메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 352-362

COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of gastrointestinal tract complications and myocardial infarction: An instrumental variable analysis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DICLOFENAC; ETORICOXIB; IBUPROFEN; MELOXICAM; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ROFECOXIB; VALDECOXIB;

EID: 84876289716     PISSN: 10443983     EISSN: 15315487     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318289e024     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 79955023419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of instrumental variable in prescription drug research with observational data: A systematic review
    • Chen Y, Briesacher BA. Use of instrumental variable in prescription drug research with observational data: a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:687-700.
    • (2011) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.64 , pp. 687-700
    • Chen, Y.1    Briesacher, B.A.2
  • 2
    • 0346880128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifcation of causal effects using instrumental variables
    • Angrist JD, Imbens G W, Rubin DB. identifcation of causal effects using instrumental variables. J Am Stat Assoc. 1996;91:444-455.
    • (1996) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.91 , pp. 444-455
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Imbens, G.W.2    Rubin, D.B.3
  • 3
    • 0039552198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using Maimonides' rule to estimate the effect of class size on scholastic achievement
    • Angrist JD, Lavy V. Using Maimonides' rule to estimate the effect of class size on scholastic achievement. Quarterly J Econ. 1999;114:533-575.
    • (1999) Quarterly J Econ. , vol.114 , pp. 533-575
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Lavy, V.2
  • 4
    • 0035865273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer in the elderly: Instrumental variable and propensity analysis
    • Earle CC, Tsai JS, Gelber RD, Weinstein MC, Neumann PJ, Weeks JC. effectiveness of chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer in the elderly: instrumental variable and propensity analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1064-1070.
    • (2001) J Clin Oncol. , vol.19 , pp. 1064-1070
    • Earle, C.C.1    Tsai, J.S.2    Gelber, R.D.3    Weinstein, M.C.4    Neumann, P.J.5    Weeks, J.C.6
  • 5
    • 28244481060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: Mendelian randomisation study
    • Timpson NJ, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, et al. c-reactive protein and its role in metabolic syndrome: Mendelian randomisation study. Lancet. 2005;366:1954-1959.
    • (2005) Lancet. , vol.366 , pp. 1954-1959
    • Timpson, N.J.1    Lawlor, D.A.2    Harbord, R.M.3
  • 6
    • 18444405551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What can Mendelian randomisation tell us about modifable behavioural and environmental exposures?
    • Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. What can Mendelian randomisation tell us about modifable behavioural and environmental exposures? BMJ. 2005;330:1076-1079.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.330 , pp. 1076-1079
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Ebrahim, S.2
  • 7
    • 11144249296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods to assess intended effects of drug treatment in observational studies are reviewed
    • Klungel OH, Martens e P, Psaty BM, et al. Methods to assess intended effects of drug treatment in observational studies are reviewed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:1223-1231.
    • (2004) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.57 , pp. 1223-1231
    • Klungel, O.H.1    Martens, E.P.2    Psaty, B.M.3
  • 9
    • 0035585156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of limited dependent variable models with dummy endogenous regressors
    • Angrist JD. estimation of limited dependent variable models with dummy endogenous regressors. J Bus Econ Stat. 2001;19:2-28.
    • (2001) J Bus Econ Stat. , vol.19 , pp. 2-28
    • Angrist, J.D.1
  • 10
    • 33646802964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating short-term drug effects using a physician-specifc prescribing preference as an instrumental variable
    • Brookhart MA, Wang PS, Solomon DH, Schneeweiss S. evaluating short-term drug effects using a physician-specifc prescribing preference as an instrumental variable. Epidemiology. 2006;17:268-275.
    • (2006) Epidemiology. , vol.17 , pp. 268-275
    • Brookhart, M.A.1    Wang, P.S.2    Solomon, D.H.3    Schneeweiss, S.4
  • 11
    • 33750965282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous assessment of short-term gastrointestinal benefts and cardiovascular risks of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinfammatory drugs: An instrumental variable analysis
    • Schneeweiss S, Solomon DH, Wang PS, Rassen J, Brookhart MA. Simultaneous assessment of short-term gastrointestinal benefts and cardiovascular risks of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinfammatory drugs: an instrumental variable analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3390-3398.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.54 , pp. 3390-3398
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Solomon, D.H.2    Wang, P.S.3    Rassen, J.4    Brookhart, M.A.5
  • 12
    • 59649102811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variable analysis for estimation of treatment effects with di-chotomous outcomes
    • Rassen JA, Schneeweiss S, Glynn RJ, Mittleman MA, Brookhart MA. instrumental variable analysis for estimation of treatment effects with di-chotomous outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:273-284.
    • (2009) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.169 , pp. 273-284
    • Rassen, J.A.1    Schneeweiss, S.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Mittleman, M.A.4    Brookhart, M.A.5
  • 13
    • 39549100109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aprotinin during coronary-artery bypass grafting and risk of death
    • Schneeweiss S, Seeger JD, Landon J, Walker AM. aprotinin during coronary-artery bypass grafting and risk of death. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:771-783.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med. , vol.358 , pp. 771-783
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Seeger, J.D.2    Landon, J.3    Walker, A.M.4
  • 14
    • 11844249366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Medicare database review found that physician preferences increasingly outweighed patient characteristics as determinants of frst-time prescriptions for cOX-2 inhibitors
    • Schneeweiss S, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Solomon DH. a Medicare database review found that physician preferences increasingly outweighed patient characteristics as determinants of frst-time prescriptions for cOX-2 inhibitors. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58:98-102.
    • (2005) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.58 , pp. 98-102
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Glynn, R.J.2    Avorn, J.3    Solomon, D.H.4
  • 15
    • 77749254796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in routine care of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
    • Rassen JA, Mittleman MA, Glynn RJ, Alan Brookhart M, Schneeweiss S. Safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in routine care of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:561-572.
    • (2010) Eur Heart J. , vol.31 , pp. 561-572
    • Rassen, J.A.1    Mittleman, M.A.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Alan Brookhart, M.4    Schneeweiss, S.5
  • 16
    • 70350574644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variables i: Instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships
    • Rassen JA, Brookhart MA, Glynn RJ, Mittleman MA, Schneeweiss S. instrumental variables i: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1226-1232.
    • (2009) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.62 , pp. 1226-1232
    • Rassen, J.A.1    Brookhart, M.A.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Mittleman, M.A.4    Schneeweiss, S.5
  • 17
    • 34848867585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the validity of an instrumental variable study of neu-roleptics: Can between-physician differences in prescribing patterns be used to estimate treatment effects?
    • Brookhart MA, Rassen JA, Wang PS, Dormuth C, Mogun H, Schnee-weiss S. evaluating the validity of an instrumental variable study of neu-roleptics: can between-physician differences in prescribing patterns be used to estimate treatment effects? Med Care. 2007;45(10 suppl 2):S116-S122.
    • (2007) Med Care. , vol.45 , Issue.10 SUPPL. 21
    • Brookhart, M.A.1    Rassen, J.A.2    Wang, P.S.3    Dormuth, C.4    Mogun, H.5    Schnee-Weiss, S.6
  • 18
    • 77953519101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variable methods in comparative safety and effectiveness research
    • Brookhart MA, Rassen JA, Schneeweiss S. instrumental variable methods in comparative safety and effectiveness research. Pharmacoepide-miol Drug Saf. 2010;19:537-554.
    • (2010) Pharmacoepide-miol Drug Saf. , vol.19 , pp. 537-554
    • Brookhart, M.A.1    Rassen, J.A.2    Schneeweiss, S.3
  • 19
    • 28244431743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of death in elderly users of conventional VS. atypical antipsychotic medications
    • Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, et al. risk of death in elderly users of conventional VS. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2335-2341.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med. , vol.353 , pp. 2335-2341
    • Wang, P.S.1    Schneeweiss, S.2    Avorn, J.3
  • 20
    • 33947264305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsy-chotic drugs among elderly patients
    • Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Brookhart A, Dormuth C, Wang PS. risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsy-chotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ. 2007;176:627-632.
    • (2007) CMAJ. , vol.176 , pp. 627-632
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Setoguchi, S.2    Brookhart, A.3    Dormuth, C.4    Wang, P.S.5
  • 21
    • 66149158545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology, data sharing, and the challenge of scientifc replication
    • Hernán MA, Wilcox AJ. epidemiology, data sharing, and the challenge of scientifc replication. Epidemiology. 2009;20:167-168.
    • (2009) Epidemiology. , vol.20 , pp. 167-168
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Wilcox, A.J.2
  • 22
    • 70350564880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variables ii: Instrumental variable application-in 25 variations, the physician prescribing preference generally was strong and reduced covariate imbalance
    • Rassen JA, Brookhart MA, Glynn RJ, Mittleman MA, Schneeweiss S. instrumental variables ii: instrumental variable application-in 25 variations, the physician prescribing preference generally was strong and reduced covariate imbalance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:1233-1241.
    • (2009) J Clin Epidemiol. , vol.62 , pp. 1233-1241
    • Rassen, J.A.1    Brookhart, M.A.2    Glynn, R.J.3    Mittleman, M.A.4    Schneeweiss, S.5
  • 24
    • 0034644396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-infammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The claSS study: A randomized controlled trial
    • Silverstein F, Faich G, Goldstein J, et al. gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-infammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the claSS study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;284:1247-1255.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.284 , pp. 1247-1255
    • Silverstein, F.1    Faich, G.2    Goldstein, J.3
  • 25
    • 0034707105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, et al. comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. New Engl J Med. 2000;343:1520-1528.
    • (2000) New Engl J Med. , vol.343 , pp. 1520-1528
    • Bombardier, C.1    Laine, L.2    Reicin, A.3
  • 26
    • 37849042876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preference-based instrumental variable methods for the estimation of treatment effects: Assessing validity and interpreting results
    • Brookhart MA, Schneeweiss S. Preference-based instrumental variable methods for the estimation of treatment effects: assessing validity and interpreting results. Int J Biostat. 2007;3:article 14
    • (2007) Int J Biostat. , vol.3 , pp. 14
    • Brookhart, M.A.1    Schneeweiss, S.2
  • 28
    • 84885475733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed 20 October 2010, Available at: http://www.gprd.com/home/home. asp. accessed 20 October 2010.
  • 29
    • 72949102852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation and validity of diagnoses in the general Practice research Database: A systematic review
    • Herrett E, Thomas SL, Schoonen WM, Smeeth L, Hall AJ. Validation and validity of diagnoses in the general Practice research Database: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;69:4-14
    • (2010) Br J Clin Pharmacol. , vol.69 , pp. 4-14
    • Herrett, E.1    Thomas, S.L.2    Schoonen, W.M.3    Smeeth, L.4    Hall, A.J.5
  • 30
    • 77953038445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of diagnostic coding within the general Practice research Database: A systematic review
    • Khan n F, Harrison SE, Rose P W. Validity of diagnostic coding within the general Practice research Database: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2010;60:e128-e136.
    • (2010) Br J Gen Pract. , vol.60
    • Khann, F.1    Harrison, S.E.2    Rose, P.W.3
  • 31
    • 70449417778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population impact of regulatory activity restricting prescribing of cOX-2 inhibitors: Ecological study
    • Wheeler B W, Metcalfe C, Gunnell D, Stephens P, Martin RM. Population impact of regulatory activity restricting prescribing of cOX-2 inhibitors: ecological study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;68:752-764.
    • (2009) Br J Clin Pharmacol. , vol.68 , pp. 752-764
    • Wheeler, B.W.1    Metcalfe, C.2    Gunnell, D.3    Stephens, P.4    Martin, R.M.5
  • 32
  • 33
    • 70450197206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive predictive value of computerized medical records for uncomplicated and complicated upper gastrointestinal ulcer
    • Margulis AV, García rodríguez LA, Hernández- Díaz S. Positive predictive value of computerized medical records for uncomplicated and complicated upper gastrointestinal ulcer. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:900-909.
    • (2009) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.18 , pp. 900-909
    • Margulis, A.V.1    García Rodríguez, L.A.2    Hernández- Díaz, S.3
  • 34
    • 33748106661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instruments for causal inference: An epidemiologist's dream?
    • Hernán MA, Robins JM. instruments for causal inference: an epidemiologist's dream? Epidemiology. 2006;17:360-372.
    • (2006) Epidemiology. , vol.17 , pp. 360-372
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 35
    • 80051526726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the variance of the prescribing preference-based instrumental variable estimates of the treatment effect
    • Abrahamowicz M, Beauchamp ME, Ionescuittu R, Delaney JA, Pilote L. reducing the variance of the prescribing preference-based instrumental variable estimates of the treatment effect. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174:494-502.
    • (2011) Am J Epidemiol. , vol.174 , pp. 494-502
    • Abrahamowicz, M.1    Beauchamp, M.E.2    Ionescuittu, R.3    Delaney, J.A.4    Pilote, L.5
  • 36
    • 78751695197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs: Network meta-analysis
    • Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, et al. cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:c7086.
    • (2011) BMJ. , vol.342
    • Trelle, S.1    Reichenbach, S.2    Wandel, S.3
  • 37
    • 0000095552 scopus 로고
    • A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity
    • White H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica. 1980;48:817-838.
    • (1980) Econometrica. , vol.48 , pp. 817-838
    • White, H.1
  • 39
    • 77956192940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifcation of causal effects on binary outcomes using structural mean models
    • Clarke PS, Windmeijer F. identifcation of causal effects on binary outcomes using structural mean models. Biostatistics. 2010;11:756-770.
    • (2010) Biostatistics. , vol.11 , pp. 756-770
    • Clarke, P.S.1    Windmeijer, F.2
  • 41
    • 0004296209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper Saddle river, nJ: Prentice Hall
    • Greene W. Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle river, nJ: Prentice Hall; 2002.
    • (2002) Econometric Analysis
    • Greene, W.1
  • 42
    • 0000414660 scopus 로고
    • Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators
    • Hansen L P. large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica. 1982;50:1029-1054.
    • (1982) Econometrica. , vol.50 , pp. 1029-1054
    • Hansen, L.P.1
  • 43
    • 30244508525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bounds on treatment effects from studies with imperfect compliance
    • Balke A, Pearl J. Bounds on treatment effects from studies with imperfect compliance. J Am Stat Assoc. 1997;92:1171-1176.
    • (1997) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.92 , pp. 1171-1176
    • Balke, A.1    Pearl, J.2
  • 44
    • 80053970521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonparametric bounds for the causal effect in a binary instrumental variable model
    • Palmer T, Ramsahai R, Didelez V, Sheehan N. Nonparametric bounds for the causal effect in a binary instrumental variable model. Stata J. 2011;3:345-367.
    • (2011) Stata J. , vol.3 , pp. 345-367
    • Palmer, T.1    Ramsahai, R.2    Didelez, V.3    Sheehan, N.4
  • 45
    • 84922353689 scopus 로고
    • Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity
    • Angrist JD, Imbens G W. Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity. J Am Stat Assoc. 1995;90:431-442.
    • (1995) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.90 , pp. 431-442
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Imbens, G.W.2
  • 46
    • 1542742382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference without counterfactuals
    • Dawid A P. causal inference without counterfactuals. J Am Stat Assoc. 2000;95:407-424.
    • (2000) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.95 , pp. 407-424
    • Dawid, A.P.1
  • 48
    • 84923818429 scopus 로고
    • Better bootstrap confdence intervals
    • Efron B. Better bootstrap confdence intervals. J Am Stat Assoc. 1987;82:171-185
    • (1987) J Am Stat Assoc. , vol.82 , pp. 171-185
    • Efron, B.1
  • 49
    • 84858308626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statacorp, college Station, tX: Statacorp lP
    • Statacorp. Stata Statistical Software: release 12. college Station, tX: Statacorp lP; 2011.
    • (2011) Stata Statistical Software: Release 12
  • 51
    • 74049096803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of cost effectiveness using data from randomized trials or actual clinical practice: Selective cox-2 inhibitors as an example
    • Van Staa T P, Leufkens HG, Zhang B, Smeeth L. a comparison of cost effectiveness using data from randomized trials or actual clinical practice: selective cox-2 inhibitors as an example. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000194.
    • (2009) PLoS Med. , vol.6
    • Van Staa, T.P.1    Leufkens, H.G.2    Zhang, B.3    Smeeth, L.4
  • 52
    • 28544433318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs: Population based nested case-control analysis
    • Hippisley-cox J, Coupland C, Logan R. risk of adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. BMJ. 2005;331:1310-1316.
    • (2005) BMJ. , vol.331 , pp. 1310-1316
    • Hippisley-Cox, J.1    Coupland, C.2    Logan, R.3
  • 53
    • 22444441665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs: Population based nested case-control analysis
    • Hippisley-cox J, Coupland C. risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-infammatory drugs: population based nested case-control analysis. BMJ. 2005;330:1366.
    • (2005) BMJ. , vol.330 , pp. 1366
    • Hippisley-Cox, J.1    Coupland, C.2
  • 54
    • 33644925871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction in men and women aged 55 and older: The rotterdam Study
    • De Torbal A, Boersma E, Kors JA, et al. incidence of recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction in men and women aged 55 and older: the rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:729-736.
    • (2006) Eur Heart J. , vol.27 , pp. 729-736
    • De Torbal, A.1    Boersma, E.2    Kors, J.A.3
  • 55
    • 80655144428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suboptimal gastroprotec-tive coverage of nSaiD use and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers: An observational study using three european databases
    • Van Soest EM, Valkhoff VE, Mazzaglia G, et al. Suboptimal gastroprotec-tive coverage of nSaiD use and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers: an observational study using three european databases. Gut. 2011;60:1650-1659.
    • (2011) Gut. , vol.60 , pp. 1650-1659
    • Van Soest, E.M.1    Valkhoff, V.E.2    Mazzaglia, G.3
  • 57
    • 0141729308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to combat with confounding by indication in observational studies of intended drug effects
    • McMahon AD. approaches to combat with confounding by indication in observational studies of intended drug effects. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2003;12:551-558.
    • (2003) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. , vol.12 , pp. 551-558
    • McMahon, A.D.1
  • 58
    • 0001093804 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experimental data
    • Lalonde R. evaluating the econometric evaluations of training programs with experimental data. Am Econ Rev. 1986;76:604-620.
    • (1986) Am Econ Rev. , vol.76 , pp. 604-620
    • Lalonde, R.1
  • 59
    • 3242892070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: The hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: Is this the death of observational epidemiology?
    • Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. commentary: the hormone replacement-coronary heart disease conundrum: is this the death of observational epidemiology? Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:464-467.
    • (2004) Int J Epidemiol. , vol.33 , pp. 464-467
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Davey Smith, G.2    Ebrahim, S.3
  • 60
    • 2442678802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Those confounded vitamins: What can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?
    • Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Kundu D, Bruckdorfer KR, Ebrahim S. those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence? Lancet. 2004;363:1724-1727.
    • (2004) Lancet. , vol.363 , pp. 1724-1727
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Davey Smith, G.2    Kundu, D.3    Bruckdorfer, K.R.4    Ebrahim, S.5
  • 61
    • 0032501528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spurious precision? Meta-analy-sis of observational studies
    • Egger M, Schneider M, Davey Smith G. Spurious precision? Meta-analy-sis of observational studies. BMJ. 1998;316:140-144
    • (1998) BMJ. , vol.316 , pp. 140-144
    • Egger, M.1    Schneider, M.2    Davey Smith, G.3
  • 62
    • 79955072737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new world of data linkages in clinical epidemiology: Are we being brave or foolhardy?
    • Weiss NS. the new world of data linkages in clinical epidemiology: are we being brave or foolhardy? Epidemiology. 2011;22:292-294.
    • (2011) Epidemiology. , vol.22 , pp. 292-294
    • Weiss, N.S.1
  • 63
    • 79955075235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonexperimen-tal comparative effectiveness research using linked healthcare databases
    • Stürmer T, Jonsson Funk M, Poole C, Brookhart MA. nonexperimen-tal comparative effectiveness research using linked healthcare databases. Epidemiology. 2011;22:298-301.
    • (2011) Epidemiology. , vol.22 , pp. 298-301
    • Stürmer, T.1    Jonsson Funk, M.2    Poole, C.3    Brookhart, M.A.4
  • 64
    • 0037322022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Mendelian randomization": Can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?
    • Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. "Mendelian randomization": can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:1-22.
    • (2003) Int J Epidemiol. , vol.32 , pp. 1-22
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Ebrahim, S.2
  • 65
    • 79955071823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • With great data comes great responsibility: Publishing comparative effectiveness research in epidemiology
    • Hernán MA. With great data comes great responsibility: publishing comparative effectiveness research in epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2011;22:290-291.
    • (2011) Epidemiology. , vol.22 , pp. 290-291
    • Hernán, M.A.1
  • 66
    • 79957497518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pragmatist's guide to comparative effectiveness research
    • Chandra A, Jena AB, Skinner JS. the pragmatist's guide to comparative effectiveness research. J Econ Perspect. 2011;25:27-46.
    • (2011) J Econ Perspect. , vol.25 , pp. 27-46
    • Chandra, A.1    Jena, A.B.2    Skinner, J.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.