Current perspectives in bladder cancer management

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 67, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 435-448

  Griffiths, T R L ^a  

^a LEICESTER GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; CISPLATIN; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; METHOTREXATE; MITOMYCIN; PACLITAXEL; TUMOR MARKER; VINBLASTINE; VINFLUNINE;

BLADDER CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CYSTECTOMY; CYSTOSCOPY; CYTOPATHOLOGY; DETRUSOR MUSCLE; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; HEMATURIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NARROW BAND IMAGING; NONHUMAN; PATIENT REFERRAL; PELVIS LYMPHADENECTOMY; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URINARY DIVERSION; URINARY TRACT CARCINOMA;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVESICAL; ALGORITHMS; BCG VACCINE; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; CANCER VACCINES; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CYSTECTOMY; CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEMATURIA; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEPHRECTOMY; ORGAN SPARING TREATMENTS; PALLIATIVE CARE; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIOTHERAPY; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT FAILURE; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; URETER; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84876482422     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12075     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 2893-917.
2. Cancer Research UK. Bladder cancer statistics-key facts. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-stats/keyfacts/bladder-cancer/(accessed June 2012).
3. Fajkovic H, Halpern JA, Cha EK et al. Impact of gender on bladder cancer incidence, staging, and prognosis. World J Urol 2011; 29: 457-63.
4. Edwards BK, Ward E, Kohler BA et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates. Cancer 2010; 116: 544-73.
5. Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Chatenoud L et al. Trends in mortality from urologic cancers in Europe, 1970-2008. Eur Urol 2011; 60: 1-15.
6. Qiu D, Katanoda K, Marugame T, Sobue T. A Joinpoint regression analysis of long-term trends in cancer mortality in Japan (1958-2004). Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 443-8.
7. Moyer VA, on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bladder cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 246-51.
8. Keegan KA, Resnick MJ, Clark PE. Multimodal therapies for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24: 278-83.
9. British Association of Urological Surgeons, Section of Oncology. BAUS Cancer Registry, analyses of minimum data set for urological cancers, January to December 2009. October 2010. http://www.bau-s.org.uk/Resources/BAUS/Documents/ PDF%20Documents/Data%20and%20Audit/2009fi-nalanalyses.pdf (accessedJune 2012).
10. Yafi FA, Aprikian AG, Chin JL et al. Contemporary outcomes of 2287 patients with bladder cancer who were treated with radical cystectomy: a Canadian multicentre experience. BJU Int 2011; 108: 539-45.
11. Gouda I, Mokhtar N, Bilal D, El-Bokhainy T, El-Bokhainy NM. Bilharziasis and bladder cancer: a time trend analysis of 9843 patients. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2007; 19: 158-62.
12. Felix AS, Soliman AS, Khaled H et al. The changing patterns of bladder cancer in Egypt over the past 26 years. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 421-9.
13. Stenzl A, Witjes JA, Cowan NC, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer 2011. http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/07-%20Bladder%20Can-cer.pdf (accessed June 2012).
14. Freedman ND, Silverman DT, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA 2011; 306: 737-45.
15. Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Dorant E, van Den Brandt PA. The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-anal-ysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer 2000; 89: 630-9. (Pubitemid 30640110)
16. Baris D, Karagas MR, Verrill C et al. A case-control study of smoking and bladder cancer risk: emergent patterns over time. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 1553-61.
17. Hartge P, Silverman D, Hoover R et al. Changing cigarette habits and bladder cancer risk: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78: 1119-25. (Pubitemid 17113643)
18. Kogevinas M, Mannetje A, Cordier S et al. Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 907-14. (Pubitemid 38091211)
19. Chen CJ, Chuang YC, Lin TM, Wu HY. Malignant neoplasms among residents of a blackfoot disease-endemic area in Taiwan: high-arsenic artesian well water and cancers. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 5895-9.
20. Marcus PM, Vineis P, Rothman N. NAT2 slow acetylation and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 22 case-control studies conducted in the general population. Pharmacogenetics 2000; 10: 115-22. (Pubitemid 30193073)
21. García-Closas M, Malats N, Silverman D. NAT2 slow acetylation, GSTM1 null genotype, and risk of bladder cancer: results from the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study and meta-analyses. Lancet 2005; 366: 649-59. (Pubitemid 41176017)
22. Lee SW, Jang IJ, Shin SG et al. CYP1A2 activity as a risk factor for bladder cancer. J Korean Med Sci 1994; 9: 482-9.
23. Kiemeney L, Thorlacius S, Sulem P et al. Sequence variant on 8q24 confers susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer. Nat Genet 2008; 40: 1307-12.
24. Duncan RE, Bennett DW, Evans AT, Aron BS, Schellhas HF. Radiation-induced bladder tumors. J Urol 1977; 118: 43-5.
25. Sella A, Dexeus FH, Chong C, Ro JY, Logothetis CJ. Radiation therapy-associated invasive bladder tumors. Urology 1989; 33: 185-8. (Pubitemid 19089639)
26. Turina M, Mulhall AM, Mahid SS, Yashar C, Gal-andiuk S. Frequency and surgical management of chronic complications related to pelvic irradiation. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 46-52. (Pubitemid 351181187)
27. Moon K, Stukenborg GJ, Keim J, Theodorescu D. Cancer incidence after localized therapy for prostate cancer. Cancer 2006; 107: 991-8. (Pubitemid 44291148)
28. Fairchild WV, Spence CR, Solomon HD, Gangai MP. The incidence of bladder cancer after cyclo-phosphamide therapy. J Urol 1979; 122: 163-4. (Pubitemid 9248283)
29. Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Ersboll J, Hansen VL et al. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder after treatment with cyclophosphamide for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1028-32. (Pubitemid 18095007)
30. Travis LB, Curtis RE, Glimelius B et al. Bladder and kidney cancer following cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 524-30.
31. Knight A, Askling J, Granath F, Sparen P, Ekbom A. Urinary bladder cancer in Wegener's granulo-matosis: risks and relation to cyclophosphamide. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63: 1307-11. (Pubitemid 39273514)
32. Links M, Lewis C. Chemoprotectants: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1999; 57: 293-308. (Pubitemid 29137477)
33. Fokkens W. Phenacetin abuse related to bladder cancer. Environ Res 1979; 20: 192-8. (Pubitemid 10245727)
34. Castelao JE, Yuan J-M, Gago-Dominguez M, Yu MC, Ross RK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 2000; 87: 1364-9. (Pubitemid 30145360)
35. Fortuny J, Kogevinas M, Zens MS et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory use and risk of bladder cancer: a population based case-control study. BMC Urol 2007; 7: 13.
36. Genkinger JM, De Vivo I, Stampfer MJ, Gio-vannucci E, Michaud DS. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of bladder cancer in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2221-5. (Pubitemid 46555862)
37. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular. Lancet 2005; 366: 1279-89. (Pubitemid 41416583)
38. Lewis JD, Ferrara A, Peng T et al. Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with piog-litazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 916-22.
39. Nortier JL, Martinez MC, Schmeiser HH et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1686-92. (Pubitemid 30354515)
40. Khadra MH, Pickard RS, Charlton M, Powell PH, Neal DE. A prospective analysis of 1, 930 patients with hematuria to evaluate current diagnostic practice. J Urol 2000; 163: 524-7. (Pubitemid 30060509)
41. Edwards TJ, Dickinson AJ, Gosling J et al. Patient-specific risk of undetected malignant disease after investigation for haematuria, based on a 4-year follow-up. BJU Int 2011; 107: 247-52.
42. Renal Association and British Association of Uro-logical Surgeons. Joint consensus statement on the initial assessment of haematuria. July 2008. http://www.baus.org.uk/AboutBAUS/publications/hae-maturia-guidelines (accessed June 2012).
43. Kelly JD, Fawcett DP, Goldberg LC. Assessment and management of non-visible haematuria in primary care. BMJ 2009; 338: 227-32.
44. Davis R, Jones JS, Barocas DA, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up of asymptomatic microhaematuria (AMH) in adults: AUA Guideline. http://www.auanet.org/content/media/asymp-tomatic-microhematuria-guideline.pdf (accessed October 2012)
45. Chung A, Arianayagam M, Rashid P. Bacterial cystitis in women. Aust Fam Physician 2010; 39: 295-8.
46. Jones GR, Newhouse IJ, Jakobi JM, LaVoie NL, Thayer R. The incidence of hematuria in middle distance track running. Can J Appl Physiol 2001; 26: 336-49. (Pubitemid 33602750)
47. Van Savage JG, Fried FA. Anticoagulant associated haematuria: a prospective study. J Urol 1995; 153: 1594-6.
48. Hurlen M, Eikvar L, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H. Occult bleeding in three different antithrombotic regimes after myocardial infarction. A WARIS-II-subgroup analysis. Thromb Res 2006; 118: 433-8. (Pubitemid 44292794)
49. Edwards TJ, Dickinson AJ, Natale S, Gosling J, McGrath JS. A prospective analysis of the diagnostic yield resulting from the attendance of 4020 patients at a protocol-driven haematuria clinic. BJU Int 2006; 97: 301-5.
50. Hiatt RA, Ordoñez JD. Dipstick urinalysis screening, asymptomatic microhematuria, and subsequent urological cancers in a population-based sample. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994; 3: 439-43. (Pubitemid 24221455)
51. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Referral guidelines for suspected cancer. http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG027pub- licinfo.pdf (accessed June 2012).
52. Raitanen MP, Leppilahti M, Tuhkanen K et al. Routine follow-up cystoscopy in detection of recurrence in patients being monitored for bladder cancer. Ann Chir Gynaecol 2001; 90: 261-5. (Pubitemid 34118739)
53. Isfoss BL. The sensitivity of fluorescent-light cys-toscopy for the detection of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder: a meta-analysis with comments on gold standard. BJU Int 2011; 108: 1703-7.
54. Mowatt G, Zhu S, Kilonzo M et al. Systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of photodynamic diagnosis and urine bio-markers (FISH, ImmunoCyt, NMP22) and cytology for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer. Health Technol Assess 2010; 14: 1-331, iii-iv.
55. Mowatt G, N'Dow J, Vale L et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2011; 27: 3-10.
56. Kausch I, Sommerauer M, Montorsi F et al. Pho-todynamic diagnosis in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol 2010; 57: 595-606.
57. Schumacher MC, Davidsson T, Friedrich B et al. Transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder transitional cell cancers with or without 5-aminolevulinic acid under visible and fluorescent light: results of a prospective randomized multi-centre study. Eur Urol 2010; 57: 293-9.
58. Stenzl A, Burger M, Fradet Y et al. Hexaminolevu-linate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2010; 184: 1907-13.
59. Hermann GG, Mogensen K, Carlsson S, Marcussen N, Duun S. Fluorescence-guided transurethral resection of bladder tumours reduces bladder tumour recurrence due to less residual tumour tissue in Ta/T1 patients: a randomized two-centre study. BJU Int 2011; 108(8 Pt 2): E297-303.
60. Stenzl A, Penkoff H, Dajc-Sommerer E et al. Detection and clinical outcome of urinary bladder cancer with 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer 2011; 117: 938-47.
61. Cauberg ECC, Kloen S, Visser M et al. Narrow band imaging cystoscopy improves the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urology 2010; 76: 658-63.
62. Herr HW, Donat SM. Reduced bladder tumour recurrence rate associated with narrow-band imaging surveillance cystoscopy. BJU Int 2011; 107: 396-8.
63. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Oosterlinck W et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with Stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC Risk Tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol 2006; 49: 466-77.
64. Mariappan P, Finney SM, Head E et al. Good quality white-light transurethral resection of bladder tumours (GQ-WLTURBT) with experienced surgeons performing complete resections and obtaining detrusor muscle reduces early recurrence in new non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: validation across time and place and recommendation for benchmarking. BJU Int 2012; 109: 1666-73.
65. Brausi M, Collette L, Kurth K et al. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in Stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur Urol 2002; 41: 523-31.
66. Babjuk M, Oosterlinck W, Sylvester R, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (TaT1 and CIS) 2011. http://www.uroweb.org/gls/pdf/05-TaT1- Bladder-Cancer.pdf (accessed June 2012).
67. Dalbagni G, Vora K, Kaag M et al. Clinical outcome in a contemporary series of restaged patients with clinical T1 bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2009; 56: 903-10.
68. Herr HW, Donat SM. Quality control in transure-thral resection of bladder tumours. BJU Int 2008; 102: 1242-6.
69. Schips L, Augustin H, Zigeuner RE et al. Is repeated transurethral resection justified in patients with newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer? Urology 2002; 59: 220-3. (Pubitemid 34134518)
70. Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden APM. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 2004; 171: 2186-90. (Pubitemid 38625431)
71. Kaasinen E, Rintala E, Hellström P et al. Factors explaining recurrence in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy regimens for frequently recurring superficial bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol 2002; 42: 167-74.
72. Hinotsu S, Akaza H, Ohashi Y, Kotake T. Intrave-sical chemotherapy for maximum prophylaxis of new early phase superficial bladder carcinoma treated by transurethral resection: a combined analysis of trials by the Japanese Urological Cancer Research Group using smoothed hazard function. Cancer 1999; 86: 1818-26. (Pubitemid 29513052)
73. Pawinski A, Sylvester R, Kurth KH et al. A combined analysis of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, and Medical Research Council randomized clinical trials for the prophylactic treatment of stage TaT1 bladder cancer. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council Working Party on Superficial Bladder Cancer. J Urol 1996; 156: 1934-40.
74. Malmstrom P-U, Sylvester RJ, Crawford DE et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guérin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2009; 56: 247-56.
75. Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Lamm DL. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 2002; 168: 1964-70.
76. Böhle A, Bock PR. Intravesical bacille calmette-guérin versus mitomycin c in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology 2004; 63: 682-6. (Pubitemid 38479409)
77. Sylvester RJ, Brausi MA, Kirkels WJ et al. Longterm efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus Cal-mette-Guérin, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate-and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2010; 57: 766-73.
78. Brausi MA, Oddens JR, Sylvester RJ et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: one third dose versus full dose and one year versus three years of maintenance. Final results of an EORTC GU Cancers Group randomized trial in non muscle invasive bladder cancer. 27th Annual Congress of the European Association of Urology, February 2012. Abstract 1050.
79. Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immuno-therapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol 2000; 163: 1124-9. (Pubitemid 30169376)
80. Griffiths TRL, Charlton M, Neal DE, Powell PH. Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance. J Urol 2002; 167: 2408-12. (Pubitemid 34533135)
81. Herr HW, Donat SM, Dalbagni G. Can restaging transurethral resection of T1 bladder cancer select patients for immediate cystectomy? J Urol 2007; 177: 75-9. (Pubitemid 44879466)
82. Kulkarni GS, Hakenberg OW, Gschwend JE et al. An updated critical analysis of the treatment strategy for newly diagnosed high-grade T1 (previously T1G3) bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2010; 57: 60-70.
83. Denzinger S, Fritsche H-M, Otto W et al. Early versus deferred cystectomy for initial high-risk pT1G3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: do risk factors define feasibility of bladder-sparing approach? Eur Urol 2008; 53: 146-52. (Pubitemid 350166714)
84. Herr HW, Sogani PC. Does early cystectomy improve the survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors? J Urol 2001; 166: 1296-9. (Pubitemid 32862159)
85. Samaratunga H, Khoo K. Micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder; a clin-icopathological and immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 2004; 45: 55-64. (Pubitemid 38969562)
86. Kamat AM, Dinney CP, Gee JR et al. Micropapil-lary bladder cancer: a review of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with 100 consecutive patients. Cancer 2007; 110: 62-7. (Pubitemid 46986419)
87. Palou J, Rodriguez-Rubio F, Huguet J et al. Multi-variate analysis of clinical parameters of synchronous primary superficial bladder cancer and upper urinary tract tumour. J Urol 2005; 174: 859-61. (Pubitemid 41140611)
88. Millan-Rodriguez F, Chechile-Toniolo G, Salva-dor-Bayarri J, Huguet-Perez J, Vicente-Rodriguez J. Upper urinary tract tumours after primary superficial bladder tumours: prognostic factors and risk groups. J Urol 2000; 164: 1183-7.
89. O'Brien T, Ray E, Singh R, Coker B, Beard R, British Association of Urological Surgeons Section of Oncology. Prevention of bladder tumours after nephroureterectomy for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a prospective, multicen-tre, randomised clinical trial of a single postoperative dose of mitomycin C (the ODMIT-C trial). Eur Urol 2011; 60: 703-10.
90. Yates DR, Roupret M. Failure of bacille Calmette-Guerin in patients with high risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer unsuitable for radical cystecto-my: an update of available treatment options. BJU Int 2010; 106: 162-7.
91. Shen Z, Shen T, Wientjes MG, O'Donnell MA, Au JL. Intravesical treatments of bladder cancer: review. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 1500-10.
92. Lammers RJM, Witjes JA, Inman BA et al. The role of a combined regimen with intravesical chemotherapy in the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2011; 60: 81-93.
93. Witjes JA, Hendricksen K, Gofrit O, Risi O, Nativ O. Intravesical hyperthermia and mitomycin-C for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: experience of the European Synergo working party. World J Urol 2009; 27: 319-24.
94. Nativ O, Witjes JA, Hendricksen K et al. Combined thermo-chemotherapy for recurrent bladder cancer after bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 2009; 182: 1313-7.
95. Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL et al. In-travesical electromotive mitomycin C versus passive transport mitomycin C for high risk superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized study. J Urol 2003; 170: 777-82. (Pubitemid 36999554)
96. Di Stasi SM, Valenti M, Verri C et al. Electromotive instillation of mitomycin immediately before transurethral resection for patients with primary urothelial non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 871-9.
97. Birkmeyer NJ, Goodney PP, Stukel TA, Hillner BE, Birkmeyer JD. Do cancer centres designated by the National Cancer Institute have better surgical outcomes? Cancer 2005; 103: 435-41.
98. Horwich A, Dearnaley D, Huddart R et al. A randomized trial of accelerated radiotherapy for localized invasive bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 2005; 75: 34-43. (Pubitemid 40616792)
99. Ficarra V, Dalpiaz O, Alrabi N, Novara G, Galfano A, Artibani W. Correlation between clinical and pathological staging in a series of radical cystecto-mies for bladder carcinoma. BJU Int 2005; 95: 786-90. (Pubitemid 40547207)
100. Madersbacher S, Hochreiter W, Burkhard F et al. Radical cystectomy for bladder cancer today-a homogeneous series without neoadjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 690-6. (Pubitemid 46621904)
101. Cowan R, McBain C, Ryder WD et al. Radiotherapy for muscle invasive carcinoma of the bladder: results of a randomized trial comparing conventional whole bladder with dose-escalated partial bladder radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59: 197-207. (Pubitemid 38501525)
102. Kotwal S, Choudhury A, Johnston C et al. Similar treatment outcomes for radical cystectomy and radical radiotherapy in invasive bladder cancer treated at a United Kingdom specialist treatment centre. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70: 456-63.
103. Addla SK, Naidu P, Maddineni SB, Ramani VA. Long term survival outcome following radical cys-tectomy for TCC of the bladder-comparison between primary and salvage cystectomy. J Urol 2009; 4(Suppl): 633. Abstract 1754.
104. Schuster TG, Smith DC, Montie JE. Pelvic recurrences post cystectomy: current treatment strategies. Semin Urol Oncol 2001; 19: 45-50. (Pubitemid 32164652)
105. Stein JP, Skinner DG. Results with radical cystec-tomy for treating bladder cancer: a 'reference standard' for high grade invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int 2003; 92: 12-7. (Pubitemid 36843020)
106. Liberman D, Lughezzani G, Sun M et al. Perioperative mortality is significantly greater in septage-narian and octogenarian patients treated with radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer of the bladder. Urology 2011; 77: 660-6.
107. Lowrance WT, Rumohr JA, Chang SS, Smith JA Jr, Cookson MS. Contemporary open radical cys-tectomy: analysis of perioperative outcomes. J Urol 2008; 179: 1313-8.
108. Shabsigh A, Korets R, Vora KC et al. Defining early morbidity of radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer using a standardized reporting methodology. Eur Urol 2009; 55: 164-74.
109. Herr HW. Extent of surgery and pathology evaluation has an impact on bladder cancer outcomes after radical cystectomy. Urology 2003; 61: 105-8. (Pubitemid 36151723)
110. Burkhard FC, Roth B, Zehnder P, Studer UE. Lymphadenectomy for bladder cancer: indications and controversies. Urol Clin North Am 2011; 38: 397-405.
111. Novara G, Svatek RS, Karakiewicz PI et al. Soft tissue surgical margin status is a powerful predictor of outcomes after radical radiotherapy: a multicen-tre study of more than 4400 patients. J Urol 2010; 183: 2165-70.
112. International Collaboration of Trialists, Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group), the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-urinary Tract Cancer Group et al. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblas-tine chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer; long-term results of the BA06 30894 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 2171-7.
113. Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis collaboration. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 202-5.
114. Sherif A, Holmberg L, Rintala E et al. Nordic Uro-thelial Cancer Group Neoadjuvant cisplatinum based combination chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: a combined analysis of two Nordic studies. Eur Urol 2004; 45: 297-303. (Pubitemid 38221402)
115. Hoskin PJ, Rojas AM, Bentzen SM, Saunders MI. Radiotherapy with concurrent carbogen and nico-tinamide in bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4912-8.
116. James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E et al. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1477-88.
117. Choudhury A, Swindell R, Logue JP et al. Phase II study of conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent gemcitabine in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 733-8.
118. Somani BK, Gimlin D, Fayers P, N'Dow J. Quality of life and body image for bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion-a prospective cohort study with a systematic review of literature. Urology 2009; 74: 1138-43.
119. Caffo O, Fellin G, Graffer U, Luciani L. Assessment of quality of life after cystectomy or conservative therapy for patients with infiltrating bladder carcinoma. A survey by a self-administered questionnaire. Cancer 1996; 78: 1089-97. (Pubitemid 26284875)
120. Zietman AL, Sacco D, Skowronski U et al. Organ conservation in invasive bladder cancer by tran-surethral resection, chemotherapy and radiation: results of a urodynamic and quality of life study on long-term survivors. J Urol 2003; 170: 1772-6. (Pubitemid 37254925)
121. von der Maase H, Sengelov L, Roberts JT et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin with metho-trexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4602-8. (Pubitemid 46224062)
122. Zaghloul MS, Boutrus R, El-Hossieny H et al. A prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in bony metastatic bladder cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2010; 15: 382-9.