Imaging biomarkers to track subclinical atherosclerosis in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Clinical Lipidology

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 231-242

  Miname, Marcio H ^a   Santos, Raul D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

atherosclerosis; cardiovascular risk stratification; carotid intima media thickness; carotid ultrasound; computed tomography; coronary calcification; familial hypercholesterolemia; MRI; statin; subclinical atherosclerosis; ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; AORTA ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ARTERY INTIMA PROLIFERATION; B SCAN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAROTID ARTERIOGRAPHY; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE MARKER; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

EID: 84875919777     PISSN: 17584299     EISSN: 17584302     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.4     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Civeira F. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 173(1), 55-68 (2004
2. Austin M, Hutter C, Zimmern R et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease: A huge association review. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160(5), 421-429 (2004
3. Stone NJ, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS et al. Coronary artery disease in 116 kindred with familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Circulation 49(3), 476-488 (1974
4. Slack J. Risks of ischaemic heart-stdisease in familial hyperlipoproteinaemic states. Lancet 2(7635), 1380-1382 (1969
5. Mortality in treated heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: Implications for clinical management. Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group. Atherosclerosis 142(1), 105-112 (1999
6. Mohrschladt MF, Westendorp RG, Gevers Leuven JA, Smelt AH. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in statin-sttreated patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 172(2), 329-335 (2004
7. Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group. BMJ 303(6807), 893-896 (1991
8. Jansen AC, Aalst-stCohen ES, Tanck MW et al. The contribution of classical risk factors to cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia: Data in 2400 patients. J. Intern. Med. 256(6), 482-490 (2004
9. Robinson JG, Goldberg AC. Treatment of adults with familial hypercholesterolemia and evidence for treatment: Recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J. Clin. Lipidol. 5(Suppl. 3), S18-S29 (2011
10. Gidding SS, Bookstein LC, Chomka EV. Usefulness of electron beam tomography in adolescents and young adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 98(23), 2580-2583 (1998
11. Santos RD, Meneghelo RS, Chacra AP et al. Detection of subclinical atherosclerosis by electron beam tomography in females with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart 90(1), 92-94 (2004
12. Martinez LR, Miname MH, Bortolotto LA et al. No correlation and low agreement of imaging and inflammatory atherosclerosis' markers in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 200(1), 83-88 (2008
13. Neefjes LA, Ten Kate GJ, Rossi A et al. CT coronary plaque burden in asymptomatic patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart 97(14), 1151-1157 (2011
14. Neefjes LA, Ten Kate GJ, Alexia R et al. Accelerated subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 219(2), 721-727 (2011
15. Wendelhag I, Wiklund O, Wikstrand J. Arterial wall thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia. Ultrasound measurement of intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery. Arterioscler. Thromb. 12(1), 70-77 (1992
16. Wiegman A, de Groot E, Hutten BA et al. Arterial intima-media thickness in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet 363(9406), 369-370 (2004
17. Caballero P, Alonso R, Rosado P et al. Detection of subclinical atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia using non-stinvasive imaging modalities. Atherosclerosis 222(2), 468-472 (2012
18. Arad Y, Goodman KJ, Roth M et al. Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-streactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: The St. Francis Heart Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(1), 158-165 (2005
19. Pletcher MJ, Tice JA, Pignone M et al. Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events: A systematic review and meta-stanalysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 164(12), 1285-1292 (2004
20. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L et al. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann. Intern. Med. 128(4), 262-269 (1998
21. Lorenz MW, Polak JF, Kavousi M et al. PROG-stIMT Study Group. Carotid intima-media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-stIMT collaborative project): A meta-stanalysis of individual participant data. Lancet 379(9831), 2053-2062 (2012
22. Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A et al. Electron-stbeam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: A 37stmonth follow-stup of 5635 initially asymptomatic low-st to intermediate-strisk adults. Circulation 107(20), 2571-2576 (2003
23. Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(13), 1336-1345 (2008
24. Erbel R, Möhlenkamp S, Moebus S et al. Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. The Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 56(17), 1397-1406 (2010
25. Min JK, Dunning A, Lin FY et al. Age-st and sex-strelated differences in all-stcause mortality risk based on coronary computed tomography angiography findings results from the International Multicenter CONFIRM (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry) of 23,854 patients without known coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58(8), 849-860 (2011
26. Cho I, Chang HJ, Sung JM et al. On behalf of the CONFIRM Investigators. Coronary computed tomographic angiography and risk of all-stcause mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in subjects without chest pain syndrome from the CONFIRM registry (Coronary CT Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry). Circulation 126(3), 304-313 (2012
27. Falk E, Shah PK. The SHAPE guideline: Ahead of its time or just in time? Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 13(5), 345-352 (2011
28. Santos RD, Nasir K. Insights into atherosclerosis from invasive and non-stinvasive imaging studies: Should we treat subclinical atherosclerosis? Atherosclerosis 205(2), 349-356 (2009
29. Voros S, Rivera JJ, Berman DS et al. Guideline for minimizing radiation exposure during acquisition of coronary artery calcium scans with the use of multidetector computed tomography: A report by the Society for Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention Tomographic Imaging and Prevention Councils in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr. 5(2), 75-83 (2011
30. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15(4), 827-832 (1990
31. Santos RD, Nasir K, Rumberger JA et al. Difference in atherosclerosis burden in different nations and continents assessed by coronary artery calcium. Atherosclerosis 187(2), 378-384 (2006
32. Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 122(25), e584-e636 (2010
33. Sarwar A, Shaw LJ, Shapiro MD et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 2(6), 675-688 (2009
34. Hsiao EM, Rybicki FJ, Steigner M. CT coronary angiography: 256-stslice and 320-stdetector row scanners. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 12(1), 68-75 (2010
35. Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M et al. Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-strow CT. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(22), 2324-2336 (2008
36. Motoyama S, Sarai M, Harigaya H et al. Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54(1), 49-57 (2009
37. Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 34(4), 290-296 (2012
38. Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H et al. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): A prospective, randomised, double-stblind trial. Lancet 357(9256), 577-581 (2001
39. Howard BV, Roman MJ, Devereux RB et al. Effect of lower targets for blood pressure and LDL cholesterol on atherosclerosis in diabetes: The SANDS randomized trial. JAMA 299(14), 1678-1689 (2008
40. Nambi V, Chambless L, Folsom AR et al. Carotid intima-media thickness and presence or absence of plaque improves prediction of coronary heart disease risk: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 55(15), 1600-1607 (2010
41. Yeboah J, McClelland RL, Polonsky TS et al. Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-strisk individuals. JAMA 308(8), 788-795 (2012
42. Den Ruijter HM, Peters SA, Anderson TJ et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction. A meta-stanalysis. JAMA 308(8), 796-803 (2012
43. Corti R, Fuster V. Imaging of atherosclerosis: Magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. Heart J. 32(14), 1709-1719 (2011
44. Noguchi T, Yamada N, Higashi M et al. High-stintensity signals in carotid plaques on T1-stweighted magnetic resonance imaging predict coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 58(4), 416-422 (2011
45. Harloff A, Simon J, Brendecke S et al. Complex plaques in the proximal descending aorta: An underestimated embolic source of stroke. Stroke 41(6), 1145-1145 (2010
46. Raggi P, Davidson M, Callister TQ et al. Aggressive versus moderate lipid-stlowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women: Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering with EBT Scanning (BELLES). Circulation 112(4), 563-571 (2005
47. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Roth M et al. Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E: The St. Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(1), 166-172 (2005
48. Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES et al.; ENHANCE Investigators. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(14), 1431-1443 (2008
49. Santos RD, Lorenzatti AJ, Barros CF et al. Discussants from a Clinical Lipidology Roundtable of Latin American Physicians. Clinical perspective: Have the results of recent clinical trials of lipid-stlowering therapies influenced the way we should practice? A Latin American perspective of current issues in clinical lipidology. J. Clin. Lipidol. 5(3), 124-132 (2011
50. Kastelein JJ, van Leuven SI, Burgess L et al. Effect of torcetrapib on carotid atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(16), 1620-1630 (2007
51. Bots ML, Visseren FL, Evans GW et al. Torcetrapib and carotid intima-media thickness in mixed dyslipidaemia (RADIANCE 2 study): A randomised, double-stblind trial. Lancet 370(9582), 153-160 (2007
52. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(21), 2109-2102 (2007
53. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M et al. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 367(22), 2089-2099 (2012
54. Takaya N, Liu F, Polissar NL, Neradilek B et al. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on carotid plaque morphology and composition in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients: A high-stresolution magnetic resonance imaging trial. Am. Heart J. 155(3), 584.e1-584.e8 (2008
55. Gidding SS, McMahan CA, McGill HC et al. Prediction of coronary artery calcium in young adults using the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) risk score: The CARDIA study. Arch. Intern. Med. 166(21), 2341-2347 (2006
56. Miname MH, Ribeiro MS 2nd, Parga Filho J et al. Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis by computed tomography coronary angiography and its association with risk factors in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 213(2), 486-491 (2010
57. Meijs M, Meijboom W, Bots M et al. Comparison of frequency of calcified versus non-calcified coronary lesions by computed tomographic angiography in patients with stable versus unstable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol. 104(3), 305-311 (2009
58. Rodenburg J, Vissers MN, Wiegman A et al. Statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: The younger, the better. Circulation 116(6), 664-668 (2007
59. Schmitz SA, O'Regan DP, Fitzpatrick J et al. Quantitative 3T MR imaging of the descending thoracic aorta: Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia have an increased aortic plaque burden despite long-stterm lipid-stlowering therapy. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 19(10), 1403-1408 (2008
60. Umans-stEckenhausen MA, Defesche JC, Sijbrands EJ et al. Review of first 5 years of screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia in The Netherlands. Lancet 357(9251), 165-168 (2001
61. Alonso R, Mata N, Castillo S et al. Cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia: Influence of low-density lipoprotein receptor mutation type and classic risk factors. Atherosclerosis 200(2), 315-321 (2008
62. Seed M, Hoppichler F, Reaveley D et al. Relation of serum lipoprotein(a) concentration and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype to coronary heart disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 322(21), 1494-1499 (1990
63. Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Yazdanpanah M et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: A long term cohort study. BMJ 337, a2423 (2008
64. Huijgen R, Kindt I, Verhoeven SB et al. Two years after molecular diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia: Majority on cholesterol-stlowering treatment but a minority reaches treatment goal. PLoS ONE 5(2), e9220 (2010
65. Raal FJ, Santos RD, Blom DJ et al. Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, for lowering of LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: A randomised, double-stblind, placebo-stcontrolled trial. Lancet 375(9719), 998-1006 (2010
66. Cuchel M, Meagher EA, du Toit Theron H et al. Efficacy and safety of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: A single-starm, open-stlabel, Phase 3 study. Lancet 381(9860), 40-46 (2013
67. Stein EA, Gipe D, Bergeron J et al. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, REGN727/SAR236553, to reduce low-stdensity lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on stable statin dose with or without ezetimibe therapy: A Phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380(9836), 29-36 (2012
68. Budoff MJ, Hokanson JE, Nasir K et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-stcause mortality. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 3(12), 1229-1236 (2010
69. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Shaw LJ. Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-stlowering therapy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24(7), 1272-1277 (2004