Healing the mucosa in Crohn's disease: Does it matter?

Singapore Medical Journal

Volumn 54, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 185-189

  Ling, Khoon Lin ^a   Chuah, Sai Wei ^a   Kong, San Choon ^a  

^a SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Crohn's disease; Drug therapy; Mucosal healing

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS; CROHN DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ENDOSCOPY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; REMISSION INDUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ULCER;

EID: 84876564764     PISSN: 00375675     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2013070     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Xavier RJ, Podolsky DK. Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2007;448: 427-34.
2. Wehkamp J, Schmid M, Fellermann K, Stange EF. Defensin deficiency, intestinal microbes, and the clinical phenotypes of Crohn's disease. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:460-5.
3. Neurath MF, Finotto S. Translating inflammatory bowel disease research into clinical medicine. Immunity 2009; 31:357-61.
4. Neurath MF, Finotto S, Glimcher LH. The role of Th1/Th2 polarization in mucosal immunity. Nat Med 2002; 8:567-73.
5. Abraham C, Cho JH. IL-23 and autoimmunity: new insights into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Annu Rev Med 2009; 60:97-110.
6. Boden EK, Snapper SB. Regulatory T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008; 24:733-41.
7. Abraham C, Medzhitov R. Interactions between the host innate immune system and microbes in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1729-37.
8. Cooney R, Baker J, Brain O, et al. NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat Med 2010; 16:90-7.
9. Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Van Assche G. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: impossible ideal or therapeutic target? Gut 2007; 56:453-5.
10. van Dullemen HM, van Deventer SJ, Hommes DW, et al. Treatment of Crohn's disease with anti-tumor necrosis factor chimeric monoclonal antibody (cA2). Gastroenterology 1995; 109:129-35.
11. Mary JY, Modigliani R. Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for Crohn's disease: a prospective multicentre study. Groupe d'Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID). Gut 1989; 30:983-9.
12. Landi B, Anh TN, Cortot A, et al. Endoscopic monitoring of Crohn's disease treatment: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. The Groupe d'Etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1647-53.
13. Modigliani R, Mary JY, Simon JF, et al. Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn's disease. Evolution on prednisolone. Groupe d'Etude Therapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:811-8.
14. Rutgeerts P, Diamond RH, Bala M, et al. Scheduled maintenance treatment with infliximab is superior to episodic treatment for the healing of mucosal ulceration associated with Crohn's disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63:433-42.
15. Daperno M, D'Haens G, Van Assche G, et al. Development and validation of a new, simplified endoscopic activity score for Crohn's disease: the SESCD. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 60:505-12.
16. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, et al. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:956-63.
17. Marteau P, Lémann M, Seksik P, et al. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial. Gut 2006; 55:842-7.
18. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, et al. Natural history of recurrent Crohn's disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery. Gut 1984; 25:665-72.
19. Allez M, Lemann M, Bonnet J, et al. Long term outcome of patients with active Crohn's disease exhibiting extensive and deep ulcerations at colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:947-53.
20. Viscido A, Corrao G, Taddei G, Caprilli R. "Crohn's disease activity index" is inaccurate to detect the post-operative recurrence in Crohn's disease. A GISC study. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio del Colon e del Retto. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 31:274-9.
21. Regueiro M, Kip KE, Schraut W, et al. Crohn's disease activity index does not correlate with endoscopic recurrence one year after ileocolonic resection. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:118-26.
22. Tay WL, Thia KTJ, Allen JC, et al. The risk of Crohn's disease progression towards intestinal complications in an Asian cohort. Gastroenterology 2011; 140 (Suppl 1):S783.
23. Oriuchi T, Hiwatashi N, Kinouchi Y, et al. Clinical course and longterm prognosis of Japanese patients with Crohn's disease: predictive factors, rates of operation, and mortality. J Gastroenterol 2003; 38:942-53.
24. Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:463-8.
25. Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, et al. Mucosal healing predicts longterm outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1295-301.
26. Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, et al. Long-term outcome of treatment with infliximab in 614 patients with Crohn's disease: results from a singlecentre cohort. Gut 2009; 58:492-500.
27. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M, Binder V. Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn's disease. Gut 1994; 35:360-2.
28. Faubion WA Jr, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of corticosteroid therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:255-60.
29. D'Haens G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. Endoscopic and histologic healing of Crohn's (ileo-) colitis with azathioprine. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50:667-71.
30. Murakami Y, Matsui T, Hirai F, et al. Efficacy of azathioprine in mild or moderate relapse in Crohn's disease: clinical and endoscopic evaluation. Dig Endosc 2010; 22:25-32.
31. Kozarek RA, Patterson DJ, Gelfand MD, et al. Methotrexate induces clinical and histologic remission in patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:353-6.
32. Laharie D, Reffet A, Belleannée G, et al. Mucosal healing with methotrexate in Crohn's disease: a prospective comparative study with azathioprine and infliximab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:714-21.
33. Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Comparison of scheduled and episodic treatment strategies of infliximab in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:402-13.
34. Hanauer SB, Feagan BG, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359:1541-9.
35. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:1383-95.
36. Rutgeerts P, Van Assche G, Sandborn WJ, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains mucosal healing in patients with Crohn's disease: data from the EXTEND trial. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1102-11. e2.
37. Hébuterne X, Lémann M, Bouhnik Y, et al. Endoscopic improvement of mucosal lesions in patients with moderate to severe ileocolonic Crohn's disease following treatment with certolizumab pegol. Gut 2013; 62:201-8.
38. Sipponen T, Björkesten CG, Färkkilä M, et al. Faecal calprotectin and lactoferrin are reliable surrogate markers of endoscopic response during Crohn's disease treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:325-31.
39. Schoepfer AM, Beglinger C, Straumann A, et al. Fecal calprotectin correlates more closely with the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's disease (SESCD) than CRP, blood leukocytes, and the CDAI. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:162-9.
40. Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Karkkainen P, et al. Fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and endoscopic disease activity in monitoring anti-TNF-alpha therapy for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:1392-8.
41. Kolho KL, Raivio T, Lindahl H, Savilahti E. Fecal calprotectin remains high during glucocorticoid therapy in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:720-5.
42. Louis E, Mary JY, Vernier-Massouille G, et al. Maintenance of remission among patients with Crohn's disease on antimetabolite therapy after infliximab therapy is stopped. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:63-70. e5.
43. Orlando A, Modesto I, Castiglione F, et al. The role of calprotectin in predicting endoscopic post-surgical recurrence in asymptomatic Crohn's disease: a comparison with ultrasound. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2006; 10:17-22.
44. Panés J, Bouzas R, Chaparro M, et al. Systematic review: the use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, assessment of activity and abdominal complications of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:125-45.
45. Rimola J, Ordás I, Rodriguez S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of Crohn's disease: validation of parameters of severity and quantitative index of activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1759-68.
46. Rimola J, Ordás I, Rodríguez S, Panés J. Colonic Crohn's disease: value of magnetic resonance colonography for detection and quantification of disease activity. Abdom Imaging 2010; 35:422-7.
47. Rimola J, Rodriguez S, García-Bosch O, et al. Magnetic resonance for assessment of disease activity and severity in ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Gut 2009; 58:1113-20.
48. Koilakou S, Sailer J, Peloschek P, et al. Endoscopy and MR enteroclysis: equivalent tools in predicting clinical recurrence in patients with Crohn's disease after ileocolic resection. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:198-203.