pollmeier, M.G., Baggott, D., 2011. The prevention of transmission of Babesia canis canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs using a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene. Vet. Parasitol. 179, 343-350.
42. Kiszewski, E., Matuschka, F.R., Spielmann, A., 2001. Mating strategies and spermiogenesis in ixodid ticks. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 46, 167-182.
43. Kužner, J., Turk, S., Fourie, J.J., Grace, S., Marchiondo, A.A., Rugg, D., 2012. Efficacy of a novel fipronil spot-on for the treatment and control of induced infestations of adult cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and castor bean ticks (Ixodes ricinus) on cats. Parasitol. Res. 111, 1-8, Online First.
44. Marchiondo, A.A., 1993. Safe and effective flea control for cats. Vet. Tech. 14 (4), 235-245.
45. Marchiondo, A.A., Riner, J.L., Sonenshine, D.E., Rowe, K.F., Slusser, J.H., 1990. Ovicidal and larvicidal modes of action of fenoxycarb against the cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 27, 913-921.
46. Marchiondo, A.A., Holdsworth, P.A., Green, P., Blagburn, B.L., Jacobs, D.E., 2007. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of parasiticides for the treatment, prevention and control of flea and tick infestations on dogs and cats. Vet. Parasitol. 143, 332-344.
47. McCall, J.W., Baker, C.F., Mather, T.N., Chester, S.T., McCall, S.D., Irwin, J.P., Young, S.L., Cramer, L.G., Pollmeier, M.G., 2011. The ability of a topical novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene to protect dogs from Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections transmitted by Ixodes scapularis. Vet. Parasitol. 179, 335-342.
48. McCoy, C., Broce, A.B., Dryden, M.W., 2008. Flea blood feeding patterns in cats treated with oral nitenpyram and the topical insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil and selamectin. Vet. Parasitol. 156 (3-4), 293-301.
49. Moser, B.A., Koehler, P.G., Patterson, R.S., 1991. Effect of larval diet on cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) developmental times and adult emergence. J. Econ. Entomol. 84, 1257-1261.
50. Powers, K.G., Wood, I.B., Eckert, J., Gibson, T., Smith, H.J., 1982. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in ruminants (bovine and ovine). Vet. Parasitol. 10, 265-284.
51. Prullage, J.B., Cawthrone, E.G., Le Hir de Fallois, L.P., Timmons, P.R., 2011a. Synergism between fipronil and amitraz in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 54 (2), 173-176.
52. Prullage, J.B., Hair, J.A., Everett, W.R., Yoon, S.S., Cramer, L.G., Franke, S., Cornelison, K., Hunter, J.S., 2011b. The prevention of attachment and the detachment effects of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (S)-methoprene for Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor variabilis on dogs. Vet. Parasitol. 179 (4), 311-317.
53. Prullage, J.B., Tran, H.V., Timmons, P., Harriman, J., Chester, S.T., Powell, K., 2011c. The combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Vet. Parasitol. 179, 302-310.
54. Richman, D.L., Koehler, P.G., Brenner, R.J., 1999. Spray-dried bovine blood: an effective laboratory diet for Ctenocephalides felis felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 36, 219-221.
55. Rust, M.K., Reierson, D.A., 1989. Activity of insecticides against the preemerged adult cat flea in the cocoon (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 21, 727-731.
56. Rust, M.K., 2005. Advances in the control of Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) on cats and dogs. Trends Parasitol. 21 (5), 232-236.
57. Rust, M.K., Waggoner, M., Hinkle, N.C., Mencke, N., Hanson, O., Vaughn, M., Dryden, M.W., Payne, P., Blagburn, B.L., Jacobs, D.E., Bach, T., Bledsoe, D., Hopkins, T., Mehlhorn, H., Denholm, I., 2002. Development of a larval bioassay for susceptibility of cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to imidacloprid. J. Med. Entomol. 39 (4), 671-674.
58. Schapiro, S.J., Everitt, J.I., 2006. Preparation of animals for use in the laboratory: issues and challenges for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). ILAR J. 47, 370-375.
59. Schwantes, U., Dautel, H., Jung, G., 2008. Prevention of infectious tickborne diseases in humans: comparative studies of the repellency of different dodecanoic acid-formulations against Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasit. Vectors 1 (1), 8-19.
60. Stone, B.F., Haydock, K.P.A, 1962. Method for measuring the acaricide susceptibility of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.). Bull. Entomol. Res. 53, 563-578.
61. Tatchell, R.J., 1974. The use of the packet test for detecting acaricide resistance in African ticks. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Parasitology, Volume 2, pp. 993-994.
62. Vercruysse, J., Rehbein, S., Holdsworth, P.A., Letonja, T., Peter, R., 2006. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of ectoparasiticides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants. Vet. Parasitol. 136, 55-66.
63. Vet, L.E.M., Van Lanteren, J.C.V., Heymans, M., Meelis, E., 1983. An airflow olfactometer for measuring olfactory responses. Phys. Entomol. 8, 97-106.
64. Walker, J.B., Keirans, J.E., Horak, I.G., 2000. The Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari Ixodidae): A Guide to the Brown Ticks of the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
65. Wang, C., Mount, J., Butler, J., Gao, D., Jung, E., Blagburn, B.L., Kaltenboeck, B., 2012. Real-time PCR of the mammalian hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene for analysis of flea (Ctenocephalides felis) feeding patterns on dogs. Parasit. Vectors 5, 1-8.
66. Wood, I.B., Amaral, N.K., Bairden, K., Duncan, J.L., Kassai, T., Malone Jr., J.B., Pankavich, J.A., Reinecke, R.K., Slocombe, O., Taylor, S.M., Vercruysse, J., 1995. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in ruminants (bovine, ovine, caprine). Vet. Parasitol. 58, 181-213.
67. Yazwinski, T.A., Chapman, H.D., Davis, R.B., Letonja, T., Pote, L., Maes, L., Jacobs, D.E., 2003. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of anthelmintics in chickens and turkeys. Vet. Parasitol. 116, 159-173.