Social anxiety and social anxiety disorder

Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 9, Issue , 2013, Pages 249-274

  Morrison, Amanda S ^a   Heimberg, Richard G ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

emotion regulation; information processing biases; post event processing; safety behaviors; self focused attention; social phobia

Indexed keywords

ANGER; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BEHAVIORAL DISINHIBITION; EMOTION; EMOTIONALITY; HUMAN; IMAGERY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PHENOMENOLOGY; REVIEW; SAFETY; SOCIAL PHOBIA; VISUAL MEMORY;

ATTENTION; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PHOBIC DISORDERS; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 84875882888     PISSN: 15485943     EISSN: 15485951     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185631     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Alden LE, Taylor CT. 2004. Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 24:857-822
2. Alden LE, Taylor CT. 2011. Relational treatment strategies increase social approach behaviors in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder. J. Anxiety Disord. 25:309-188
3. Alden LE, Taylor CT,Mellings TM, Laposa JM. 2008. Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events. J. Anxiety Disord. 22:577-900
4. Alden LE, Teschuk M, Tee K. 1992. Public self-awareness and withdrawal from social interactions. Cogn. Ther. Res. 16:249-677
5. Alden LE, Trew JL. 2012. If it makes you happy: Engaging in kind acts increases positive affect in socially anxious individuals. Emotion. In Presss
6. Amir N, Beard C, Bower E. 2005. Interpretation bias and social anxiety. Cogn. Ther. Res. 29:433-433
7. AmirN, Beard C, Taylor CT,KlumppH, Elias J, et al. 2009. Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 77:961-733
8. AmirN, Bomyea J. 2011. Workingmemory capacity in generalized social phobia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 120:504-99
9. Amir N, Bomyea J, Beard C. 2010. The effect of single-session interpretation modification on attention bias in socially anxious individuals. J. Anxiety Disord. 24:178-822
10. Amir N, Taylor CT. 2012. Interpretation training in individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 80:497-5111
11. Amir N, Najmi S, Morrison AS. 2012. Image generation in individuals with generalized social phobia. Cogn. Ther. Res. 36:537-477
12. Bar-Haim Y, Lamy D, Pergamin L, Bakermans-Kranenburg M, van IJzendoorn MH. 2007. Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychol. Bull. 133:1-244
13. Beard C, Amir N. 2008. A multi-session interpretation modification program: Changes in interpretation and social anxiety symptoms. Behav. Res. Ther. 46:1135-411
14. Beard C, Weisberg RB, Amir N. 2011. Combined cognitive bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: A pilot trial. Depress. Anxiety 28:981-888
15. Bögels SM. 2006. Task concentration training versus applied relaxation, in combinationwith cognitive therapy, for social phobia patients with fear of blushing, trembling, and sweating. Behav. Res. Ther. 44:1199-2100
16. Bögels SM, Mansell W. 2004. Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 24:827-566
17. Breen WE, Kashdan TB. 2011. Anger suppression after imagined rejection among individuals with social anxiety. J. Anxiety Disord. 25:879-877
18. Brown TA, Chorpita BF, Barlow DH. 1998. Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 107:179-922
19. Brozovich F, Heimberg RG. 2008. An analysis of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 28:891-9033
20. Brozovich F, Heimberg RG. 2011. The relationship of post-event processing to self-evaluation of performance in social anxiety. Behav. Ther. 42:224-355
21. Butler EA, EgloffB,Wilhelm FH, SmithN,EricksonEA, Gross JJ. 2003. The social consequences of expressive suppression. Emotion 3:48-677
22. Cassin SE, Rector NA. 2011. Mindfulness and the attenuation of post-event processing in social phobia: An experimental investigation. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 40:267-788
23. Chen YP, Ehlers A, ClarkDM, MansellW. 2002. Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces. Behav. Res. Ther. 40:677-877
24. Clark DM, Ehlers A, Hackmann A, McManus F, Fennell M, et al. 2006. Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 74:568-788
25. Clark DM, Wells A. 1995. A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. RG Heimberg, MR Liebowitz, DA Hope, FR Schneier, pp. 69-93. New York: Guilfordd
26. Clarke P, MacLeod C, Shirazee N. 2008. Prepared for the worst: Readiness to acquire threat bias and susceptibility to elevate trait anxiety. Emotion 8:47-577
27. Clerkin EM, Teachman BA. 2010. Training implicit social anxiety associations: An experimental intervention. J. Anxiety Disord. 24:300-88
28. Coles ME, Turk CL, Heimberg RG. 2002. The role of memory perspective in social phobia: Immediate and delayed memories for role-played situations. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 30:415-255
29. Cuming S, Rapee RM. 2010. Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships. Behav. Res. Ther. 48:87-966
30. de Jong PJ. 2002. Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety: Differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals. Behav. Res. Ther. 40:501-88
31. Diener E, Seligman MEP. 2002. Very happy people. Psychol. Sci. 13:81-844
32. Eisner LR, Johnson SL, Carver CS. 2009. Positive affect regulation in anxiety disorders. J. Anxiety Disord. 23:645-499
33. Eng W, Coles ME, Heimberg RG, Safren SA. 2005. Domains of life satisfaction in social anxiety disorder: Relation to symptoms and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy. J. Anxiety Disord. 19:143-566
34. Erwin BA, Heimberg RG, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR. 2003. Anger experience and expression in social anxiety disorder: Pretreatment profile and predictors of attrition and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment. Behav. Ther. 34:331-500
35. Eysenck MW, Derakshan N, Santos R, Calvo MG. 2007. Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion 7:336-533
36. Franklin ME, Huppert J, Langner R, Leiberg S, Foa EB. 2005. Interpretation bias: A comparison of treated social phobics, untreated social phobics, and controls. Cogn. Ther. Res. 29:289-3000
37. Gamer J, Schmukle SC, Luka-Krausgrill U, Egloff B. 2008. Examining the dynamics of the implicit and the explicit self-concept in social anxiety: Changes in the Implicit Association Test-Anxiety and the Social Phobia Anxiety Inventory following treatment. J. Personal. Assess. 90:476-800
38. Gaydukevych D, Kocovski NL. 2012. Effect of self-focused attention on post-event processing in social anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 50:47-555
39. Gilboa-Schechtman E, Franklin ME, Foa EB. 2000. Anticipated reactions to social events: Differences among individuals with generalized social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, and nonanxious controls. Cogn. Ther. Res. 24:731-466
40. Glick DM, Orsillo SM. 2011. Relationships among social anxiety, self-focused attention, and experiential distress and avoidance. J. Cogn. Behav. Psychother. 11:1-122
41. Goldin PR, Gross JJ. 2010. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 10:83-911
42. Goldin PR, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Kraemer H, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ. 2012. Cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy mediates the effects of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 80:1034-400
43. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 74:1464-800
44. Gross JJ. 1998. The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2:271-999
45. Hackmann A, Clark DM, McManus F. 2000. Recurrent images and early memories in social phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 38:601-100
46. Hallion LS, Ruscio AM. 2011. A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychol. Bull. 137:940-588
47. Harvey AG, Clark DM, Ehlers A, Rapee RM. 2000. Social anxiety and self-impression: Cognitive preparation enhances the beneficial effects of video feedback following a stressful social task. Behav. Res. Ther. 38:1183-922
48. Heimberg RG, Brozovich FA, Rapee RM. 2010. A cognitive-behavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In Social Anxiety: Clinical, Developmental, and Social Perspectives, ed. SG Hofmann, PM DiBartolo, pp. 395-422. New York: Academic. 2nd ed.
49. Hertel PT, Brozovich F, Joormann J, Gotlib IH. 2008. Biases in interpretation and memory in generalized social phobia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 117:278-888
50. Heuer K, Lange W, Isaac L, Rinck M, Becker ES. 2010. Morphed emotional faces: Emotion detection and misinterpretation in social anxiety. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 41:418-255
51. Hirsch CR, Clark DM, Mathews A. 2006a. Imagery and interpretations in social phobia: Support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Behav. Ther. 37:223-366
52. Hirsch CR, Clark DM, Mathews A,Williams R. 2003a. Self-images play a causal role in social phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 41:909-211
53. Hirsch CR,Mathews A. 2000. Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109:705-122
54. Hirsch CR,Mathews A, Clark DM. 2007. Inducing an interpretation bias changes self-imagery: A preliminary investigation. Behav. Res. Ther. 45:2173-811
55. Hirsch CR,Mathews A, Clark DM, Williams R,Morrison J. 2003b. Negative self-imagery blocks inferences. Behav. Res. Ther. 41:1383-966
56. Hirsch CR, Mathews A, Clark DM, Williams R, Morrison JA. 2006b. The causal role of negative imagery in social anxiety: A test in confident public speakers. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 37:159-700
57. Hirsch CR, Meynen T, Clark DM. 2004. Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions. Memory 12:496-5066
58. Hofmann SG. 2000. Self-focused attention before and after treatment of social phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 38:717-255
59. Hofmann SG, Grossman P, Hinton DE. 2011. Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31:1126-322
60. Hughes AA, Heimberg RG, Coles ME, Gibb BE, LiebowitzMR, Schneier FR. 2006. Relations of the factors of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression to types of social anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 44:1629-411
61. Ingram RE. 1990. Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychol. Bull. 107:156-766
62. Joormann J, Gotlib IH. 2006. Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 115:705-144
63. Kachin KE, Newman MG, Pincus AL. 2001. An interpersonal problem approach to the division of social phobia subtypes. Behav. Ther. 32:479-5011
64. Kashdan TB. 2007. Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 27:348-655
65. Kashdan TB, Collins RL. 2010. Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment approach. Anxiety Stress Coping 23:259-722
66. KashdanTB, Elhai JD, BreenWE.2008. Social anxiety and disinhibition: An analysis of curiosity and social rank appraisals, approach-avoidance conflicts, and disruptive risk-taking behavior. J. Anxiety Disord. 22:925-399
67. Kashdan TB, Hofmann SG. 2008. The high-novelty-seeking, impulsive subtype of generalized social anxiety disorder. Depress. Anxiety 25:535-411
68. Kashdan TB, McKnight PE, Richey JA, Hofmann SG. 2009. When social anxiety disorder co-exists with risk-prone, approach behavior: Investigating a neglected, meaningful subset of people in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Behav. Res. Ther. 47:559-688
69. Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. 2004. Social anxiety's impact on affect, curiosity, and social self-efficacy during a high self-focus social threat situation. Cogn. Ther. Res. 28:119-411
70. KashdanTB, Steger MF. 2006. Expanding the topography of social anxiety: An experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. Psychol. Sci. 17:120-288
71. Kashdan TB, Weeks JW, Savostyanova AA. 2011. Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 31:786-999
72. Kim EJ. 2005. The effect of the decreased safety behaviors on anxiety and negative thoughts in social phobics. J. Anxiety Disord. 19:69-866
73. Laposa JM, Cassin SE, Rector NA. 2010. Interpretation of positive social events in social phobia: An examination of cognitive correlates and diagnostic distinction. J. Anxiety Disord. 24:203-100
74. Laposa JM, Rector NA. 2011. A prospective examination of predictors of post-event processing following videotaped exposures in group cognitive behavioural therapy for individuals with social phobia. J. Anxiety Disord. 25:568-733
75. Lonigan CJ, Vasey MW, Phillips BM, Hazen RA. 2004. Temperament, anxiety, and the processing of threatrelevant stimuli. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 33:8-200
76. Makkar SR, Grisham Jr. 2011a. The predictors and contents of post-event processing in social anxiety. Cogn. Ther. Res. 35:118-333
77. Makkar SR, Grisham Jr. 2011b. Social anxiety and the effects of negative self-imagery on emotion, cognition, and post-event processing. Behav. Res. Ther. 49:654-644
78. Mathews A,MacLeod C. 1994. Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 45:25-500
79. McManus F, Sacadura C, Clark DM. 2008. Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 39:147-611
80. MenninDS, HolawayRM,FrescoDM, MooreMT, Heimberg RG. 2007. Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behav. Ther. 38:284-3022
81. MenninDS, McLaughlin KA, Flanagan TJ. 2009. Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. J. Anxiety Disord. 23:866-711
82. Moriya J, Tanno Y. 2008. Relationships between negative emotionality and attentional control in effortful control. Pers. Individ. Differ. 44:1348-555
83. Morrison AS, Gordon D, Heimberg RG. 2012. Anxiety disorders. In Guilford Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, ed. MD Robinson, ERWatkins, E Harmon-Jones. New York: Guilford. In Presss
84. Moscovitch DA. 2009. What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cogn. Behav. Prac. 16:123-344
85. Moscovitch DA, Gavric DL, Merrifield C, Bielak T, Moscovitch M. 2011. Retrieval properties of negative versus positive mental images and autobiographical memories in social anxiety: Outcomes with a new measure. Behav. Res. Ther. 49:505-177
86. Moscovitch DA, McCabe RE, Antony MM, Rocca L, Swinson RP. 2008. Anger experience and expression across the anxiety disorders. Depress. Anxiety 25:107-133
87. Mullins DT, Duke MP. 2004. Effects of social anxiety on nonverbal accuracy and response time I: Facial expressions. J. Nonverbal Behav. 28:3-333
88. Nilsson JE, Lundh LG, Faghihi S, Roth-Andersson G. 2011. The enhancement of beneficial effects following audio feedback by cognitive preparation in the treatment of social anxiety: A single-session experiment. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 42:497-5033
89. Plasencia ML, Alden LE, Taylor CT. 2011. Differential effects of safety behaviour subtypes in social anxiety disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 49:665-755
90. Price M, Anderson PL. 2011. The impact of cognitive behavioral therapy on post event processing among those with social anxiety disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 49:132-377
91. Rapee RM, Gaston JE, Abbott MJ. 2009. Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 77:317-277
92. Rapee RM, Heimberg RG. 1997. A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 35:741-566
93. Rapee RM, Lim L. 1992. Discrepancy between self- and observer ratings of performance in social phobics. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 101:728-311
94. Rodebaugh TL, Heimberg RG, Schultz LT, Blackmore M. 2010. The moderated effects of video feedback for social anxiety disorder. J. Anxiety Disord. 24:663-711
95. Rodebaugh TL, Rapee RM. 2005. Those who think they look worst respond best: Self-observer discrepancy predicts response to video feedback following a speech task. Cogn. Ther. Res. 29:705-155
96. Schultz LT, Heimberg RG. 2008. Attentional focus in social anxiety disorder: Potential for interactive processes. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 28:1206-211
97. Simonds J, Kieras JE, Rueda MR, Rothbart MK. 2007. Effortful control, executive attention, and emotional regulation in 7-10-year-old children. Cogn. Dev. 22:474-888
98. Sparrevohn RM, Rapee RM. 2009. Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 47:1074-788
99. Spielberger CD. 1988. Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Odessa, FL: Psychol. Assess. Resourc.\\
100. Spokas M, Luterek JA, Heimberg RG. 2009. Social anxiety and emotional suppression: The mediating role of beliefs. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 40:283-911
101. Spurr JM, Stopa L. 2002. Self-focused attention in social phobia and social anxiety. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 22:947-755
102. Stangier U, Esser F, Leber S, Risch AK, Heidenreich T. 2006. Interpersonal problems in social phobia versus unipolar depression. Depress. Anxiety 23:418-211
103. Stopa L, Jenkins A. 2007. Images of the self in social anxiety: Effects on the retrieval of autobiographical memories. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 38:459-733
104. Tanner RJ, Stopa L, De Houwer J. 2006. Implicit views of the self in social anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 44:1397-4099
105. Taylor CT, Alden LE. 2010. Safety behaviors and judgmental biases in social anxiety disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 48:226-377
106. Taylor CT, Alden LE. 2011. To see ourselves as others see us: An experimental integration of the intra and interpersonal consequences of self-protection in social anxiety disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 120:129-411
107. Taylor CT, Bomyea J, AmirN. 2010. Attentional bias away from positive social information mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor. J. Anxiety Disord. 24:403-88
108. Taylor CT, Bomyea J, Amir N. 2011. Malleability of attentional bias for positive emotional information and anxiety vulnerability. Emotion 11:127-388
109. Tobon JI, Ouimet AJ, Dozois DJA. 2011. Attentional bias in anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioral treatment. J. Cogn. Psychother. 25:114-299
110. Turk CL, Heimberg RG, Luterek JA, Mennin DS, Fresco DM. 2005. Emotion dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder: A comparison with social anxiety disorder. Cogn. Ther. Res. 29:89-1066
111. Vassilopoulos SP, Banerjee R. 2010. Social interaction anxiety and the discounting of positive interpersonal events. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 38:597-6099
112. Vohs KD, Baumeister RF, Ciarocco NJ. 2005. Self-regulation and self-presentation: Regulatory resource depletion impairs impression management and effortful self-presentation depletes regulatory resources. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 88:632-577
113. Voncken MJ, Alden LE, Bögels SM. 2006. Hiding anxiety versus acknowledgment of anxiety in social interaction: Relationship with social anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 44:1673-799
114. Voncken MJ, Dijk C, de Jong PJ, Roelofs J. 2010. Not self-focused attention but negative beliefs affect poor social performance in social anxiety: An investigation of pathways in the social anxiety-social rejection relationship. Behav. Res. Ther. 48:984-911
115. Wallace ST, Alden LE. 1997. Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 106:416-244
116. Watson D, Gamez W, Simms LJ. 2005. Basic dimensions of temperament and their relation to anxiety and depression: A symptom-based perspective. J. Res. Pers. 39:46-666
117. Weeks JW,Heimberg RG. 2012. Positivity impairments: Pervasive and impairing (yet nonprominent?) features of social anxiety disorder. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 41:79-822
118. Weeks JW, Heimberg RG, Rodebaugh TL. 2008. The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety. J. Anxiety Disord. 22:44-555
119. Weeks JW, Jakatdar TA, Heimberg RG. 2010. Comparing and contrasting fears of positive and negative evaluation as facets of social anxiety. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 29:68-944
120. Weiser MJ, Pauli P, Muhlberger A. 2009. Probing the attentional control theory in social anxiety: An emotional saccade task. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 9:314-222
121. Wells A, Clark DM, Ahmad S. 1998. How do I look with my minds eye: Perspective taking in social phobic imagery. Behav. Res. Ther. 36:631-344
122. Werner KH, Goldin PR, Ball TM, Heimberg RG, Gross JJ. 2011. Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The Emotion Regulation Interview. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 33:346-544
123. Wild J, Hackmann A, Clark DM. 2007. When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social phobia. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 38:386-4011
124. Wild J, Hackmann A, ClarkDM. 2008. Rescripting early memories linked to negative images in social phobia: A pilot study. Behav. Ther. 39:47-566
125. Woody SR, Rodriguez BF. 2000. Self-focused attention and social anxiety in social phobics and normal controls. Cogn. Ther. Res. 24:473-888
126. Zou JB, Hudson JL, Rapee RM. 2007. The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 45:2326-333