Nodule metabolism

Nitrogen Fixation in Crop Production

Volumn 52, Issue , 2015, Pages 95-124

  Strodtman, Kent N ^a   Emerich, David W ^a  

^a University of Missouri   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacteroid periplasm; Bacteroid transport; Carbon metabolism; Cellular differentiation; Fermentative metabolism; Global technologies; Nitrogen metabolism; Oxygen metabolismplant nodule cells; Symbiosome membrane

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876420114     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr52.c5     Document Type: Chapter

References (212)

1. Albrecht, S.L., RJ. Maier, FJ. Hanus, S.A. Russell, DW. Emerich, and HJ. Evans. 1979. Hydrogenase in Rhizobium japonicum increases nitrogen fixation by nodulated soybeans. Science 203:1255-1257.
2. Allaway, D., E.M. Lodwig, L.A. Crompton, M. Wood, R. Parsons, T.R. Wheeler, and P.S. Poole. 2000. Identification of alanine dehydrogenase and its role in mixed secretion of ammonium and alanine by pea bacteroids. Mol. Microbiol. 36:508-515.
3. Ames, G.F-L. 1988. Structure and mechanism of bacterial periplasm transport systems. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 20:1-18.
4. Aneja, P., and T.C. Charles. 1999. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate degradation in Rhizobium (Sinorhiozbium) meliloti: Isolation and characterization of a gene encoding 3-hydroxy- butyrate dehydrogenase. J. Bacteriol. 181:849-857.
5. Anthon, G.E., and D.W. Emerich. 1990. Developmental regulation of enzymes of sucrose and hexose metabolism in effective and ineffective nodules. Plant Physiol. 92:346-351.
6. Appels, M.A., and H. Haaker. 1988. Identification of cytoplasmic nodule-associated forms of malate-dehydrogenase involved in the symbiosis between Rhizobium leguminosarum and Pisum sativum. Eur. J. Biochem. 171:515-522.
7. Appels, M.A., and H. Haaker. 1991. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase in pea root nodules- participation in a malate/aspartate shuttle between plant and bacteroid. Plant Physiol. 95:740-747.
8. Aprison, M.H., W.E. Magee, and R.H. Burris. 1954. Nitrogen fixaion by excised soy bean nodules. J. Biol. Chem. 208:29-39.
9. Ardissone, S., P Frendo, E. Laurenti, W. Jantschko, C. Obinger, A. Puppo, and R.P. Ferrari. 2004. Purification and physical-chemical characterization of the three hydroperoxidases from the symbiotic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Biochemistry 43:12692-12699.
10. Arwas, R., A.R. Glenn, I.A. McKay, and M.J. Dilworth. 1986. Properties of double mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum which are defective in the utilization of dicarboxylic acids and sugars. J. Gen. Microbiol. 132:2743-2747.
11. Atkins, C.A., and P. Smith. 2000. Ureide synthesis in legume nodules. p. 559-587. In E.W. Triplett (ed.) Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation: A model system for analysis of a biochemical process. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, UK.
12. Barnett, M.J., C.J. Toman, R.F. Fischer, and S.R. Long. 2004. A dual-genome Symbiosis Chip for coordinate study of signal exchange and development in a prokaryote-host interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:16636-16641.
13. Barsch, A., H.G. Carvalho, J.V. Cullimore, and K. Niehaus. 2006. GC-MS based metabolite profiling implies three interdependent ways of ammonium assimilation in Medicago truncatula root nodules. J. Biotechnol. 127:79-83.
14. Bassarab, S., S.U. Schenk, and D. Werner. 1989. Fatty acid composition of the peri-bacteroid membrane and the ER in nodules of Glycine max varies after infection by different strains of the microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Bot. Acta 102:196-201.
15. Becana, M., D.A. Dalton, J.F. Moran, I. Iturbe-Ormaetxe, M.A. Matamoros, and M.C. Rubio. 2000. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in legume modules. Physiol. Plant. 109:372-381.
16. Becana, M., and R.V. Klucas. 1990. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms for ferric leghemoglobin reduction in legume root nodules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7295-7299.
17. Becana, M., F.J. Paris, L.M. Sandalio, and L.A. del Rio. 1989. Isoenzymes of superoxide dis-mutase in nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., and Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp. Plant Physiol. 90: 1286-1292.
18. Becana, M., and M.L. Salin. 1989. Superoxide dismutase in nodules of leguminous plants. Can. J. Bot. 67:415-421.
19. Becker, A., H. Berges, E. Krol, C. Bruand, S. Rüberg, D. Capela, E. Lauber, E. Meilhoc, F. Ampe, F.J. de Bruijn, J. Fourment, A. Francez-Charlot, D. Kahn, H. Küster, C. Liebe, A. Puhler, S. Weidner, and J. Batut. 2004. Global changes in gene expression in Sinorhizo- bium meliloti 1021 under microoxic and symbiotic conditions. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 17:292-303.
20. Bergersen, F.J., M.B. Peoples, and G.L. Turner. 1991. A role for poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate in bacteroids of soybean nodules. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 245:59-64.
21. Bergersen, F.J., and G.L. Turner. 1967. Nitrogen fixation by the bacteroid fraction of breis of soybean root nodules. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 141:507-515.
22. Bergersen, F.J., and G.L. Turner. 1990. Bacteroids from soybean root nodules:accumulation of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate during supply of malate and succinate in relation to N2 fixation in flow-chamber reactions. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 240:39-59.
23. Bernardelli, C.E., M.F. Luna, M.L. Galar, and J.L. Boiardi. 2001. Periplasmic PQQ-dependent glucose oxidation in free-living and symbiotic rhizobia. Curr. Microbiol. 42:310-315.
24. Bestel-Corre, G., E. Dumas-Gaudot, V. Poinsot, M. Dieu, J.-F. Dierick, D. van Tuinen, J. Remacle, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, and S. Gianinazzi. 2002. Proteome analysis and identification of symbiosis-related proteins from Medicago truncatula Gaertn. by twodimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 23:122-137.
25. Cai, G.-Q., B.T. Driscoll, and T.C. Charles. 2000. Requirement for the enzymes acetoacetyl coenzyme A synthetase and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase for growth of Sinorhizobium meliloti on PHB cycle intermediates. J. Bacteriol. 182:2113-2118.
26. Carvalho, H., N. Lescure, F. de Billy, M. Chabaud, L. Lima, R. Salema, and J. Cullimore. 2000. Cellular expression and regulation of the Medicago trucataula cytosolic glutamine synthetase genes in root nodules. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:741-756.
27. Carvalho, H.G., I.A. Lopes-Cardoso, L.M. Lima, P.M. Melo, and J.V. Culllimore. 2003. Nodule-specific modulation of glutamine synthetase in transgenic Medicago trunca- tula leads to inverse alterations in asparagine synthetase expression. Plant Physiol. 133:243-252.
28. Catalano, C.M., K.J. Czymmek, J.G. Gann, and D.J. Sherrier. 2007. Medicago truncatula syntaxin SYP132 defines the symbiosome membrane and infection droplet membrane in root nodules. Planta 225:541-550.
29. Catalano, C.M., W.S. Lane, and D.J. Sherrier. 2004. Biochemical characterization of symbiosome membrane proteins from Medicago truncatula root nodules. Electrophoresis 25:519-531.
30. Chang, W.-S., W.L. Franck, E. Cytryn, S. Jeong, T. Joshi, D.W. Emerich, M.J. Sadowsky, D. Xu, and G. Stacey. 2007. An oligonucleotide microarray resource for transcriptional profiling of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 20:12998-1307.
31. Choptra, J., N. Kaur, and A.K. Gupta. 2002. A comparative developmental pattern of enzymes in carbon metabolism and the pentose phospahte pahtway in mungbean and lentil nodules. Acta Physiol. Plant. 24:67-72.
32. Colebatch, G., G. Desbrosses, T. Ott, L. Krusell, O. Montanari, S. Koska, J. Kopka, and M.K. Udvardi. 2004. Global changes in transcripton orchestrate metabolic differentation during symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus. Plant J. 39:353-362.
33. Copeland, L., L. Feng, and C. Tabrett. 2002. Polyhydroxybutryate in Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses. p. 377-378. In F.O. Pedrosa et al (ed.) Nitrogen fixation: From molecules to crop productivity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.
34. Copeland, L., H.-S. Lee, and N. Cowlishaw. 1995. Carbon metabolism in chickpea nodules. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27:381-385.
35. Copeland, L., J. Vella, and Z. Hong. 1989. Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in soybean nodules. Phytochemistry 28:57-61.
36. Dainese-Hatt, P., H.-M. Fischer, H. Hennecke, and P. James. 1999. Classifying symbiotic proteins from Bradyrhizobium japonicum into functional groups by proteome analysis of altered gene expression levels. Electrophoresis 20:3514-3520.
37. Dalton, D.A. 1995. Antioxidative defences of plants and fungi. p. 298-355. In S. Ahmad (ed.) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in biology. Chapman Hall, New York.
38. Dalton, D.A., L.M. Baird, L. Langeberg, C.Y. Taugher, W.R. Anyan, C.P. Vance, and G. Sarath. 1993. Subcellular localization of oxygen defense enzymes in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) root nodules. Plant Physiol. 102:481-489.
39. Dalton, D.A., S.A. Russell, F.J. Hanus, G.A. Pascoe, and H.J. Evans. 1986. Enzymatic reactions of ascorbate and glutathione that prevent peroxide damage in soybean root nodules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:3811-3815.
40. Datta, D.B., E.W. Triplett, and E.H. Newcomb. 1991. Localization of xanthine dehydrogenase in cowpea root nodules: Implications for the interaction between cellular compartments during ureide biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4700-4702.
41. Day, D.A., P.S. Poole, S.D. Tyerman, and L. Rosendahl. 2001. Ammonia and amino acid transport across symbiotic membranes in nitrogen-fixing legume nodules. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58:61-71.
42. Delgado, M.J., N. Bonnard, A. Tresierra-Ayala, E.J. Bedmar, and P. Muller. 2003. The Bradyrhizobium japonicum napEDABC genes encoding the periplasmic nitrate reductase are essential for nitrate respiration. Microbiology 149:3395-3403.
43. de Maagd, R.A., and B. Lugtenberg. 1986. Fractionation of Rhizobium leguminosarium cells into outer membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, periplasmic, and cytoplasmic components. J. Bacteriol. 167: 1083-1085.
44. Djordjevic, M.A. 2004. Sinorhizobium meliloti metabolism in the root nodule: A proteomic perspective. Proteomics 4:1859-1872.
45. Driscoll, B.T., and T.M. Finan. 1993. NAD+-dependent malic enzyme of Rhizobium meliloti is required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mol. Microbiol. 7:865-873.
46. Dunn, M.F. 1998. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaplerotic enzymes in rhizobia. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 22:105-123.
47. Dunn, M.F., S. Encarción, G. Araíza, M.C. Vargas, A. Dávalos, H. Peralta, Y. Mora, and J. Mora. 1996. Pyruvate carboxylase from Rhizobium etli: Mutant characterization, nucleotide sequence, and physiological role. J. Bacteriol. 178:5960-5970.
48. Dymov, S.I., D.J.J. Meek, B. Steven, and B.T. Driscoll. 2004. Insertion of transposon Tn5tac1 in the Sinorhizobium meliloti malate dehydrogenase (mdh) gene results in conditional polar effects on downstream TCA genes. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 17:1318-1327.
49. El Yahyaoui, F., H. Kuster, B. Ben Amor, N. Hohnjec, A. Puler, A. Becker, J. Gouzy, T. Vernie, C. Gough, A. Neibel, L. Godiard, and P. Gamas. 2004. Expression profiling in Medicago truncatula identifies more than 750 genes differentially expressed during nodulation, including many potential regulators of the symbiotic program. Plant Physiol. 136:3159-3176.
50. Emerich, D.W., T. Ruiz-Argueso, T.M. Ching, and H.J. Evans. 1979. Hydrogen-dependent nitrogenase activity and ATP formation in Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids. J. Bacte-riol. 137:153-160.
51. Encarnación, S., M. Dunn, K. Willms, and J. Mora. 1995. Fermentative and aerobic metabolism in Rhizobium etli. J. Bacteriol. 177:3058-3066.
52. Fedorova, M.I.A., Tikhonovich, and C.P. Vance. 1999. Expression of C-assimilating enzymes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) root ndoules: in situ lociatlzation in effective nodules. Plant Cell Environ. 22:1249-1262.
53. Finan, T.M., E. McWhinnie, B. Driscoll, and R.J. Watson. 1991. Complex symbiotic phenotypes result from gluconeogenic mutations in Rhizobium melilioti. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 4:386-392.
54. Flemetakis, E., M. Dimou, D. Cotzur, R.C. Efrose, G. Aivalakis, G. Colebatch, M. Udvardi, and P. Katinakis. 2003. A sucrose transporter, LjSUT4, is up-regulated during Lotus japonicus nodule development. J. Exp. Bot. 54:1789-1791.
55. Flementakis, E., R.C. Efrose, T. Ott, C. Stedel, G. Aivalakis, Colebatch, M. Udvardi, and P. Katinakis. 2006. Spatial and temporal organisation of sucrose metabolism in Lotus japonicus nitrogen-fixing nodules suggests a role for the elusive alkaline/neutral invertase. Plant Mol. Biol. 62:53-59.
56. Frendo, P., J. Harrison, C. Norman, M.J. Hernández-Jiménez, G. Van de Sype, A. Gilabert, and A. Puppo. 2005. Glutathione and homoglutathione play a critical role in the nodulation process of Medicago truncatula. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 18:254-259.
57. Gálvez, S., A.M. Hirsch, K.L. Wycoff, S. Hunt, D.B. Layzell, A. Kondorosi, and M. Crespi. 2000. Oxygen regulation of a nodule-located carbonic anhydrase in alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 124:1059-1068.
58. Garrocho-Villegas, V., S.K. Gopalasubramaniam, and R. Arredondo-Peter. 2007. Plant hemoglobins: What we know six decades after their discovery. Gene 398:78-85.
59. Glenn, A.R., and M.J. Dilworth. 1979. An examination of Rhizobium leguminosarium for the production of extracellular and periplasmic proteins. J. Gen. Microbiol. 112:405-409.
60. Goggin, D.E., R. Lipscombe, E. Fedorova, A.H. Millar, A. Mann, C.A. Atkins, and P.M.C. Smilth. 2003. Dual intracellular localization and targetting of aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase in cowpea. Plant Physiol. 131:1033-1041.
61. Gordon, A.J. 1992. Carbon metabolism in the legume nodule. p. 133-162. In C.J. Pollock, J.F. Farrar, and A.J. Gordon (ed.) Carbon partitioning within and between organisms. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK.
62. Gordon, A.J., and C.L. James. 1997. Enyzmes of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in developing and mature nodules of white clover. J. Exp. Bot. 48:895-903.
63. Gordon, A.J., F.R. Minchin, C.L. James, and O. Komina. 1999. Sucrose synthase in legume nodules is essential for nitrogen fixation. Plant Physiol. 120:867-877.
64. Green, L.S., and D.W. Emerich. 1997. The formation of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids is delayed but not abolished in sobyean infected by an a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Plant Physiol. 120:867-878.
65. Green, L.S., D.W. Emerich, F.J. Bergersen, and D.A. Day. 2000. Catabolism of a-ketoglutarate by a sucA mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum: Evidence for an alternative tricarboxylic acid cycle. J. Bacteriol. 182:2838-2844.
66. Green, L.S., D.B. Karr, and D.W. Emerich. 1998. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities in Bradyrhizobium japonicum under various growth conditions. Arch. Microbiol. 169:445-451.
67. Harrison, J., A. Jamet, C.I. Muglia, G. Van de Sype, O.M. Aguilar, A. Puppo, and P. Frendo. Glutathione plays a fundamental role in growth and symbiotic capacity of Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 187:168-174.
68. Harrison, J., M.-A. Pou de Crescenzo, O. Sene, and B. Hirel. 2003. Does lowering glutamine synthetase activity in nodules modify nitrogen metabolism and growth of Lotus japonicus? Plant Physiol. 133:253-262.
69. Haser, A., D.L. Robinson, G. Duc, and C.P. Vance. 1992. A mutation in Vicia faba results in ineffetive nodules with imparied bacteroid differnetiation and reduced synthesis of late nodulins. J. Exp. Bot. 43:1397-1407.
70. Hellriegel, H., and H. Wilfarth. 1888. Untersuchungen über die Stickstoffnahrung der Gramineen und Leguminosen. Beilageheft zu der Ztschr. Ver. Rübenzucker-Industrie Deutschen Reichs.
71. Henson, C.A., M. Collins, and S.H. Duke. 1982. Subcellular localization of enzymes of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in nodules of Medicago sativa cultivar vernal. Plant Cell Physiol. 23:227-235.
72. Herold, S., and A. Puppo. 2005a. Kinetics and mechanistic studies of the reactions of metleghemoglobin, ferrylleghemoglobin, and nitrosylleghemoglobin with reactive nitrogen species. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 10:946-957.
73. Herold, S., and A. Puppo. 2005b. Oxyleghemoglobin scavenges nitrogen monoxide and per- oxymitrite: A possible role in functioning nodules? J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 10:935-945.
74. Herrada, G., A. Puppo, and J. Rigaud. 1989. Uptake of metabolites by bacteroid-contain- ing vesicles and by free bacteroids from french bean nodules. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:3165-3177.
75. Hoa, L.T.-P., M. Nomura, H. Kajiwara, D.A. Day, and S. Tajima. 2004. Proteomic analysis on symbiotic differentiation of mitochondria in soybean nodules. Plant Cell Physiol. 45:300-308.
76. Hohnjec, N., J.D. Becker, A. Puhler, A.M. Perlick, and H. Kuster. 1999. Genomic organization and expression properties of the MtSucS1 gene, which encodes a nodule-enhanced sucrose synthase in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Mol. Gen. Genet. 261:514-522.
77. Hong, Z.Q., and L. Copeland. 1990. Pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in nitrogen-fixing leguminous root nodules. Phytochemistry 29:2437-2440.
78. Howard, J.B., and D.C. Rees. 2006. How many metals does it take to fix N2? A mechanistic overview of biological nitrogen fixation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:17088-17093.
79. Hu, Y., M.C. Corbett, A.W. Fay, J.A. Webber, K.O. Hodgson, B. Hedman, and M.W. Ribbe. Nitrogenase Fe Protein: A molybdate/homocitrate insertase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:17125-17130.
80. Huber, S.C., and T. Akazawa. 1986. A novel sucrose synthase pathway for sucrose degradation in cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiol. 81:1008-1013.
81. Hunt, S., B.J. King, and D.B. Layzell. 1989. Effects of gradual increases in O2 concentration on nodule activity in soybean. Plant Physiol. 91:315-321.
82. Hunt, S., and D.B. Layzell. 1993. Gas exchange of legume nodules and the regulation of nitrogenase activity. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44:483-511.
83. Irigoyen, J.J., M. Sanchez-Diaz, and D.W. Emerich. 1990. Carbon metabolism enzymes of Rhizobium meliloti cultures and bacteroids and their distribution in alfalfa nodules. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56:2587-2589.
84. Jackson, E.K., and H.J. Evans. 1966. Propionate in heme biosynthesis in soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 41:1673-1680.
85. Kahn, M., J. Kraus, and J.E. Sommerville. 1985. A model of nutrient exchange in the Rhizo- bium-legume symbiosis. p. 193-199. In H.J. Evans et al. (ed.) Nitrogen fixation research progress. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
86. Kahn, K., P. Serfozo, and P.A. Tipton. 1997. Identification of the true product of the urate oxidase reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119: 5435-5442.
87. Kaiser, B.N., P.M. Finnegan, S.D. Tyerman, L.F. Whitehead, FJ. Bergersen, D.A. Day, and M.K. Udvardi. 1998. Characterization of an ammonium transport protein from the peribacteroid membrane of soybean nodules. Science 281:1202-1206.
88. Karr, D.B., J.K. Waters, and D.W. Emerich. 1983. Analysis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Rhizobium japonicum bacteroids by ion exclusion HPLC and UV detection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1339-1343.
89. Kavroulakis, N., E. Flemetakis, G. Aivalakis, and P. Katinakis. 2000. Carbon metabolism in developing soybean root nodules: The role of carbonic anhydrase. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 13:14-22.
90. Kim, S.A., and L. Copeland. 1996. Enzymes of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in soybean and chickpea bacteroids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4186-4190.
91. Kinnback, A., R.B. Mellor, and D. Werner. 1987. Alpha-mannosidase II isoenzyme in the peribacteroid space of Glycine max root nodules. J. Exp. Bot. 38:1373-1377.
92. Kouchi, H., K. Fukai, H. Katagiri, K. Minamisawa, and S. Tajima. 1988. Isolation and enzymological characterization of infected and unifected cell protoplasts from root nodules of Glycine max. Physiol. Plant. 73:327-334.
93. Kouchi, H., K. Shimomura, S. Hata, A Hirota, G.J. Wu., H. Kumagai, S. Tajima, N. Sug-anuma, A. Suzuki, T. Aoki, Hayashi, M., T. Yokoyama, T. Ohyama, E. Asamizu, C. Kuwata, D. Shibata, and S. Tabata. 2004. Large-scale analyiss of gene expression profiles during early stages of root nodule formation in a model legume, Lotus japonicus. DNA Res. 11:263-274.
94. Kuster, H., M. Fruhling, A.M. Perlick, and A. Puhler. 1993. The sucrose synthase gene is predominately expressed in the root nodule tissue of Vicia faba. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 6:507-514.
95. Kuzma, M.M., H. Winter, P. Storer, I. Oresnik, C.A. Atkins, and D.B. Layzell. 1999. The site of oxygen limitation in soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 119:399-407.
96. Larrainzar, E., S. Wienkoop, W. Weckwerth, R. Ladrera, C. Arrese-Igor, and E.M. González. Medicago truncatula root nodule proeome analysis reveals differntial plant and bacteriod responses to drought stress. Plant Physiol. 144:1495-1507.
97. Lima, L., A. Seabra, P. Melo, J. Cullimore, and H. Carvalho. 2006. Post-translational regulation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase. J. Exp. Bot. 57:2751-2761.
98. Lindemann, A., A. Moser, G. Pessi, F. Hauser, M. Friberg, H. Hennecke, and H.-M. Fischer. 2007. New target genes controlled by the Bradyrhizobium japonicum two-component regulatory system RegSR. J. Bacteriol. 189:8928-8943.
99. Lodwig, E.M., A.H. Hosie, A. Bourdes, K. Findlay, D. Allaway, R. Karunakaran, J.A. Downie, and P.R. Poole PS. 2003. Amino acid recycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. Nature (London) 422:722-726.
100. Lodwig, E.M., M. Leonard, S. Marroqui, T.R. Wheeler, K. Findlay, J.A. Downie, and P.S. Poole. 2005. Role of polyhydroxybutyrate and glycogen as carbon storage compounds in pea and bean bacteroids. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 18:67-74.
101. Lodwig, E., and P. Poole. 2003. Metabolism of Rhizobium bacteroids. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 22:27-78.
102. Long, S., S. McCune, and G.C. Walker. 1988. Symbiotic loci of Rhizobium meliloti identified by random TnphoA mutagenesis. J. Bacteriol. 170:4257-4265.
103. Manoil, C., and J. Beckwirth. 1985. TnphoA: A transposon probe for protein export signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:8129-8133.
104. Marino, D., E.M. González, P. Frendo, A. Puppo, and C. Arrese-Igor. 2007. NADPH recycling systems in oxidative stressed pea nodules: A key role for the NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. Planta 225:413-421.
105. Marroqui, S., A. Zorreguieta, C. Santamaria, F. Temprano, M. Soberon, M. Megias, and J.A. Downie. 2001. Enhanced symbiotic performance by Rhizobium tropici glycogen synthase mutants. J. Bacteriol. 183:854-864.
106. Matamoros, M.A., J. Loscos, M.J. Coronoado, J. Ramos, S. Sato, P.S. Testillano, S. Tabata, and M. Becana. 2006. Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in legume root nodules. Plant Physiol. 141:1068-1077.
107. McCloud, S.A., R.G. Smith, and K.A. Schuller. 2001. Partial purification and characterization of pyruvate kinase from the plant fraction of soybean root nodules. Physiol. Plant. 111:283-290.
108. McDermott, T.R., and M.L. Kahn. 1992. Cloning and mutagenesis of the Rhizobium meliloti isocitrate dehydrogenase gene. J. Bacteriol. 174:4790-4797.
109. Meakin, G.E., E. Bueno, B. Jepson, E.J. Bedmar, D.J. Richardson, and M.J. Delgado. 2007. The contribution of bacteroidal nitrate and nitrite reduction to the formation of nitrosyl- legheamoglobin complexes in soybean root nodules. Microbiol. 153:411-419.
110. Mellor, R.B. 1989. Bacteroids in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis inhabit a plant internal lytic compartment: Implications for other microbial endosymbioses. J. Exp. Bot. 40:831-839.
111. Mesa, S., H. Hennecke, and H.-M. Fischer. 2006. A multitude of crp/fnr-like transcription proteins in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34:156-159.
112. Miflin, B.J., and PJ. Lea. 1980. Ammonium assimilation. p. 169-202. In B.J. Miflin (ed.) The Biochemistry of plants. Academic Press, New York.
113. Miller, S.S., K.L.M. Boylan, and C.P. Vance. 1987. Alfalfa root nodule carbon-dioxide fixation. 3. Immunological studies of nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiol. 84:501-508.
114. Miller, S.S., B.T. Driscoll, R.G. Gergerson, J.S. Gantt, and C.P. Vance. 1998. Alfalfa malate dehydrogenase (MDH): Molecular cloning and characterization of five different forms reveals a unique nodule-enhanced MDH. Plant J. 15:173-184.
115. Modric, N., A.E. Derome, S.J.H. Ashcroft, and M. Poje. 1992. Tracing and identification of uricase reaction intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett. 33:6691-6694.
116. Morrell, M., and L. Copeland. 1985. Sucrose synthase of soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 78:149-154.
117. Mortimer, M.W., T.R. McDermott, G.M. York, G.C. Walker, and M.L. Kahn. 1999. Citrate synthase mutants of Sinorhizobium meliloti are ineffective and have altered cell surface polysaccharides. J. Bacteriol. 181:7608-7613.
118. Mouritzen, P., and L. Rosendahl. 1997. Identification of a transport mechanism for NH4+ in the symbiosome membrance of pea root nodules. Plant Physiol. 115:519-526.
119. Muller, P. 2004. Use of the multipurpose transposon Tn KPK2 for the mutational analysis of chromosomal regions upstream and downstream of the sipF gene in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Mol. Gen. Genom. 271:359-366.
120. Muller, P., K. Ahrens, T. Keller, and A. Klaucke. 1995. A TnphoA insertion within the Bra- dyrhizobium japonicum sipS gene, homologous to prokaryotic signal peptidases, results in extensive changes in the expression of PBM-specific nodulins of infected soybean (Glycine max) cells. Mol. Microbiol. 18:831-840.
121. Natera, S.H.A., N. Guerriro, and M.A. Djordevic. 2000. Proteome analysis of differentially displayed proteins as a tool for the investigation of symbiosis. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 13:995-1009.
122. Nomura, M., H.T. Mai, M. Fujii, S. Hata, K. Izui, and S. Tajima. 2006. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase plays a crucial role in limiting nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules. Plant Cell Physiol. 47:613-621.
123. Oresnik, I.J., and D.B. Layzell. 1994. Composition and distribution of adenylates in soybean (Glycine max L.) nodule tissue. Plant Physiol. 104:217-225.
124. Panter, S., R. Thomson, G. de Bruxelles, D. Laver, B. Trevaskis, and M. Udvardi. 2000. Identification with proteomics of novel proteins associated with the peribacteroid membrane of soybean root nodules. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 13:325-333.
125. Pathirana, S.M., C.P. Vance, S.S. Miller, and J.S. Gantt. 1992. Alfalfa root nodule phospho- enolpyruvate carboxylase- characterization of the cDNA and expression in effective and plant-controlled ineffective nodules. Plant Mol. Biol. 20:437-450.
126. Pauly, N., C. Pucciariello, K. Mandon, G. Innocenti, A. Jamet, E. Baudouin, D. Hérouart, P. Frendo, and A. Puppo. 2006. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and glutathione: Key players in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. J. Exp. Bot. 57:1769-1776.
127. Peiter, E., and S. Schubert. 2003. Sugar uptake and proton release by protorplasts from the infected zone of Vicia faba L. nodules: Evidence against apoplastic sugar supply of infected cells. J. Exp. Bot. 54:1691-1700.
128. Peoples, M.B., and D.F. Herridge. 1990. Nitrogen fixation by legumes in tropical and subtropical agriculture. Adv. Agron. 44:155-223.
129. Peralta, H., Y. Mora, E. Salazar, S. Encarnacion, R. Palacios, and J. Mora. 2004. Engineering the nifH prpomoter region and abolishing poly-beta-hydroxyburyrate accumulation in Rhizobium etli enhance nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:3272-3281.
130. Perlick, A.M., and A. Puhler. 1993. A survey of transcripts expressed specifically in root nodules of broadbean (Vicia faba L.). Plant Mol. Biol. 22:957-970.
131. Pessi, G., C.H. Ahrens, H. Rehrauer, A. Lindemann, F. Hauser, H.-M. Fischer, and H. Hennecke. 2007. Genome-wide transcript analysis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids in soybean root nodules. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 20:1353-1363.
132. Peterson, J.B., and H.J. Evans. 1978. Properties of pyruvate kinase from soybean nodule cytosol. Plant Physiol. 61:909-914.
133. Peterson, J.B., and T.A. La Rue. 1981. Utilization of aldehydes and alcohols by soybean bacteroids. Plant Physiol. 68:489-493.
134. Peterson, J.B., and T.A. La Rue. 1982. Soluble aldehyde dehydrogenase and metabolism of aldehydes by soybean bacteroids. J. Bacteriol. 151:1473-1484.
135. Poole, P.S., and D.A. Alloway. 2000. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Rhizobium. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 140:2797-2809.
136. Prell, J., and P.S. Poole. 2006. Metabolic changes of rhizobia in legume nodules. Trends Microbiol. 14:161-168.
137. Puppo, A., L. Dimitrijevic, J.C. Trinchant, and J. Riguad. 1986. Acetylene reduction and superoxide dismutase activities in Sesbania rostrata root and stem nodules. Physiol. Veg. 24:689-696.
138. Ramírez-Trujillo, J.A., S. Encarnación, E. Salazar, A. García de los Santos, M.F. Dunn, D.W. Emerich, E. Calva, and I. Hernández-Lucas. 2007. Functional characterization of the Sinorhizobium meliloti acetate metabolism genes aceA, SMc00767, and glcB. J. Bacteriol. 189:5875-5884.
139. Rastogi, V.K., and R.J. Watson. 1991. Aspartate aminotransferase activity is required for aspartate catabolism and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 173:2879-2887.
140. Raychaudhuri, A., and P.A. Tipton. 2002. Cloning and expression of the gene for soybean hydroxyisourate hydrolase. Localization and implication for function and mechanism. Plant Physiol. 130:2061-2068.
141. Rees, D.C., and J.B. Howard. 2000. Nitrogenase: Standing at the crossroads. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4:559-566.
142. Reibach, P.H., and J.G. Streeter. 1983. Metabolism of 14C-labeled photosynthate and distribution of enzymes of glucose metabolism in soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 72:634-640.
143. Reynolds, P.H.S., M.J. Boland, D.G. Blevins, D.D. Randall, and K.R. Schubert. 1982. Ureide biogenesis in leguminous plants. Trends Biochem. Sci. 7:366-368.
144. Roberts, D.M., and S.D. Tyerman. 2002. Voltage-dependent cation channels permeable to NH4+, K+ and Ca2+ in the symbiosome membrane of the model legume Lotus japonicus. Plan4t Physiol. 128:370-378.
145. Romanov, V.I., A.J. Gordon, F.R. Minchin, J.R. Witty, L. Sket, C.L. James, A.Y. Borisov, and I.A. Tikhonovich. 1995. Anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of root nodules of Sprint-2 Fix-; a symbiotically defective mutant of pea (Pisum sativum L.). J. Exp. Bot. 46:1809-1816.
146. Romanov, V.I., I. Hernandez-Lucas, and E. Martinez-Romero. 1994. Carbon metabolism enzymes of Rhizobium tropici cultures and bacteroids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2339-2342.
147. Ronson, C.W., and S.B. Primrose. 1979. Carbohydrate metabolism in Rhizobium trifolii: Identification and symbiotic properties of mutants. J. Gen. Microbiol. 112:77-88.
148. Rosendahl, L., M.J. Dilworth, and A.R. Glenn. 1992. Exchange of metabolites across the peribacteroid membrane in pea root ndoules. J. Plant Physiol. 139:635-638.
149. Rosendahl, L., P. Mouritzen, and A. Rudbeck. 2001. Nitrogen transfer in the interface between the symbionts in pea root nodules. Plant Soil 230:31-37.
150. Roth, L.E., and G. Stacey. 1989. Bacterium release into host cells of nitrogen fixing soybean nodules: The symbiosome membrane comes from three sources. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 49:13-23.
151. Rudbeck, A., P. Mouritzen, and L. Rosendahl. 1999. Characterization of aspartate transport across the symbiosome membrane in pea root nodules. Plant Physiol. 155:576-583.
152. Ruiz-Argueso, T., D.W. Emerich, and H.J. Evans. 1979. Characteristics of the hydrogen- oxidizing hydrogenase system in soybean nodule bacteroids. Arch. Microbiol. 121:199-206.
153. Saalbach, G., P. Erik, and S. Weinkoop. 2002. Characterisation by proteomics of perib- acteroid space and peribacteroid membrane preparations from pea (Pisum sativum) symbiosomes. Proteomics 2:325-337.
154. Salminen, S.O., and J.G. Streeter. 1986. Enzymes of a, a-trehalose metabolism in soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 81:538-541.
155. Salminen, S.O., and J.G. Streeter. 1990. Factors contributing to the accumlation of glutamate in Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids under microaerobic conditions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136:2119-2126.
156. Santos, R., D. Herouart, A. Puppo, and D. Touati. 2000. Critical protective role of bacterial superoxide dismutase in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Mol. Microbiol. 38:750-759.
157. Sarma, A.D., and D.W. Emerich. 2005. Global protein expression pattern of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids: A prelude to functional proteomics. Proteomics 5:4170-4184.
158. Sarma, A.D., P. Serfozo, K. Kahn, and P.A. Tipton. 1999. Identification and purification of hydroxyisourate hydrolase, a novel ureide-metabolizing enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 274:33863-33865.
159. Schubert, K.R. 1986. Products of biological nitrogen fixation in higher plants: Synthesis, transport, and metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 37:539-574.
160. Schuller, K.A., D.H. Turpin, and W.C. Plaxton. 1990. Metabolite regulation of partially purified soybean nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiol. 94:1429-1435.
161. Schuller, K.A., and D. Werner. 1993. Phosphorylation of soybean (Glycine max L.) nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in vitro decreases sensitivitiy to inhibition by L-malate. Plant Physiol. 101:1267-1273.
162. Sciotti, M.-A., A. Chanfron, H. Hennecke, and H.-M. Fischer. 2003. Disparate oxygen responsiveness of two regulatory cascades that control expression of symbiotic gene in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. J. Bacteriol. 185:5639-5642.
163. Shah, R., and D.W. Emerich. 2006. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase of Bradyrhizobium japonicum is not required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with soybean. J. Bacteriol. 188:7600-7608.
164. Shah, V.K., L.C. Davis, and W.J. Brill. 1975. Nitrogenase. VI. Acetylene reduction assay: Dependence of nitrogen fixation estimates on component ratio and acetylene concentration. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 384:353-359.
165. Silvente, S., L. Blanco, A. Camas, J.-L. Ortega, M. Ramirez, and M. Lara-Flores. 2002. Rhizobium etli mutant modulates carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 15:728-733.
166. Silvente S., A. Camas, and M. Lara. 2003. Heterogeneity of sucrose synthase genes in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): evidence for a nodule-enhanced sucrose synthase gene. J. Exp. Bot. 54:749-755.
167. Simonsen, A.C.W., and L. Rosendahl. 1999. Origin of de novo synthesized proteins in the different compartments of pea-Rhizobium symbiosomes. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 12:319-327.
168. Simpson, F.B., and R.H. Burris. 1984. A nitrogen pressure of 50 atmospheres does not prevent evolution of hydrogen by nitrogenase. Science 224:1095-1097.
169. Smith, M.T., and D.W. Emerich. 1993a. Alanine dehydrogenase from soybean nodule bacte- roids: Mechanism and pH studies. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1074-10753.
170. Smith, M.T., and D.W. Emerich. 1993b. Alanine dehydrogenase from soybean nodules bacte-roids. Purification and properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 304:379-385.
171. Smith, M.T., G.G. Preston, and D.W. Emerich. 1994. Development of acetate and pyruvate metabolic enzyme activities in soybean nodules. Symbiosis 17:33-42.
172. Stanford, C., K. Larsen, D.G. Barker, and J.V. Cullimore. 1993. Differential expression within the gluamine synthease gene family of the model legume, Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol. 103:73-81.
173. Streeter, J.G. 1980. Carbohydrates in soybean nodules II. Distribution of compounds in seedlings during the onset of nitrogen fixation. Plant Physiol. 66:471-476.
174. Streeter, J.G. 1981. Seasonal distribution of carbohydrates in nodules and stem exudate from field grown soya bean plants. Ann. Bot. (London) 48:441-450.
175. Streeter, J.G. 1982. Enzymes of sucrose, maltose and a, a-trehalose catabolism in soybean root nodules. Planta 155:112-115.
176. Streeter, J.G. 1987. Carbohydrate, organic acid, and amino acid composition of bacteroids and cytosol from soybean nodules. Plant Physiol. 85:768-773.
177. Streeter, J.G. 1989. Analysis of periplasmic enzymes in intact cultured bacteria and bacte- roids of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar phaseoli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:3477-3484.
178. Streeter, J.G., and D. Le Rudulier. 1990. Release of periplasmic enzymes from Rhizobium leguminosarium bv phaseoli bacteroids by lysozyme is enhanced by pretreatment of cells at low pH. Curr. Microbiol. 21:169-173.
179. Stumpf, D.K., and R.H. Burris. 1979. A micromethod for the purification and quantification of organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in plant tissues. Anal. Biochem. 95:311-315.
180. Suganuma, N., M. Kitou, and Y. Yamamoto. 1987. Carbon metabolism in relation to cellular organization of soybean root nodules and respiration of mitochondria aided by leghe- moglobin. Plant Cell Physiol. 28:113-122.
181. Suganuma, N., A. Yamamoto, A. Itou, T. Hakoyama, M. Banba, S. Hata, M. Kawaguchi, and H. Kouchi. 2004. cDNA macroarray analysis of gene expression in ineffective nodules induced on the Louus japonicus sen1 mutant. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 17:1223-1233.
182. Tajima, S., and T.A. La Rue. 1982. Enzymes for acetaldehyde and ethanol formation in legume nodules. Plant Physiol. 70:388-392.
183. Temple, S.J., S. Kunjibettu, D. Roche, and C. Sengupta-Gopalan. 1996. Total glutamine synthetase activity during soybean nodule development is controlled at the level of transcription and holoprotein turnover. Plant Physiol. 112:1723-1733.
184. Tesfaye, M., D.A. Samac, and C.P. Vance. 2006. Insights into symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 19:330-341.
185. Thony-Meyer, L., and P. Kunzler. 1996. The Bradyrhizobium japonicum aconitase gene (acnA) is important for free-living growth but not for an effective root-nodule symbiosis. J. Bacteriol. 178:6166-6172.
186. Thummler, F., and D.P.S. Verma. 1987. Nodulin-100 of soybean is the subunit of sucrose synthease regualted by the availability of free heme in nodules. J. Biol. Chem. 262:14730-14736.
187. Todd, C.D., P.A. Tipton, D.G. Blevins, P. Piedras, M. Pineda, and J.C. Polacco. 2006. Update on ureide degradation in legumes. J. Exp. Bot. 57:5-12.
188. Trinchant, J.C., A.M. Birot, and J. Rigaud. 1981. Oxygen supply and energy-yielding substrates for nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by bacteroid preparations. J. Gen. Microbiol. 125:159-165.
189. Trinchant, J.C., V. Guerin, and J. Rigaud. 1994. Acetylene reduction by symbiosomes and free bacteroids from Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.) nodules. Plant Physiol. 105:555-561.
190. Tyerman, S.D., L.F. Whitehead, and D.A. Day. 1995. A channel-like transporter for NH4+ on the symbiotic interface of N2-fixing plants. Nature 378:629-632.
191. Udvardi, M.K., and D.A. Day. 1989. Electrogenic ATPase activity on the peribacteroid membrane of soybean (Glycine max L.) root nodules. Plant Physiol. 90:982-987.
192. Udvardi, M.K., and D.A. Day. 1997. Metabolite transport across symbiotic membranes of legume nodules. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:493-523.
193. Udvardi, M.K., C.L. Salom, and D.A. Day. 1988. Transport of L-glutamate across the bacte- roid membrane but not the peribacteroid membrane from soybean root nodules. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 1:250-254.
194. Udvardi, M.K., L.-J.O. Yang, S. Young, and D.A. Day. 1990. Sugar and amino acid transport across symbiotic membranes from soybean nodules. Mol. Plant Microbe In. 3:334-340.
195. Valpuesto, V., and M.A. Botella. 2004. Biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid in plants: New pathways for an old antioxidant. Trends Plant Sci. 9:573-577.
196. Vance, C.P. 2000. Amide biosynthesis in root ndoules of temperate legumes. p. 589-607. In E.W. Triplett (ed.) Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation: A model system for analysis of a biochemical process. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, UK.
197. Vance, C.P., and J.S. Gantt. 1992. Control of nitrogen and carbon metabolism in root-nodules. Physiol. Plant. 85:266-274.
198. Vance, C.P., R.G. Gregerson, D.B. Robinsson, S.S. Miller, and J.S. Gantt. 1994. Primary assimilation of nitrogen in alfalfa nodules- molecular-features of the enzymes involved. Plant Sci. 101:51-64.
199. Vance, C.P., and G.H. Heichel. 1991. Carbon in N2 fixation: Limitation or exquisite adaptation. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:373-392.
200. Vandenbosch, K.A., and E.H. New comb. 1988. The occurrence of leghemoglobin protein in the uninfected interstitial cells of soybean root nodules. Planta 175:422-451.
201. Wadham, C., H. Winter, and K.A. Schuller. 1996. Regulation of soybean nodule phospho- enolpyruvate carboxylase in vivo. Physiol. Plant. 97:531-535.
202. Wang, C., M. Saldanha, X. Sheng, K.J. Shelswell, K.T. Walsh, B.W.S. Sobral, and T.C. Charles. 2007. Roles of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and glycogen in symbiosis of Sinorhizo- bium meliloti with Medicago sp. Microbiology 153:388-3998.
203. Warshaw, D.L., A. Wilkinson, M. Mundy, M. Shith, and PS. Poole. 1997. Regulation of the TCA cycle and the general amino acaid permease by overflow metabolism in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Microbiology 143:2209-2221.
204. Waters, J.K., B.L. Hughes, L.C. Purcell, K.O. Gerhardt, T.P. Mawhinney, and D.W. Emerich. 1998. Alanine, not ammonia is excreted from N2-fixing soybean nodule bacteroids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12038-12042. 2
205. Wells, D.H., E.J. Chen, R.F. Fisher, and S.R. Long. 2007. ExoR is genetically coupled to the ExoS-Chvl two-component system and located in the periplasm of Sinorhizobium meli- loti. Mol. Microbiol. 64:647-664.
206. Werner, D. 1992. Physiology of nitrogen-fixing legume nodules: Compartments and functions. p. 399-431. In G. Stacey et al. (ed.) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman & Hall, New York.
207. White, J., J. Prell, E.K. James, and P. Poole. 2007. Nutrient sharing between symbionts. Plant Physiol. 144:604-614.
208. Whitehead, L.F., S.D. Yerman, C.L. Salom, and D.A. Day. 1995. Transport of fixed nitrogen across symbiotic membranes of legume nodules. Symbiosis 19:141-154.
209. Wienkoop, S., and G. Saalbach. 2003. Proteome analysis: Novel proteins identified at the peribacteroid membrane from Lotus japonicus root nodules. Plant Physiol. 131:1080-1090.
210. Zhang, K., C. McKinlay, C.H. Hocart, and M.A. Djordevic. 2006. The Medicago truncatula small protein proteome and peptidome. J. Proteome Res. 5:3355-3367.
211. Zhang, X.Q., and R. Chollet. 1997. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein kinase from soybean root nodules: Partial purification, characterization, and up/down-regulation by photosynthate supply from the shoots. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 343:260-268.
212. Zhang, X.Q., B. Li, and R. Chollet. 1995. In vivo regulatory phosphorylation of soybean root nodule phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Plant Physiol. 108:1561-1568.