Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Developing World

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 137-169

  Gevao, Bondi ^a   Alegria, Henry ^b   Jaward, Foday M ^c   Beg, Mirza U ^a  

^a KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH   (Kuwait)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Dumping of toxic wastes source of POPs in developing countries; Economic and technical problems; Educational problems; Levels of POPs in developing countries; Persistent organic pollutants in developing world; Problems related to POPs in developing countries

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; TOXIC MATERIALS;

DEVELOPING WORLD; EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT (POP);

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS;

EID: 84876440968     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470684122.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (165)

1. Darnerud, P. O. Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and in wildlife. Environment International, 29: 841-853(2003).
2. Legler, J., Brouwer, A. Are brominated flame retardants endocrine disruptors? Environment International, 29: 879-885 (2003).
3. Santillo, D., Johnston, P. Playing with fire: the global threat presented by brominated flame retardants justifies urgent substitution. Environment International, 29: 725-734(2003).
4. Lohmann, R., Breivik, K., Dachs, J., Muir, D. C. Global fate of POPs: current and future research directions. Environmental Pollution, 150: 150-165 (2007).
5. Tanabe, S. Contamination by persistent toxic substances in the Asia-Pacific Region. In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia. Sources, Distributions Transport and Fate (eds A. Li S. Tanabe G. Jiang J. P. Giesy P. K. S. Lam). Elsevier Ltd, 2007, pp. 773-817.
6. Tanabe, S., Ramu, K., Isobe, T., Takahashi, S. Brominated flame retardants in the environment of Asia-Pacific: an overview of spatial and temporal trends. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10: 188-197 (2008).
7. Wong, M. H., Wu, S. C., Deng, W. J., Yu, X. Z., Luo, Q., Leung, A. O. W., et al. Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling. Environmental Pollution, 149: 131-140 (2007).
8. Liu, X., Tanaka, M., Matsui, Y. Electrical and electronic waste management in China: progress and the barriers to overcome. Waste Management Research, 24: 92-101 (2006).
9. Brigden, K., Labunska, I., Santillo, D., Johnston, P. Chemical contamination at e-waste recycling and disposal sites in Accra and Korforidua, Ghana. Greenpeace, 2008.
10. UNEP DG-E. E-waste, the hidden side of IT equipment's manufacture and use. Chapter 5 -Early warning on emerging environmental threats, 2005 (cited). Available from: http://www.grid.unep.ch.
11. Walker, K., Vallero, D. A., Lewis, R. G. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 33: 4373-4378 (1999).
12. Li, Y. F., Cai, D. J., Singh, A. Technical hexachlorohexane use trends in China and their impact on the environment. Archives of Environmental Contamimation and Toxicology, 35: 688-697 (1998).
13. Barakat, A. O. Assessment of persistent toxic substances in the environment of Egypt. Environment International, 30: 309-322 (2004).
14. Prudente, M., Malarvanna, G., Tanabe, S. Persistent toxic substances in the Phiippine environment. In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia. Sources Distribution, Transport and Fate (eds A. Li S. Tanabe G. Jiang P. K. S. Lam). Elsevier Ltd, 2007, pp. 559-585.
15. Barra, R., Colombo, J. C., Eguren, G., Gamboa, N., Jardim, W. F., Mendoza, G. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Eastern and Western South American countries. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 185: 1-33 (2006).
16. FCI. Marketing in the Asia-Pacific, September 1996.
17. Li, Y.-F. Global technical hexachlorocyclohexane usage and its contamination consequences in the environment: from 1948 to 1997. Science of the Total Environment, 232: 121-158 (1999).
18. Voldner, E. C., Li, Y.-F. Global usage of selected persistent organochlorines. Science of the Total Environment, 160/161: 201-210 (1995).
19. Karnatz, A. Obsolete pesticide disposal project. Department of Agriculture, Food and Markets, Montpelier, Vermount, 1991.
20. Schimpf, W.A. Obsolete pesticide stocks in developing countries. In Chemistry of Crop Protection. Progress and Prospects in Science and Regulation (eds G. Voss G. Ramos). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003, pp. 40-53.
21. UNEP. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. UNEP Chemicals, 2003.
22. Jain, V. Disposing of pesticides in the third world. Environmental Science and Technology, 26 (2): 226-229 (1992).
23. de-Voogt, P., Brinkman, U. A. T. (eds). Production, Properties and Usage of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, 1989.
24. Vallack, H. W., Bakker, D. J., Brandt, I., Brostrom-Lunden, E., Brouwer, A., Bull, K. R., et al. Controlling persistent organic pollutants - what next? Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 6: 143-175 (1998).
25. Breivik, K., Sweetman, A., Pacyna, J. M., Jones, K. C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach. 3. An update. Science of the Total Environment, 377(2-3): 296-307 (2007).
26. Breivik, K., Sweetman, A., Pacyna, J. M., Jones, K. C. Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners - a mass balance approach 1. Global production and consumption. Science of the Total Environment, 290: 181-198 (2002).
27. Meijer, S. N., Ockenden, W., Breivik, K., Grimalt, J. O., Jones, K. C. Global distribution and budget of PCBs and HCB in background surface soils: implications for sources and environmental processes. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(4): 667-672 (2003).
28. Eduljee, G. H. PCBs in the environment. Chemistry in Britain, 24: 241-244 (1988).
29. Jones, K. C., de Voogt, P. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): state of the science. Environmental Pollution, 100: 209-221 (1999).
30. UNECE. Protocol on persistent organic pollutants under the 1979 convention on long-range transport air pollution. Report ECE/EB.Air/60, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
31. UNECE. Preparation of an internationally binding instrument for implementing international action on certain persistent organic pollutants. Report UNEP/POPs/Inc.1/6, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998.
32. Kishida, M., Imamura, K., Maeda, Y., Lan, T. T. N., Thao, N. T. P., Viet, P. H. Distribution of persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment samples from Vietnam. Journal of Health Science, 53(3): 291-301 (2007).
33. Anyinam, C. A. Transboundary movements of hazardous wastes: the case of toxic waste dumping in Africa. International Journal of Health Service, 21(4): 759-777 (1991).
34. Pellow, D. N. The politics of illegal dumping: an environmental justice framework. Qualitative Sociology, 27(4): 511-525 (2004).
35. Vir, A. K. Toxic trade with Africa. Environmental Science and Technology, 23: 23-25 (1989).
36. Wania, F., Mackay, D. Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants: control strategies for these contaminants will require a better understanding of how they move around the globe. Environmental Science and Technology, 30(9): 390A-396A (1996).
37. Baker, J. I., Hites, R. A. Is combustion the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to the environment? A mass balance investigation. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 2879-2886 (2000).
38. Deutsch, D. G., Goldfarb, T. D. PCDD/PCDF contamination following a plastic fire in a university lecture hall building. Chemosphere, 17: 2423-2431 (1988).
39. Gullett, B. K., Lemieux, P. M., Lutes, C. C., Winterrowd, C. K., Winters, D. L. Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled domestic waste burning. Chemosphere, 43: 721-725 (2001).
40. Edulijee, G. H., Dyke, P. An updated inventory of PCDD and PCDF emissions sources in the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 177: 303-321 (1996).
41. Brzuzy, L. P., Hites, R. A. Estimating the atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins from soils. Environmental Science and Technology, 29(8): 2092-2098 (1995).
42. Welsch-Pausch, K., McLachlan, M. S. Fate of airborne polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in agricultural ecosystems. Environmental Pollution, 102(1): 129-137 (1998).
43. Rappe, C. Sources and environmental concentrations of dioxins and related compounds. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 68(9): 1781-1789 (1996).
44. Kocan, A., Bencko, V., Sixl, W. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the hair of people living on municipal refuse dumping sites in Cairo (Egypt). Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, 36: 33-37 (1992).
45. Crutzen, P. J., Andrea, M. O. Biomass burning in the tropics - impacts on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250: 1669-1678 (1990).
46. Kasischke, E. S., Penner, J. E. Improving global estimates of atmospheric emissions from biomass burning. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 109: D14 (2004).
47. Zheng, M.-H., Bao, Z.-C., Wang, K.-O., Yang, H., Xu, X.-B. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in lake sediments from Chinese schistosomiasis areas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59: 653-656 (1997).
48. Bao, Z.-C., Wang, K. O., Kang, J. X., Zhao, L. W. Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate. Environmental Chemistry (China), 14: 317-321 (1995).
49. Zheng, M.-H., Chu, S.-G., Sheng, G.-Y., Min, Y.-S., Bao, Z.-C., Xu, X. B. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in surface sediments from Pearl River Delta in China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66: 504-507 (2001).
50. Wu, W. Z., Schramm, K.-W., Henkelmann, B., Xu, Y., Yediler, A., Kettrup, A., PCDD/Fs, PCBs HCHs, and HCB in sediment and soil of Ya-Er Lake area in China: results on residue levels and correlation to organic carbon and particle size. Chemosphere, 34: 191-202 (1997).
51. Wu, W. Z., Schramm, K.-W., Xu, Y., Kettrup, A. Mobility and profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediment of Ya-Er Lake. China. Water Research, 35: 3025-3033 (2001).
52. Wu, W. Z., Schramm, K.-W., Kettrup, A. Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments of Ya-Er Lake. China. Water Research, 35: 1141-1148 (2001).
53. Dwernychuk, L. W. Dioxin hot spots in Vietnam. Chemosphere, 60: 998-999 (2005).
54. Schecter, A., Cao, D. L., Papke, O., Prange, J., Constable, J. D., Matsuda, M., et al. Recent dioxin contamination from agent orange in residents of a southern Vietnam city. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 43: 435 (2001).
55. Connel, D. W., Miller, G. J., Mortimer, M. R., Shaw, G. R., Anderson, S. M. Persistent lipophilic contaminants and other chemical residues in the southern hemisphere. Environmental Science and Technology, 29: 47-82 (1999).
56. Bailey, R. E. Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere, 43: 167-182 (2001).
57. Beyer, A., Mackay, D., Matthies, M., Wania, F., Webster, E. Assessing long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 699-703
58. Moody, C. A., Field, J. A. Perfluorinated surfactants and the environmental implications of their use in fire-fighting foams. Environmental Science and Technology, 34(18): 3864-3870 (2000).
59. Kissa, E., Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellants, 2nd edition. Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001.
60. Giesy, J. P., Kannan, K. Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 36: 147A-152A. (2002).
61. Kannan, K., Newsted, J., Halbrook, R. S., Giesy, J. P. Perfluorooctanesulfonates and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in mink and river otters from the United States. Environmental Science Technology, 36: 2566-2571 (2002).
62. Guruge, K. S., Taniyasu, S., Yamashita, N., Manage, P. M. Occurrence of perfluorinated acids and fluorotelomers in waters from Sri Lanka. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54: 1663-1672 (2007).
63. Kannan, K., Koistinen, J., Beckmen, K., Evans, T., Jones, P. D., Eero, H., et al. Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1593-1598 (2001).
64. Kannan, K., Franson, J. C., Bowerman, W. W., Hansen, K. J., Jones, P. D., Giesy, J. P. Perfluorooctane sulfonate in fish eating water birds including bald eagles and albatrosses. Environmental Science Technology, 35: 3065-3070 (2001).
65. Falandysz, J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes: an environmental update. Environmental Pollution, 101: 77-90 (1998).
66. Harner, T., Bidleman, T., Lee, R. G. M., Jones, K. C. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the atmosphere. In Persistent Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals II. Assessment and New Chemicals (eds R.L. Lipnik, B. Jansson, D. Mackay, M. Petreas). American Chenical Society, Washington, 2000.
67. Crookes, M. J., Howe, P. D. Environmental hazard assessment: halogenated naphthalenes. Report TSD/13, Department of the Environment, London, 1993.
68. Schneider, M., Stieglitz, L., Will, R., Zwick, G. Formation of polychlorinated naphthalenes on fly ash. Chemosphere, 37: 2055-2070 (1998).
69. Theisen, J., Maulshagen, A., Fuchs, J. Organic and inorganic substances in the copper slag 'Kieselrot'. Chemosphere, 26: 881-896 (1993).
70. Jaward, F. M., Barber, J. L., Booij, K., Jones, K. C. Spatial distribution of atmospheric PAHs and PCNs along a north-south Atlantic transect. Environmental Pollution, 132: 173-181 (2004).
71. Kannan, K., Imagawa, T., Blankenship, A. L., Giesy, J. P. Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in soil, sediment, and biota collected near the site of a former chlor-alkali plant. Environmental Science and Technology, 32: 2507-2514 (1998).
72. Oehme, M., Mano, S., Mikalsen, A. Formation and presence of polyhalogenated and polycyclic compounds in the emissions of small and large scale municipal waster incinerators. Chemosphere, 16: 102-114 (1987).
73. Helm, P., Bidleman, T., Stern, G., Koczanski, K. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from the eastern Canadian Arctic. Environmental Pollution, 119(1): 69-78 (2002).
74. Jarnberg, U., Asplund, L., de Wit, C., Grafström, A. K., Haglund, P., Jansson, B., et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in Swedish sediment and biota: levels, patterns, and time trends. Environmental Science and Technology, 27: 1364-1374 (1993).
75. Kannan, K., Yamashita, N., Imagawa, T., Decoen, W., Khim, J. S., Day, R. M., et al. Polychlorinated naphthalenes and polychlorinated biphenyls in fishes from Michigan waters including the Great Lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 34(4): 566-572 (2000).
76. Gevao, B., Al-Omair, A., Sweetman, A., Al-Bahloul, M., Al-Ali, L., Helaleh, M., et al. Passive- sampler derived air concentrations for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Kuwait. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(6): 1496-1502 (2006).
77. Harrad, S., Hunter, S. Spatial variation in atmospheric levels of PBDEs in passive air samples on an urban-rural transect. Organohalogen Compounds, 66: 3786-3792 (2004).
78. Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M. G., Antcliffe, B. Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Columbia River system from 1992 to 2000. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(13): 2847-2854 (2003).
79. Zhu, L. Y., Hites, R. A. Temporal trends and spatial distributions of brominated flame retardants in archived fishes from the Great Lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(10): 2779-2784 (2004).
80. Hassanin, A., Breivik, K., Meijer, S. N., Steinnes, E., Thomas, G. O., Jones, K. C. PBDEs in European background soils: levels and factors controlling their distribution. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(3): 738-745 (2004).
81. Gevao, B., Beg, M. U., Al-Ghadban, A. N., Al-Omair, A., Helaleh, M., Zafar, J. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in Kuwait. Chemosphere, 62: 1078-1086 (2006).
82. Song, W., Ford, J. C., Li, A., Mills, W. J., Buckley, D. R., Rockne, K. J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes. 1. Lake Superior. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(12): 3279-3285 (2004).
83. Gevao, B., Al-Bahloul, M., Al-Ghadban, A. N., Al-Omair, A., Ali, L., Zafar, J., et al. House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait. Chemosphere, 64: 603-608 (2006).
84. Jones-Otazo, H. A., Clarke, J. P., Diamond, M., Archbold, J. A., Ferguson, G., Harner, T., et al. Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(14): 5121-5130 (2005).
85. Gearhart, J., Posselt, H. Toxic at any speed. Chemicals in cars and the need for safe alternatives. The Ecology Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, January, 2006.
86. Hites, R. A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(4): 945-956 (2004).
87. North, K. D. Tracking polybrominated diphenyl ether releases in wastewater treatment plant effluent, Palo Alto, California. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(17): 4484-4488 (2004).
88. Alaee, M., Wenning, R. J. The significance of brominated flame retardants in the environment: current understanding, issues and challenges. Chemosphere, 46: 579-582 (2002).
89. de Wit, C. A. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46: 583-624 (2002).
90. D'Silvia, K., Fernandes, A., Rose, M. Brominated organic micropollutants - igniting the flame retardant issue. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34: 141-207 (2004).
91. Ikonomou, M. G., Rayne, S., Addison, R. F. Exponential increase of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000. Environmental Science and Technology, 36: 1886-1892 (2002).
92. Betts, K. S. Mounting concern over brominated flame retardants. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 274A-275A (2001).
93. McDonald, T. A. A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs. Chemosphere, 46: 745-755 (2003).
94. Rahman, F., Langford, K. H., Scrimshaw, M. D., Lester, J. N. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Science of the Total Environment, 275: 1-17 (2001).
95. Meironyte, D., Bergman, A., Noren, K. Analysis of brominated diphenyl ethers in human milk. Organohalogen Compounds, 35: 387-390 (1998).
96. Meironyte, D., Noren, K., Bergman, A. Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time-related trend study, 1972-1997. J. Toxicology and Environmental Health A, 58: 101-113 (1997).
97. Noren, K., Meironyte, D. Contaminants in Swedish human milk. Decreasing levels of organo- chlorine and increasing levels of organobromine compounds. Organohalogen Compounds, 35: 1-4 (1998).
98. Noren, K., Meironyte, D. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years. Chemosphere, 40: 1111-1123 (2000).
99. Alaee, M., Arias, P., Sjodin, A., Bergman, A. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment International, 29: 683-689 (2003).
100. Lueung, A. O. W., Luksemburg, W. J., Wong, A. S., Wong, M. H. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in Southern China. Environmental Science and Technology, 41: 2730-2737 (2007).
101. Kemmlein, S., Hahn, O., Jann, O. Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials. Atmospheric Environment, 37: 5485-5493 (2003).
102. Minh, N. H., Minh, T. B., Watanabe, M., Kunisue, T., Monirith, I., Tanabe, S., et al. Open dumping site in Asia developing countries: A potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environmental Science and Technology, 37: 1493-1501 (2003).
103. Kunisue, T., Watanabe, M., Iwata, H., Subramanain, A., Monirith, I., Minh, T. B., et al. Dioxins and related compounds in human breast milk collected around open dumpsites in Asian developing countries: bovine milk as a potential source. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47: 414-426 (2004).
104. Kunisue, T., Watanabe, M., Someya, M., Monirith, I., Minh, T. B., Subramanain, A., et al. PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and organochlorine insecticides in human breast milk collected from Asian developing countries: risk assessment for infants. Organohalogen Compounds, 58: 285-288 (2002).
105. Kunisue, T., Someya, M., Kayama, F., Jin, Y., Tanabe, S. Persistent organochlorines in human breast milk collected from primiparae in Dalian and Shenyang. China. Environmental Pollution, 131: 381-392 (2004).
106. Minh, T. B., Minh, N. H., Iwata, H., Takahashi, S., Viet, P. H., Tuyen, B. C., et al. Persistent organic pollutants in Vietnam: levels, patterns, trends, and human health implications. In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia. Sources Distributions Transport and Fate (eds A. Li, S. Tanabe, G. Jiang, J. P. Giesy, P. K. S. Lam). Elsevier Ltd, 2007, pp. 515-555.
107. Kan-atireklap S. Subramanain A. Tanabe S. Persistent toxic substances in Thailand. In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia. Sources, Distributions Transport and Fate (eds A. Li, S. Tanabe, G. Jiang, J. P. Giesy, P. K. S. Lam). Elsevier Ltd, 2007, pp. 487-513.
108. Sudaryanto A. Takahashi S. Tanabe S. Persistent toxic substances in the environment of Indonesia. In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia. Sources, Distributions Transport and Fate (eds A. Li, S. Tanabe, G. Jiang, J. P. Giesy, P. K. S. Lam). Elsevier Ltd, 2007, pp. 587-627.
109. Li, A., Tanabe, S., Jiang, G., Giesy, J. P., Lam, P. K. S. (eds), Persistent Organic Pollutants in Asia. Sources, Distribution, Transport, and Fate. Elsevier Ltd, 2007.
110. Pozo, K., Hamer, T., Wania, F., Muir, D. C., Jones, K. C., Barrie, L. A. Toward a global network for persistent organic pollutants in air: results from the GAPs study. Environmental Science and Technology, 40(16): 4867-4873 (2006).
111. Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Sakai, N., Nishimura, A., Tatsukawa, R. Geographical distribution of persistent organochlorines in air, water and sediments from Asia and Oceania, and their implications for global redistribution from lower latitudes. Environmental Pollution, 85: 15-33 (1994).
112. Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Sakai, N., Tatsukawa, R. Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environmental Science and Technology, 27(6): 1080-1098 (1993).
113. Kalantzi, O. I., Alcock, R. E., Johnston, P. A., Santillo, D., Stringer, R. L., Thomas, G. O., et al. The global distribution of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in butter. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 1013-1018 (2001).
114. Sericano, J. L., Wade, T. L., Jackson, T. J., Brooks, P. W., Tripp, B. W., Farrington, J. W., et al. Trace organic contamination in the Americas: an overview of the US national status and trends and the international 'Mussel Watch' programmes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31(4-12): 214-225 (1995).
115. Monirith, I., Ueno, D., Takahashi, S., Nakata, H., Sudaryanto, A., Subramanian, A. N., et al. Asia-Pacific mussel watch: monitoring contamination of persistent organochlorine compounds in coastal waters of Asian countries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 281-300 (2003).
116. Tanabe, S., Prudente, M., Kan-atireklap, S., Subramanain, A. Mussel watch: marine pollution monitoring of butyltins and organochlorines in coastal waters of Thailand, Philippines and India. Ocean and Coastal Management, 43: 819-839 (2000).
117. Wong, F., Alegria, H. A., Jantunen, L., Bidleman, T. F., Salvador-Figueroa, M., Gold-Bouchot, G., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soils and air of southern Mexico: chemical profiles and potential for soil emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 42: 7737-7745 (2008).
118. Shen, L., Wania, F., Lei, Y. D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D. C., Bidleman, T. F. Hexachlorocyclohex- anes in the North American atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(4): 965-975 (2004).
119. Batterman, S. A., Chernyak, S. M., Gounden, Y., Matooane, M., Naidoo, R. N. Organochlorine pesticides in ambient air in Durban, South Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 397: 119-130 (2008).
120. Galindo-Reyes, J. G., Fossato, V. U., Villagrana-Lizarraga, C., Dolci, F. Pesticides in water, sediments, and shrimp from a coastal lagoon off the Gulf of California. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38(9): 837-841 (1999).
121. DouAbul, A. A. Z., Al-Saad, H. T., Darmoian, S. A. Distribution of petroleum residues in surficial sediments from the North-West region of the Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 15: 198-200 (1984).
122. Thao, V. D., Kawano, M., Tatsukawa, R. Organochlorine residues in soils from Taiwan Thailand and Vietnam. Environmental Pollution, 81: 61 (1993).
123. Ntow, W. J. Organochlorine pesticides in water, sediment, crops, and human fluids in a farming community in Ghana. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40: 557-563
124. Wurl, O., Obbard, J. P. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Singapore's coastal marine sediments. Chemosphere, 58: 925-933 (2005).
125. Douabul, A. Z., Al-Saad, H. T., Al-Timari, A., Al-Rekabi, N. Tigris-Euphrates Delta: a major source of pesticides to the Shatt Al-Arab River (Iraq). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 17: 405-418 (1988).
126. Gevao, B., Beg, M. U., Al-Omair, A., Helaleh, M., Zafar, J. Spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 50: 166-174 (2006).
127. ROPME. Regional report on the state of the marine environment. ROPME, Kuwait, 2000.
128. Lee, D. B., Prudente, M., Tanabe, S., Tatsukawa, R. Organochlorine residues in soils and sediments from Manila and nearby provinces. Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, 60: 171-181 (1997).
129. Ahmed, M. T., Ismail, S. M. M., Mabrouk, S. S. Residues iof some chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in rainwater, soil and groundwater and their influence on some soil microorganisms. Environment International, 24: 665-670 (1998).
130. Miglioranza, K. S. B., Moreno, J. E. A., Moreno, V. J., Osterrieth, M. L., Escalate, A. H. Fate of organochlorine pesticides in soils and terrestrial biota of Los Padres pond watershed Argentina. Environmental Pollution, 105: 91-99 (1999).
131. EMC. Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in the coastal hydrosphere of Indonesia. Country Report UNU, Japan, 2003.
132. Aichner, B., Glaser, B., Zech, W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from Kathmandu. Nepal. Organic Geochemistry, 38: 700-715 (2007).
133. Daly, G. L., Lei, Y. D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D. C., Castillo, L. E., Juantunen, L. M. M., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in the soils and atmosphere of Costa Rica. Environmental Science and Technology, 41: 1124-1130 (2007).
134. Westbom, R., Hussein, A., Megersa, N., Retta, N., Mathiasson, L., Bjorklund, E. Assessment of organochlorine pesticide pollution in Upper Awash Ethiopian state farm soils using selective pressurized liquid extraction. Chemosphere, 72: 1181-1187 (2008).
135. Kammerbauer, J., Moncada, J. Pesticide residue assessment in three selected agricultural production systems in the Choluteca River Basin of Honduras. Environmental Pollution, 103: 171-181 (1998).
136. Zhang, G. Qi, S., Parker, A., Li, X., Li, J., Wang, X. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from the Pearl River delta, South China. In 3rd Asia- Pacific Symposium on Environmental Chemistry, GuangZhou, China, 2001, p. 93.
137. ICAR. All India Coordinated Research Project on Pesticide Residue. Anand. ICAR Annual Report, 2002.
138. Fu, J., Mai, B., Sheng, G., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Peng, P., et al. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta China: and overview. Chemosphere, 52: 1411-1422 (2003).
139. Thao, V. D., Kawano, M., Matsuda, M., Wakimoto, T., Tatsukawa, R., Cau, H. D., et al. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in soils from southern provinces of Vietnam. International Journal ofEnvironmental Analytical Chemistry, 50: 147-159 (1993).
140. Thao, V. D., Kawano, M., Tatsukawa, R. Persistent organochlorine residues in soils from tropical and sub-tropical asian countries. Environmental Pollution, 81: 61-71 (1993).
141. Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, K., Tatsukawa, R. Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments, and soils from the Lake Baikal region Russia. Environmental Science and Technology, 29(3): 792-801 (1995).
142. Goldberg, E. D., Bowen, V. T., Farrington, J. W., Harvey, G., Martin, J. H., Parker, P. L., et al. The mussel watch. Environmental Conservation, 5: 101-125 (1978).
143. de Brito, A. P. X., Bruning, I. M. R. D. A. Chlorinated pesticides in mussels from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44: 71-81 (2002).
144. Ramesh, A., Tanabe, S., Subramanain, A., Mohan, D., Venugopalan, V. K., Tatsukawa, R. Persistent organic residues in green mussels from coastal waters of South India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21: 587-590 (1990).
145. Klumpp, D. W., Huansheng, H., Humphrey, C., Xinhong, W., Codi, S. Toxic contaminants and their biological effects in coastal waters of Xiamen. China. I. Organic pollutants in mussels and fish tissues. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44: 752-760 (2002).
146. Kan-atireklap, S., Tanabe, S., Sanguuansin, J., Tabucanon, M. S., Hungspreugs, M. Contamination by butytin compounds and organochlorine residues in green mussels (Perna viridis L.) from Thailand coastal waters. Environmental Pollution, 97: 79-89 (1997).
147. Kan-atireklap, S., Yen, N. T. H., Tanabe, S., Subramanain, A. Butyltin compounds and organochlorine residues in green mussel (Perina viridis L.) from India. Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry, 67: 409-424 (1998).
148. IAEA. Contaminant Screening Project. First Mission Report, IAEA/ROPME, Monarco, 1999.
149. IAEA. Contaminant Screening Project. Second Mission and Final Report, IAEA/ROPME, Monaco, 1998.
150. Fowler, S. W. Agrochemicals. In The Gulf Ecosystem: Health and Sustainability (eds N. Y. Khan, M. Munawar, A. R. G. Price). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 2002, pp. 193-204.
151. Hong, H., Wang, X., Xu, L., Chen, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z. Trace organic pollutants in the Southeast estuarine environments of China. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A, 35: 1833-1847 (2000).
152. IAEA. Contaminant Screening Project. Mid-term Progress Report, Monaco, 1996.
153. Li, Y.-F., Bidleman, T., Barrie, L. A., McConnell, L. L. Global hexachlorocyclohexane use trends and their impact on the Arctic atmospheric environment. Geophysical Research Letters, 25: 39-41 (1998).
154. Monirith, I., Ueno, D., Takahashi, S., Nakata, H., Sudaryanto, A., Subramanian, A., et al. Asia- Pacific mussel watch: monitoring contamination of persistent organochlorine compounds in coastal waters of Asian countries. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 281-300 (2003).
155. Minh, N. H., Someya, M., Minh, T. B., Kunisue, T., Iwata, H., Watanabe, M., et al. Persistent organochlorine residues in human breast milk from Hanoi and Hochiminh, Vietnam: contamination, accumulation kinetics and risk assessment for infants. Environmental Pollution, 129: 431-441 (2004).
156. Sudaryanto, A., Kunisue, T., Tanabe, S., Niida, M., Hashim, H. Persistent organic compounds in human breast milk from mothers living in Penang and Kedah, Malaysia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 49: 429-437 (2005).
157. Sudaryanto, A., Kunisue, T., Kajiwara, N., Iwata, H., Adibroto, T. A., Hartono, P., et al. Specific accumulation of organochlorines in human breast milk from Indonesia: levels, distribution, accumulation, kinetics and infant health risk. Environmental Pollution, 139: 107-117 (2006).
158. Paumgartten, F. J. R., Cruz, C. M., Chahoud, I., Palavinskas, R., Mathar, W. PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and other organochlorine compounds in human milk from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environmental Research, 83: 293-297 (2000).
159. Saeed, T., Sawaya, W., Ahmad, N., Rajagopal, S., Dashti, B., Al-Awadhi, S. Assessment of the levels of chlorinated pesticides in breast milk in Kuwait. Food Additives and Contaminants, 17(12): 1013-1018 (2000).
160. Kinyamu, J. K., Kanja, L. W., Skaare, J. U., Maitho, T. E. Levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in milk of urban mothers in Kenya. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60: 732-738 (1998).
161. Cok, I., Bilgili, A., Ozdemir, M., Bilgili, N., Burgaz, S. Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast milk from agricultural regions of Turkey, 1995-1996. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 59: 577-582 (1997).
162. Cok, I., Karakaya, A. E., Afkham, B. L., Burgaz, S. Organochlorine pesticide contaminants in human milk samples collected in Tebriz (Iran). Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology, 63: 444-450 (1999).
163. Waliszewski, S. M., Aguirre, A. A., Infanzon, R. M., Silva, C. S., Siliceo, J. Organochlorine pesticide levels in maternal adipose tissue, maternal blood serum, umbilical blood serum, and milk from inhabitants of Veracruz, Mexico. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40: 432-438 (2001).
164. Hooper, K., Petrreas, M. X., She, J., Visita, P., Winkler, J., Mckinney, M., et al. Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakhstan: PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in southern Kazakhstan. EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives, 105:1250-1254 (1997).
165. UNEP. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Report, United Nations Environment Programme, December 2002.