Detection of para-chloroaniline, reactive oxygen species, and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in high concentrations of chlorhexidine and in a mixture of chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide

Journal of Endodontics

Volumn 39, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 664-668

  Barbin, Luiz Eduardo ^a   Estrela, Carlos ^b   Guedes, Débora Fernandes Costa ^c   Spanó, Júlio César Emboava ^a   Sousa Neto, Manoel Damião ^c   Pécora, Jesus Djalma ^c  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PELOTAS   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIÁS   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

1 chloro 4 nitrobenzene; Calcium hydroxide; chlorhexidine; p chloroaniline; reactive oxygen species

Indexed keywords

1 CHLORO 4 NITROBENZENE; 4 CHLOROANILINE; 4-CHLOROANILINE; 4-CHLORONITROBENZENE; ANILINE DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM HYDROXIDE; CHLORHEXIDINE; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; DRUG DERIVATIVE; NITROBENZENE DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; TOPICAL ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG ANTAGONISM; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY; MATERIALS TESTING; TEMPERATURE; TIME;

ANILINE COMPOUNDS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; CALCIUM HYDROXIDE; CHLORHEXIDINE; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS; HUMIDITY; MATERIALS TESTING; NITROBENZENES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; TEMPERATURE; TIME FACTORS; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

EID: 84876694337     PISSN: 00992399     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.10.018     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. P.N.R. Nair, S. Henry, V. Cano, and J. Vera Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after "one-visit" endodontic treatment Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 99 2005 231 252 (Pubitemid 40136551)
2. L. Paquette, M. Legner, E.D. Fillery, and S. Friedman Antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate intracanal medication in vivo J Endod 33 2007 788 795
3. C. Estrela, R. Holland, and P.F.E. Bernabé Antimicrobial potential of medicaments used in healing process in dogs' teeth with apical periodontitis Braz Dent J 15 2004 181 185 (Pubitemid 40632018)
4. T.B. Bui, J.C. Baumgartner, and J.C. Mitchell Evaluation of the interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate and its effect on root dentin J Endod 34 2008 181 185
5. J.F. Siqueira Jr., S.S.M. Paiva, and I.N. Rôças Reduction in the cultivable bacterial populations in infected root canals by a chlorhexidine-based antimicrobial protocol J Endod 33 2007 541 547
6. C.S. Wang, R.R. Arnold, M. Trope, and F.B. Teixeira Clinical efficiency of 2% chlorhexidine gel in reducing intracanal bacteria J Endod 33 2007 1283 1289
7. C. Estrela, G.B. Sydney, J.A.P. Figueiredo, and C.R.A. Estrela Antibacterial efficacy of intracanal medicaments on bacterial biofilm: a critical review J Appl Oral Sci 17 2009 1 7
8. A. Byström, R. Claesson, and G. Sundqvist The antibacterial effect of camphorated paramonochlorophenol, camphorated phenol and calcium hydroxide in the treatment of infected root canals Dent Traumatol 1 1985 170 175
9. M. Haapasalo, and D. Ørstavik In vitro infection and of dentinal tubules J Dent Res 66 1987 1375 1379
10. B.P.F.A. Gomes, S.F.C. Souza, and C.C.R. Ferraz Effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis in bovine root dentine in vitro Int Endod J 36 2003 267 275 (Pubitemid 37255731)
11. P.K. Ohara, M. Torabinejad, and J.D. Kettering Antibacterial effects of various endodontic irrigants on selected anaerobic bacteria Endod Dent Traumatol 9 1993 95 100
12. R.A. Buck, J. Cai, and P.D. Eleazer Detoxification of endotoxin by endodontic irrigants and calcium hydroxide J Endod 27 2001 325 327 (Pubitemid 33753631)
13. M. Zehnder Root canal irrigants J Endod 32 2006 389 398 (Pubitemid 44316710)
14. E.G. Kontakiotis, L.N. Tsatsoulis, S.I. Papanakou, and G.N. Tzanetakis Effect of 2% chlorhexidine gel mixed with calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medication on sealing ability of permanent root canal filling: a 6-month follow-up J Endod 34 2008 866 870
15. C.R.A. Estrela, C. Estrela, and C. Reis Control of microorganisms in vitro by endodontic irrigants Braz Dent J 14 2003 187 192
16. C. Estrela, C.R.A. Estrela, and D.A. Decurcio Antimicrobial efficacy of ozonated water, gaseous ozone, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine in infected human root canals Int Endod J 40 2007 85 93
17. L. Havlíková, L. Matysová, and L. Nováková HPLC determination of chlorhexidine gluconate and p-chloroaniline in topical ointment J Pharm Biomed Anal 43 2007 1169 1173 (Pubitemid 46185814)
18. G.W. Denton Chlorhexidine S.S. Block, Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation 4th ed. 1991 Lea & Febiger Philadelphia 274 289
19. B. Basrani, J.M. Santos, and L. Tjäderhane Substantive antimicrobial activity in chlorhexidine-treated human root dentin Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 94 2002 240 245 (Pubitemid 41124794)
20. K. Usui, T. Hishinuma, and H. Yamaguchi Determination of chlorhexidine (CHD) and nonylphenolethoxylates (NPEOn) using LC-ESI-MS method and application to hemolyzed blood J Chromatogr B 831 2006 105 109 (Pubitemid 43155783)
21. World Health Organization WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document - 4-Chloroaniline 2003 World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland 1-58
22. S.Y. Yeung, C.S. Huang, and C.P. Chan Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of chlorhexidine and its interaction with calcium hydroxide solutions Int Endod J 40 2007 837 844
23. B.R. Basrani, S. Manek, and R.N.S. Sodhi Interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate J Endod 33 2007 966 969
24. L.E. Barbin, P.C. Saquy, and D.F.C. Guedes Determination of para-chloroaniline and reactive oxygen species in chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine associated with calcium hydroxide J Endod 34 2008 1508 1514
25. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer: Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans - Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines 1993 International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France 1-436
26. G. Waris, and H. Ahsan Reactive oxygen species: role in the development of cancer and various chronic conditions J Carcinog 5 2006 1 8
27. G. Faria, M.R.N. Celes, and A. Rossi Evaluation of chlorhexidine toxicity injected in the paw of mice and added to cultured L929 fibroblasts J Endod 33 2007 715 722
28. A.E. Ciarlone, L.P. Gangarosa, and B.C. Fong Detection of p-chloroaniline in chlorhexidine solutions using thin-layer chromatography J Dent Res 55 1976 918
29. Palarettia V, Faria AL, Santos JS, et al. Metaloporfirinas como catalisadores na oxidação do agente antimicrobiano clorexidina. XXII CICAT, Congresso Ibero-americano de Catálise, 2010.
30. World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer: Para-Chloroaniline - Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines 1993 International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France 305-321
31. T.J. Karpanen, T. Worthington, and B.R. Conway Permeation of chlorhexidine from alcoholic and aqueous solutions within excised human skin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 2009 1717 1719
32. H.S. Kim, Q. Zhu, and S.H. Baek Chemical interaction of alexidine and sodium hypochlorite J Endod 38 2012 112 116
33. J.B. Nowicki, and D.S. Sem An in vitro spectroscopic analysis to determine the chemical composition of the precipitate formed by mixing sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine J Endod 37 2011 983 988
34. J.E. Thomas, and D.S. Sem An in vitro spectroscopic analysis to determine whether para-chloroaniline is produced from mixing sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine J Endod 36 2010 315 317
35. B.R. Basrani, S. Manek, and D. Mathers Determination of 4-chloroaniline and its derivatives formed in the interaction of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine by using gas chromatography J Endod 36 2010 312 314
36. S. Rosenthal, L. Spångberg, and K. Safavi Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 98 2004 488 492 (Pubitemid 39345632)
37. R.R. White, G.L. Hays, and L.R. Janer Residual antimicrobial activity after canal irrigation with chlorhexidine J Endod 23 1997 229 231 (Pubitemid 127730587)
38. R. Komorowski, H. Grad, X.Y. Wu, and S. Friedman Antimicrobial substantivity of chlorhexidine-treated bovine root dentin J Endod 26 2000 315 317
39. P. Kačmár, J. Pistl, and I. Mikula The effect of p-chloroaniline on leucocytes of sheep peripheral blood under the migration-inhibition test conditions Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 17 1995 577 584