Climate change and skin

Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia

Volumn 148, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 135-146

  Balato, N ^a   Ayala, F ^a   Megna, M ^a   Balato, A ^a   Patruno, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Climate change; Skin diseases; Skin infections

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; FOSSIL FUEL;

ACNE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DISEASE CARRIER; EPIDEMIC; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; PSORIASIS; PYODERMA; REVIEW; SCABIES; SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS; SKIN ALLERGY; SKIN CANCER; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN INFECTION; SWEAT GLAND DISEASE; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; WATER BORNE DISEASE; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER POLLUTION; WEATHER; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 84876542446     PISSN: 03920488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Houghton JT, Ding Y, Griggs DJ, Noguer M, van der Linden PJ, Dai X et al. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
2. Andersen LK, Hercogová J, Wollina U, Davis MDP. Climate change and skin disease: a review of the English-language literature. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:656-61.
3. Houghton JT, Meiro Filho LG, Callander BA, Harris N, Kattenburg A, Maskell K. Climate Change 1995: the science of climate change: contribution of working group I to the Second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
4. Meinshausen M, Meinshausen N, Hare W, Raper SC, Frieler K, Knutti R et al. Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C. Nature 2009;458:1158-62.
5. Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO. Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 2000;289:2068-74.
6. Schar C, Vidale PL, Luthi D, Frei C, Haberli C, Liniger MA et al. The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature 2004;427:332-6. (Pubitemid 38133656)
7. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (SREX). Special report on risks of extreme events. IPCC, 2011. [Internet]. [cited 2012 November 21]. Available at: http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX.
8. Rahmstorf S. A new view on sea level rise. Nature Reports Climate Change 2010;4:44-5.
9. Rogers DJ, Randolph SE. Climate change and vector-borne diseases. Adv Parasitol 2006;62:345-81.
10. Balato N, Patruno C, D'Errico FP, Balato A. Global warming and its effect on dermatology and plants. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:1016.
11. Llamas-Velasco M, García-Díez A. Climatic change and skin: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2010;101:401-10.
12. Muller SA. Climate change, dermatology and ecosystem services; trends and trade-offs. Int J Dermatol 201;50:504-7.
13. Andersen LK. Global climate change and its dermatological diseases. Int J Dermatol 2011;50:601-3.
14. Thong HY, Maibach HI. Global warming and its dermatologic implications. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:522-4. (Pubitemid 351560324)
15. Denda M, Sato J, Masuda Y, Tsuchiya T, Koyama J, Kuramoto M et al. Exposure to a dry environment enhances epidermal permeability barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:858-63. (Pubitemid 28509330)
16. Ashida Y, Ogo M, Denda M. Epidermal interleukin-1 alpha generation is amplified at low humidity: implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:238-43. (Pubitemid 32178800)
17. Hosoi J, Hariya T, Denda M, Tsuchiya T. Regulation of the cutaneous allergic reaction by humidity. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:81-4. (Pubitemid 30077112)
18. Uter W, Hegewald J, Kranke B, Schnuch A, Gefeller O, Pfahlberg A. The impact of meteorological conditions on patch test results with 12 standard series allergens (fragrances, biocides, topical ingredients). Br J Dermatol 2008;158:734-9. (Pubitemid 351415746)
19. Lembo G, Patruno C, Balato N, De Stefano S, Ayala F. Stability of patch test allergens. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:95-6. (Pubitemid 23226509)
20. Youn SW, Na JI, Choi SY, Huh CH, Park KC. Regional and seasonal variations in facial sebum secretions: a proposal for the definition of combination skin type. Skin Res Technol 2005;11:189-95. (Pubitemid 40990766)
21. Gfesser M, Worret WI. Seasonal variations in the severity of acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 1996;35:116-7. (Pubitemid 26072788)
22. Pons-Guiraud A. Dry skin in dermatology: a complex physiopathology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:1-4. (Pubitemid 47308233)
23. Egawa M, Oguri M, Kuwahara T, Takahashi M. Effect of exposure of human skin to a dry environment. Skin Res Technol 2002;8:212-8. (Pubitemid 35378834)
24. Mac-Mary S, Sainthillier JM, Humbert P. Dry skin and the environment. Exog Dermatol 2004;3:72-80. (Pubitemid 41022634)
25. Sunwoo Y, Chou C, Takeshita J, Murakami M, Tochihara Y. Physiological and subjective responses to low relative humidity in young and elderly men. J Physiol Anthropol 2006;25:229-38.
26. Lee SH, Choi CP, Eun HC, Kwon OS. Skin problems after a tsunami. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:860-3. (Pubitemid 44102921)
27. Hiransuthikul N, Tantisiriwat W, Lertutsahakul K, Vibhagool A, Boonma P. Skin and soft-tissue infections among tsunami survivors in southern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:e93-6.
28. Kallman O, Lundberg C, Wretlind B, Ortqvist A. Gram-negative bacteria from patients seeking medical advice in Stockholm after the tsunami catastrophe. Scand J Infect Dis 2006;38:448-50. (Pubitemid 44150778)
29. Chierakul W, Winothai W, Wattanawaitunechai C, Wuthiekanun V, Rugtaengan T, Rattanalertnavee J et al. Melioidosis in 6 tsunami survivors in southern Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:982-90. (Pubitemid 41368220)
30. Appelgren P, Farnebo F, Dotevall L, Studahl M, Jönsson B, Petrini B. Late-onset posttraumatic skin and soft-tissue infections caused by rapid-growing mycobacteria in tsunami survivors. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:e11-6. (Pubitemid 351920645)
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after Hurricane Katrina - multiple states, August-September, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:961-4.
32. Rhoads J. Post-Hurricane Katrina challenge: Vibrio vulnificus. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2006;18:318-24.
33. Garbino J, Garzoni C. Unusual pathogens and multidrugresistant bacteria in tsunami survivors. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:889-90. (Pubitemid 43363952)
34. Nieminen T, Vaara M. Burkholderia pseudomallei infections in Finnish tourists injured by the December 2004 tsunami in Thailand. Euro Surveill 2005;10:E050303.4.
35. Petrini B, Farnebo F, Hedblad MA, Appelgren P. Concomitant late soft tissue infections by Cladophialophora bantiana and Mycobacterium abscessus following tsunami injuries. Med Mycol 2006;44:189-92. (Pubitemid 43135547)
36. Floods in Pakistan: health cluster bulletin No. 12; 16 Aug 2010. World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization, © 2010 [Internet]. [cited 2012 November 21]. Available at: http://www.who.int/hac/crises/pak/ sitreps/16august2010/en/index.html.
37. Noe R, Cohen AL, Lederman E, Gould LH, Alsdurf H, Vranken P et al. Skin disorders among construction workers following Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita: an outbreak investigation in New Orleans, Louisiana. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:1393-8. (Pubitemid 350146266)
38. Vachiramon V, Busaracome P, Chongtrakool P, Puavilai S. Skin diseases during floods in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 2008;91:479-84. (Pubitemid 351724719)
39. Pounds JA, Bustamante MR, Coloma LA, Consuegra JA, Fogden MP, Foster PN et al. Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature 2006;439:161-7. (Pubitemid 43083133)
40. Taplin D, Lansdell L, Allen AM, Rodriguez R, Cortes A. Prevalence of streptococcal pyoderma in relation to climate and hygiene. Lancet 1973;1:501-3.
41. Yildirim A, Erdem H, Kilic S, Yetiser S, Pahsa A. Effect of climate on the bacteriology of chronic suppurative otitis media. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005;114:652-5. (Pubitemid 41170058)
42. Krashchenko VA. The seasonality of pyoderma in workers of the Don Basin coal mines. Vestn Dermatol Venerol 1989;10:55-8.
43. Kapil U, Sood AK. Morbidity pattern in children below three years attending a rural health centre in Haryana. Indian Pediatr 1989;26:550-2.
44. Ahmed S, Aftabuddin AK. Common skin diseases (analysis of 7,636 cases). Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1977;3:41-5. (Pubitemid 8129885)
45. Nelson KE, Bisno AL, Waytz P, Brunt J, Moses VK, Haque R. The epidemiology and natural history of streptococcal pyoderma: an endemic disease of the rural southern United States. Am J Epidemiol 1976;103:270-83.
46. Ki V, Rotstein C. Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults: A review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2008;19:173-84. (Pubitemid 351754184)
47. McBride ME, Duncan WC, Knox JM. Physiological and environmental control of Gram negative bacteria on skin. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:191-9.
48. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 'Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii: Pacific Northwest, 2004-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:865-8.
49. Rose JB, Epstein PR, Lipp EK, Sherman BH, Bernard SM, Patz JA. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:211-21. (Pubitemid 32492780)
50. Hunter PR. Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease. J Appl Microbiol 2003;94:37S-46S. (Pubitemid 36532566)
51. Miettinen IT, Zacheus O, von Bonsdorff CH, Vartiainen T. Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999. Water Sci Technol 2001;43:67-71. (Pubitemid 32674175)
52. Willocks L, Crampin A, Milne L, Seng C, Susman M, Gair R et al. A large outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply from a deep chalk borehole. Commun Dis Public Health 1998;1:239-43.
53. Atherton F, Newman CPS, Casemore DP. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply in the UK. Epidemiol Infect 1995;115:123-31.
54. Bridgman S, Robertson RMP, Syed Q, Speed N, Andrews N, Hunter PR. Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis associated with a disinfected groundwater supply. Epidemiol Infect 1995;115:555-66. (Pubitemid 26025331)
55. O'Shea ML, Field R. Detection and disinfection of pathogens in storm-generated flows. Can J Microbiol 1992;38:267-76.
56. Tunnicliff B, Brickler SK. Recreational water quality analyses of the Colorado River corridor in Grand Canyon. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984;48:909-17. (Pubitemid 15205863)
57. Crowther J, Kay D, Wyer MD. Relationships between microbial water quality and environmental conditions in costal recreational waters: the Fylde Coast, UK. Water Res 2001;35:4029-38. (Pubitemid 32929982)
58. Meier PA, Mathers WD, Sutphin JE, Folberg R, Hwang T, Wenzel RP. An epidemic of presumed Acanthamoeba keratitis that followed regional flooding. Results of a case-control investigation. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1090-4. (Pubitemid 29101834)
59. Barcellos C, Sabroza PC. The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Cad Saude Publica 2001;17:59-67.
60. Easton A. Leptospirosis in Philippine floods. BMJ 1999;319:212.
61. Greenough G, McGeehin M, Bernard SM, Trtanj J, Riad J, Engelberg, D. The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:191-8. (Pubitemid 32492778)
62. Malilay J. Floods. In: Noji EK, editor. The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997. p. 287-301.
63. Hunter PR. Cyanobacterial toxins and human health. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol 1998;27:35S-40S. (Pubitemid 28401526)
64. Saker ML, Griffiths DJ. Occurrence of blooms of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba Raju in a north Queensland domestic water supply. Mar Freshw Res 2001;52:905-15.
65. Jacoby JM, Collier DC, Welch EB, Hardy FJ, Crayton M. Environmental factors associated with a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 2000;57:231-40. (Pubitemid 30205714)
66. Fastner J, Neumann U, Wirsing B, Weckesser J, Wiedner C, Nixdorf B. Microcystins (hepatotoxic heptapeptides) in German fresh water bodies. Environ Toxicol 1999;14:13-22.
67. Skulberg OM, Codd GA, Carmichael WW. Toxic blue-green algal blooms in Europe - A growing problem. Ambio 1984;13:244-47.
68. Kovats RS, Campbell-Lendrum DH, McMichael AJ, Woodward A, Cox JS. Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001;356:1057-68. (Pubitemid 32696250)
69. Reiter P, Thomas CJ, Atkinson PM, Hay SI, Randolph SE, Rogers DJ et al. Global warming and malaria: a call for accuracy. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:323-4. (Pubitemid 38692694)
70. Kolodynski J, Malinowska A. Impacts of climate change on infectious diseases. Wiad Parazytol 2002;48:29-37.
71. Bormane A, Lucenko I, Duks A, Mavtchoutko V, Ranka R, Salmina K et al. Vectors of tickborne diseases and epidemiological situation in Latvia in 1993-2002. Int J Med Microbiol 2004;293:36-47. (Pubitemid 38962768)
72. Sutherst RW. Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004;17:136-73. (Pubitemid 38124454)
73. López-Vélez R, Molina Moreno R. Cambio climático en España y riesgo de enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias transmitidas por artrópodos y roedores. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2005;79:177-90. (Pubitemid 40571160)
74. Epstein PR. Climate change and human health. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1433-6. (Pubitemid 41400915)
75. Ogden NH, St-Onge L, Barker IK, Brazeau S, Bigras-Poulin M, Charron DF et al. Risk maps for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes scapularis, in Canada now and with climate change. Int J Health Geogr 2008;7:24.
76. Gage KL, Burkot TR, Eisen RJ, Hayes EB. Climate and vectorborne diseases. Am J Prev Med 2008;35:436-50.
77. Tong S, Hu W, McMichael AJ. Climate variability and Ross River virus transmission in Townsville Region, Australia, 1985-1996. Trop Med Int Health 2004;9:298-304. (Pubitemid 38250819)
78. Subak S. Effects of climate on variability in Lyme disease incidence in the northeastern United States. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:531-8. (Pubitemid 36292912)
79. Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M. Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile virus in southern Florida. J Med Entomol 2005;42:134-41. (Pubitemid 40482983)
80. Poveda G, Rojas W, Quinones ML, Vélez ID, Mantilla RI, Ruiz D et al. Coupling between annual and ENSO timescales in the malaria-climate association in Colombia. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:489-93. (Pubitemid 32998806)
81. Chaves LF, Pascual M. Climate cycles and forecasts of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a non-stationary vector-borne disease. PLoS Med 2006;3:e295.
82. Hales S, Weinstein P, Woodward A. Dengue fever epidemics in the South Pacific: driven by El Niño southern oscillation? Lancet 1996;348:1664-5. (Pubitemid 27007078)
83. Kovats RS, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrall E, Haines A. El Niño and health. Lancet 2003;362:1481-9.
84. Tipayamongkholgul M, Fang CT, Klinchan S, Liu CM, King CC. Effects of the El Nino-southern oscillation on dengue epidemics in Thailand, 1996-2005. BMC Public Health 2009;9:422.
85. Cardenas R, Sandoval CM, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Franco-Paredes C. Impact of climate variability in the occurrence of leishmaniasis in northeastern Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:273-77. (Pubitemid 46941344)
86. Asher MI, Montefort S, Björkstén B, Lai CK, Strachan DP, Weiland SK et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006;368:733-43. (Pubitemid 44279052)
87. Behrendt H, Ring J. Climate change, environment and allergy. Chem Immunol Allergy 2012;96:7-14.
88. Gilliland FD, Li YF, Peters JM. Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:429-36. (Pubitemid 32158524)
89. Estrella N, Menzel A, Krämer U, Behrendt H. Integration of flowering dates in phenology and pollen counts in aerobiology: analysis of their spatial and temporal coherence in Germany (1992-1999). Int J Biometeorol 2006;51:49-59. (Pubitemid 44326798)
90. Frei T, Gassner E. Climate change and its impact on birch pollen quantities and the start of the pollen season an example from Switzerland for the period 1969-2006. Int J Biometeorol 2008;52:667-74.
91. Kim SH, Park HS, Jang JY. Impact of meteorological variation on hospital visits of patients with tree pollen allergy. BMC Public Health 2011;11:890-7.
92. Ahlholm JU, Helander ML, Savolainen J. Genetic and environmental factors affecting the allergenicity of birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii [Orl.] Hämet-ahti) pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:1384-8. (Pubitemid 28559013)
93. Emberlin J, Detandt M, Gehrig R, Jaeger S, Nolard N, Rantio- Lehtimäki A. Responses in the start of Betula (birch) pollen seasons to recent changes in spring temperatures across Europe. Int J Biometeorol 2002;46:159-170. (Pubitemid 135701252)
94. Ring J. Allergy and modern society: does 'Western life style' promote the development of allergies? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;113:7-10. (Pubitemid 27160708)
95. Rigel DS, Rigel EG, Rigel AC. Effects of altitude and latitude on ambient UVB radiation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:114-6. (Pubitemid 29051039)
96. Aucamp PJ. Questions and answers about the effects of the depletion of the ozone layer on humans and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007;6:319-30. (Pubitemid 46385679)
97. Newchurch M, Yang E, Cunnold D, Reinsel G, Zawodny J. Evidence for slowdown in stratospheric ozone loss: first stage of ozone recovery. J Geophys Res 2003;108:4507.
98. Diffey B. Climate change, ozone depletion and the impact on ultraviolet exposure of human skin. Phys Med Biol 2004;49:R1-R11. (Pubitemid 38100618)
99. Hegglin MI, Shepherd TG. Large climate induced changes in ultraviolet index and stratosphere to troposphere ozone flux. Nature Geoscience 2009;2:687-91.
100. Li F, Stolarski RS, Newman PA. Stratospheric ozone in the post-CFC era. Atmos Chem Phys 2009;9:2207-13.
101. Van der Leun JC, de Gruijl FR. Climate change and skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002;1:324-6. (Pubitemid 37069744)
102. Lautenschlager S, Wulf HC, Pittelkow MR. Photoprotection. Lancet 2007;370:528-37. (Pubitemid 47212348)
103. Armstrong BK. Stratospheric ozone and health. Int J Epidemiol 1994;23:873-85. (Pubitemid 24331200)
104. De Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Norval M, Cullen AP, Slaper H, Kripke ML, et al. Health effects from stratospheric ozone depletion and interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003;2:16-28. (Pubitemid 41646491)
105. Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. [Internet] Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975-2007/4
106. Norval M, Cullen AP, de Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Takizawa Y, Lucas RM et al. The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007;6:232-51. (Pubitemid 46385676)
107. Kerr JB, Seckmeyer G. Surface ultraviolet radiation: past and future. In: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, Report No. 47. Geneva: Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project; 2002.
108. Freeman RG, Knox JM. The factor of temperature in ultraviolet injury. Arch Environ Health 1965;11:477-83.
109. Diffey BL, Gibson CJ, Haylock R, McKinlay AF. Outdoor ultraviolet exposure of children and adolescents. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1030-4. (Pubitemid 26183135)
110. Banerjee S, Gangopadhyay DN, Jana S, Chanda M. Seasonal variation in pediatric dermatoses. Indian J Dermatol 2010;55:44-6.
111. Sardana K, Sharma RC, Sarkar R. Seasonal variation in acne vulgaris: myth or reality. J Dermatol 2002;29:484-8. (Pubitemid 34988247)
112. Kaur I, Handa S, Kumar B. Natural history of psoriasis: a study from the Indian subcontinent. J Dermatol 1997;24:230-4. (Pubitemid 27212944)
113. Kristensen JK. Scabies and pyoderma in Lilongwe, Malawi: prevalence and seasonal fluctuation. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:699-702.
114. Jha AK, Gurung D. Seasonal variation of skin diseases in Nepal: a hospital-based annual study of outpatient visits. Nepal Med Coll J 2006;8:266-8.
115. th ed. New York, USA: Mc Graw Hill; 2003. p. 1198-204.
116. Nair BKH, Nair TVG. Diseases caused by arthopods. In: Valia RG, Valia AR, editors. IADVL Textbook and Atlas of Dermatology. 2nd ed. Mumbai, India: Bhalani; 2001. p. 323-55.
117. Sahl WJ Jr, Mathewson RJ. Common facial skin lesions in children. Quintessence Int 1993;24:475-81.
118. Byremo G, Rod G, Carlsen KH. Effect of climatic change in children with atopic eczema. Allergy 2006;61:1403-10. (Pubitemid 44665303)
119. Denda M, Sato J, Tsuchiya T, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: implication for seasonal exacerbations of inflammatory dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:873-8. (Pubitemid 28509332)
120. Eberlein-Konig B, Spiegl A, Przybilla B. Change of skin roughness due to lowering air humidity in climate chamber. Acta Derm Venereol 1996;76:447-9. (Pubitemid 26398091)
121. Uter W, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. An epidemiological study of the influence of season (cold and dry air) on the occurrence of irritant skin changes of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:266-72. (Pubitemid 28114129)
122. Suárez-Varela MM, García-Marcos Álvarez L, Kogan MD, González AL, Gimeno AM, Ontoso IA et al. Climate and prevalence of atopic eczema in 6- to 7-year-old school children in Spain. ISAAC phase III. Int J Biometeorol 2008;52:833-40.
123. Abeck D, Schmidt T, Fesq H, Strom K, Mempel M, Brockow K et al. Long-term efficacy of medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:254-7. (Pubitemid 30469623)
124. Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Collingham YC et al. Extinction riskfrom climate change. Nature 2004;427:145-8.