Use of illicit and prescription drugs for cognitive or mood enhancement among surgeons

BMC Medicine

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Franke, Andreas G ^a   Bagusat, Christiana ^a   Dietz, Pavel ^b   Hoffmann, Isabell ^a   Simon, Perikles ^b   Ulrich, Rolf ^c   Lieb, Klaus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER MAINZ   (Germany)

^b JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cognitive enhancement; Prescription drug(s); Stimulant(s); Surgeon(s)

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ILLICIT DRUG; PRESCRIPTION DRUG;

ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONFIDENTIALITY; DRUG ABUSE; HUMAN; INCOME; MOOD; QUESTIONNAIRE; SURGEON; WORKLOAD;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DRUG UTILIZATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; PHYSICIANS; PRESCRIPTION DRUGS; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; QUESTIONNAIRES; STREET DRUGS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84875888691     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17417015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-102     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Klein J, Grosse Frie K, Blum K, Von Dem Knesebeck O. Psychosocial stress at work and perceived quality of care among clinicians in surgery. BMC Health Serv Res 2011, 11:109. 10.1186/1472-6963-11-109, 3119178, 21599882.
2. Arora S, Sevdalis N, Nestel D, Woloshynowych M, Darzi A, Kneebone R. The impact of stress on surgical performance: a systematic review of the literature. Surgery 2010, 147:318-330. 330 e311-316, 10.1016/j.surg.2009.10.007, 20004924.
3. Balch CM, Shanafelt T. Combating stress and burnout in surgical practice: a review. Adv Surg 2010, 44:29-47. 10.1016/j.yasu.2010.05.018, 20919512.
4. Balch CM, Shanafelt TD, Dyrbye L, Sloan JA, Russell TR, Bechamps GJ, Freischlag JA. Surgeon distress as calibrated by hours worked and nights on call. J Am Coll Surg 2010, 211:609-619. 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.06.393, 20851643.
5. Bittner JG, Khan Z, Babu M, Hamed O. Stress, burnout, and maladaptive coping: strategies for surgeon well-being. Bull Am Coll Surg 2011, 96:17-22.
6. West CP, Tan AD, Habermann TM, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD. Association of resident fatigue and distress with perceived medical errors. JAMA 2009, 302:1294-1300. 10.1001/jama.2009.1389, 19773564.
7. Samkoff JS, Jacques CH. A review of studies concerning effects of sleep deprivation and fatigue on residents' performance. Acad Med 1991, 66:687-693. 10.1097/00001888-199111000-00013, 1747181.
8. Ramirez AJ, Graham J, Richards MA, Cull A, Gregory WM. Mental health of hospital consultants: the effects of stress and satisfaction at work. Lancet 1996, 347:724-728. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90077-X, 8602002.
9. Selmanovic S, Ramic E, Pranjic N, Brekalo-Lazarevic S, Pasic Z, Alic A. Stress at work and burnout syndrome in hospital doctors. Med Arh 2011, 65:221-224.
10. Warren OJ, Leff DR, Athanasiou T, Kennard C, Darzi A. The neurocognitive enhancement of surgeons: an ethical perspective. J Surg Res 2009, 152:167-172. 10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.761, 18394651.
11. Humayun MU, Rader RS, Pieramici DJ, Awh CC, De Juan E. Quantitative measurement of the effects of caffeine and propranolol on surgeon hand tremor. Arch Ophthalmol 1997, 115:371-374. 10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150373010, 9076210.
12. Franke AG, Lieb K. [Pharmacological neuroenhancement and brain doping: chances and risks]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2010, 53:853-859. 10.1007/s00103-010-1105-0, 20700786.
13. Repantis D, Laisney O, Heuser I. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Pharmacol Res 2010, 61:473-481. 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.02.009, 20193764.
14. Repantis D, Schlattmann P, Laisney O, Heuser I. Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Pharmacol Res 2010, 62:187-206. 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002, 20416377.
15. Randall DC, Fleck NL, Shneerson JM, File SE. The cognitive-enhancing properties of modafinil are limited in non-sleep-deprived middle-aged volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004, 77:547-555. 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.016, 15006466.
16. Randall DC, Viswanath A, Bharania P, Elsabagh SM, Hartley DE, Shneerson JM, File SE. Does modafinil enhance cognitive performance in young volunteers who are not sleep-deprived?. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005, 25:175-179. 10.1097/01.jcp.0000155816.21467.25, 15738750.
17. Turner DC, Robbins TW, Clark L, Aron AR, Dowson J, Sahakian BJ. Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 165:260-269.
18. Repantis D, Schlattmann P, Laisney O, Heuser I. Antidepressants for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Poiesis Prax 2009, 6:139-174.
19. Ilieva I, Boland J, Farah MJ. Objective and subjective cognitive enhancing effects of mixed amphetamine salts in healthy people. Neuropharmacology 2013, 64:496-505.
20. Kelley AM, Webb CM, Athy JR, Ley S, Gaydos S. Cognition enhancement by modafinil: a meta-analysis. Aviat Space Environ Med 2012, 83:685-690. 10.3357/ASEM.3212.2012, 22779312.
21. Hart CL, Haney M, Vosburg SK, Comer SD, Gunderson E, Foltin RW. Modafinil attenuates disruptions in cognitive performance during simulated night-shift work. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:1526-1536. 10.1038/sj.npp.1300991, 16395298.
22. Hart CL, Ward AS, Haney M, Nasser J, Foltin RW. Methamphetamine attenuates disruptions in performance and mood during simulated night-shift work. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 169:42-51.
23. Sugden C, Housden CR, Aggarwal R, Sahakian BJ, Darzi A. Effect of pharmacological enhancement on the cognitive and clinical psychomotor performance of sleep-deprived doctors: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2012, 255:222-227. 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182306c99, 21997802.
24. Killgore WD, Kahn-Greene ET, Grugle NL, Killgore DB, Balkin TJ. Sustaining executive functions during sleep deprivation: a comparison of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. Sleep 2009, 32:205-216. 2635585, 19238808.
25. Wesensten NJ. Effects of modafinil on cognitive performance and alertness during sleep deprivation. Curr Pharm Des 2006, 12:2457-2471. 10.2174/138161206777698819, 16842170.
26. Castaldi S, Gelatti U, Orizio G, Hartung U, Moreno-Londono AM, Nobile M, Schulz PJ. Use of cognitive enhancement medication among northern italian university students. J Addict Med 2012, 6:112-117. 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3182479584, 22456492.
27. Franke AG, Bonertz C, Christmann M, Huss M, Fellgiebel A, Hildt E, Lieb K. Non-medical use of prescription stimulants and illicit use of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in pupils and students in Germany. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011, 44:60-66. 10.1055/s-0030-1268417, 21161883.
28. Chatterjee A. Cosmetic neurology: the controversy over enhancing movement, mentation, and mood. Neurology 2004, 63:968-974. 10.1212/01.WNL.0000138438.88589.7C, 15452285.
29. Kramer P. Listening to Prozac 1993, New York: Penguin.
30. Franke AG, Christmann M, Bonertz C, Fellgiebel A, Huss M, Lieb K. Use of coffee, caffeinated drinks and caffeine tablets for cognitive enhancement in pupils and students in Germany. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011, 44:331-338.
31. Franke AG, Lieb K, Hildt E. What users think about the differences between caffeine and illicit/prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement. PLoS One 2012, 7:e40047. 10.1371/journal.pone.0040047, 3386931, 22768218.
32. Maher B. Poll results: look who's doping. Nature 2008, 452:674-675. 10.1038/452674a, 18401370.
33. Dietz P, Striegel H, Franke AG, Lieb K, Simon P, Ulrich R. Randomized response estimates for the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in university students. Pharmacotherapy 2013, 33:44-50. 10.1002/phar.1166, 23307544.
34. Striegel H, Ulrich R, Simon P. Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010, 106:230-232. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.026, 19740612.
35. Campbell AA. Randomized response technique. Science 1987, 236:1049.
36. Simon P, Striegel H, Aust F, Dietz K, Ulrich R. Doping in fitness sports: estimated number of unreported cases and individual probability of doping. Addiction 2006, 101:1640-1644. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01568.x, 17034444.
37. Striegel H, Ulrich R, Simon P. Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010, 106:230-232. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.026, 19740612.
38. Moshagen M, Musch J, Ostapczuk M, Zhao Z. Reducing socially desirable responses in epidemiologic surveys: an extension of the randomized-response technique. Epidemiology 2010, 21:379-382. 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d61dbc, 20386172.
39. Ulrich R, Schröter H, Striegel H, Simon P. Asking sensitive questions: a statistical power analysis of randomized response models. Psychol Methods 2012, 17:623-641.
40. Wilens TE, Adler LA, Adams J, Sgambati S, Rotrosen J, Sawtelle R, Utzinger L, Fusillo S. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008, 47:21-31. 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1, 18174822.
41. Sahakian B, Morein-Zamir S. Professor's little helper. Nature 2007, 450:1157-1159. 10.1038/4501157a, 18097378.
42. Partridge BJ, Bell SK, Lucke JC, Yeates S, Hall WD. Smart drugs "as common as coffee": media hype about neuroenhancement. PLoS One 2011, 6:e28416. 10.1371/journal.pone.0028416, 3227668, 22140584.
43. Deutsche Angestelltenkrankenkasse (DAK) Gesundheitsreport 2009. Analyse der Arbeitsunfähigkeitsdaten. Schwerpunktthema Doping am Arbeitsplatz 2009, Berlin/ Hamburg: DAK Forschung, IGES Institut GmbH, Deutsche Angestelltenkrankenkasse (DAK).
44. Partridge B, Bell S, Lucke J, Hall W. Australian university students' attitudes towards the use of prescription stimulants as cognitive enhancers: perceived patterns of use, efficacy and safety. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012,
45. Lucke JC, Bell S, Partridge B, Hall WD. Weak evidence for large claims contribute to the phantom debate. BioSocieties 2010, 5:482-483.
46. DeSantis AD, Webb EM, Noar SM. Illicit use of prescription ADHD medications on a college campus: a multimethodological approach. J Am Coll Health 2008, 57:315-324. 10.3200/JACH.57.3.315-324, 18980888.
47. Teter CJ, McCabe SE, LaGrange K, Cranford JA, Boyd CJ. Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy 2006, 26:1501-1510. 10.1592/phco.26.10.1501, 1794223, 16999660.
48. Bymes JP, Miller DC, Schafer WD. Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 1999, 125:367-383.
49. Lensvelt-Mulders G, Hox JJ, van der Heuden PG, Maas CJM. Meta-analysis of randomized response research thirty-five years of validation. Sociol Method Res 2005, 33:319-348.