Multiculturalism in the classroom: Ethnic attitudes and classmates' beliefs

International Journal of Intercultural Relations

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 176-187

  Thijs, Jochem ^a   Verkuyten, Maykel ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Classmates; Ethnic attitudes; Multiculturalism; Norms

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875367664     PISSN: 01471767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.04.012     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Aboud F.E. Children and prejudice 1988, Blackwell, Oxford.
2. Abrams D., Rutland A., Cameron L. The development of subjective group dynamics: Children's judgments of normative and deviant in-group and out-group individuals. Child Development 2003, 74:1840-1856.
3. Abrams D., Rutland A., Pelletier J., Ferell J.M. Children's group nous: Understanding and applying peer exclusion within and between groups. Child Development 2009, 80:224-243.
4. Aiken L.S., West S.G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions 1991, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
5. Allen J.P., Antonishak J. Adolescent peer influences. Beyond the dark side. Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents 2008, The Guilford Press, New York. M.J. Prinstein, K.A. Dodge (Eds.).
6. Allen J.P., Porter M.R., McFarland C.F., Marsh P.A., McElhaney K.B. The two faces of adolescents' success with peers: Adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior. Child Development 2005, 76:747-760.
7. Arends-Tóth J., Van de Vijver F.J.R. Multiculturalism and acculturation: Views of Dutch and Turkish-Dutch. European Journal of Social Psychology 2003, 33:249-266.
8. Bernaards C.A., Sijtsma K. Factor analysis of multidimensional polytomous item response data suffering from ignorable item nonresponse. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1999, 34:277-313.
9. Berndt T.J. Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Developmental Psychology 1979, 15:608-616.
10. Berry J.W., Kalin R. Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada. An overview of the 1991 national survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences 1995, 27:301-320.
11. Bickel R. Multilevel analysis for applied research: It's just regression! 2007, The Guilford Press, New York.
12. Blanton H., Burkley M. Deviance regulation theory: Applications to adolescent social influence. Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents 2008, New York, The Guilford Press. M.J. Prinstein, K.A. Dodge (Eds.).
13. Brewer M.B. Ingroup identification and intergroup conflict: When does ingroup love become outgroup hate?. Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction 2001, 17-41. Oxford University Press, New York. R.D. Ashmore, L. Jussim, D. Wilder (Eds.).
14. Brown B.B., Clasen D.R., Eicher S.A. Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents. Developmental Psychology 1986, 22:521-530.
15. Brown B.B., Bakken J.P., Ameringer S.W., Mahon S.D. A. comprehensive conceptualization of the peer influence process in adolescence. Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents 2008, The Guilford Press, New York. M.J. Prinstein, K.A. Dodge (Eds.).
16. Cameron J.A., Alvarez J.M., Ruble D.N., Fuligni A.J. Children's lay theories about ingroups and outgroups: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2001, 5:118-128.
17. Cassidy J., Asher S.R. Loneliness and peer relations in young children. Child Development 1992, 63:350-365.
18. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1988, Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
19. Coplan R.J., Closson L.M., Arbeau K.A. Gender differences in the behavioral associates of loneliness and social dissatisfaction in kindergarten. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2007, 48:988-995.
20. Crandall C.S., Eshleman A., O'Brien L. Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 82:359-378.
21. Deutsch M., Gerard H.B. A study of normative and informational influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1955, 51:629-636.
22. Duckitt J., Wagner C., du Plessis I., Birum I. The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes 2002, 83:75-93.
23. Fowers B.J., Richardson F.C. Why is multiculturalism good?. American Psychologist 1996, 51:609-621.
24. Gabarrot F., Falomir-Pichastor J.M., Mugny G. Being similar versus being equal: Intergroup similarity moderates the influence of in-group norms on discrimination and prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology 2009, 48:253-273.
25. Gieling M., Thijs J., Verkuyten Tolerance of practices by Muslim actors: An integrative social-developmental perspective. Child Development 2010, 81:1384-1399.
26. Gieling M., Thijs J., Verkuyten Voluntary and involuntary immigrants and adolescents' endorsement of multiculturalism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2011, 35:259-267.
27. Gijsberts M., Herweijer L. Educational and education level. At home in the Netherlands? Trends in integration of non-Western migrants. Annual Report on integration 2009 2010, 93-138. The Netherlands Institute for Social Research, The Hague. M. Gijsberts, J. Dagevos (Eds.).
28. Hayes A.F. Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs 2009, 76:408-420.
29. Hox J.J. Multilevel analysis. Techniques and applications 2010, Routledge, New York. 2nd edition.
30. Hughes D., Rodriguez J., Smith E.P., Johnson D.J., Stevenson H.C., Spicer P. Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology 2006, 42:747-770.
31. Jasinskaja-Lahti I., Mähönen T.A., Liebkind K. Ingroup norms, intergroup contact and intergroup anxiety as predictors of the outgroup attitudes of majority and minority youth. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2011, 35:355-364.
32. Jetten J., Spears R., Manstead A.S.R. Intergroup norms and intergroup discrimination: Distinctive self-categorization and social identity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 71:1222-1233.
33. Juvonen J., Nishina A., Graham S. Self-views versus peer perceptions of victim status among early adolescents. Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized 2001, 105-124. Guilford Press, New York. J. Juvonen, S. Graham (Eds.).
34. Kandel D.B. Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships. American Journal of Sociology 1978, 84:427-436.
35. Kelley H.H. The two functions of reference groups. Readings in social psychology 1952, 410-414. Holt, New York. G.E. Swanson, T.M. Newcomb, E.L. Hartley (Eds.).
36. Kiesner J., Cadinu M., Poulin F., Bucci M. Group identification in early adolescence: Its relation with peer adjustment and its moderator effect on peer influence. Child Development 2002, 73:196-208.
37. Kiesner J., Maass A., Cadinu M., Vallese I. Risk factors for ethnic prejudice during early adolescence. Social Development 2003, 12:288-308.
38. Killen M., Stangor C. Children's social reasoning about inclusion and exclusion in gender and race peer group contexts. Child Development 2001, 72:174-186.
39. Leach C.W., Vliek M.W. Group membership as a 'Frame of Reference' for interpersonal comparison. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:539-544.
40. MacKinnon D.P., Warsi G., Dwyer J.H. A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1995, 30:41-62.
41. Miller D.A., Smith E.R., Mackie D.M. Effects of intergroup contact and political predispositions on prejudice: Role of intergroup emotions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2004, 7:221-237.
42. Monteiro M.B., de França D.X., Rodrigues R. The development of intergroup bias in childhood: How social norms can shape children's racial behaviors. International Journal of Psychology 2009, 44:29-39.
43. Morrison K.R., Plaut V.C., Ybarra O. Predicting whether multiculturalism positively or negatively influences White American's intergroup attitudes: The role of ethnic identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2010, 36:1648-1661.
44. Mrug S., Windle M. Moderators of negative peer influence on early adolescent externalizing behaviors: Individual behavior, parenting, and school connectedness. Journal of Early Adolescence 2009, 29:518-540.
45. Nesdale D. Peer group rejection and children's intergroup prejudice. Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood 2008, 32-46. Oxford University Press, New York. S.R. Levy, M. Killen (Eds.).
46. Nesdale D., Maass A., Durkin K., Griffiths J. Group norms, threat, and children's racial prejudice. Child Development 2005, 76:652-663.
47. O'Brien R.M. Correcting measures of relationship between aggregate-level variables for both unreliability and correlated errors: An empirical example. Social Science Research 1998, 27:218-234.
48. Onderwijsinspectie Toezicht op burgerschap en integratie. [Citizenship and integration under supervision] 2006, GSE, Rijswijk.
49. Pettigrew T.F. Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review Psychology 1998, 49:65-85.
50. Pettigrew T.F., Tropp L. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90:751-783.
51. Poteat V.P. Peer group socialization of homophobic attitudes and behaviour during adolescence. Child Development 2007, 78:1830-1842.
52. Poteat V.P., Espelage D.L., Green H.D. The socialization of dominance: Peer group contextual effects on homophobic and dominance attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 92:1040-1050.
53. Poteat V.P., Spanierman L.B. Do the ideological beliefs of peers predict the prejudiced attitudes of individuals in the group?. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2010, 13:495-514.
54. Pratto F., Sidanius J., Stallworth L.M., Malle B.F. Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994, 67:741-763.
55. Prinstein M.J., Dodge K.A. Current issues in peer influence research. Understanding peer influence in children and adolescents 2008, The Guilford Press, New York. M.J. Prinstein, K.A. Dodge (Eds.).
56. Rasbash J., Browne W., Healy M., Cameron B., Charlton C. MLwiN Version 2.15 2009, Centre for Multilevel Modelling, Bristol.
57. Rosenthal L., Levy S.M. The colorblind, multicultural, and polycultural ideological approaches to improving intergroup attitudes and relations. Social Issues and Policy Review 2010, 4:215-246.
58. Ruble D.N., Alvarez J., Bachman M., Cameron J., Fuligni A., Garcia Coll C., et al. The development of a sense of " we" : The emergence and implications of children's collective identity. The development of the social self 2004, 29-76. Psychology Press, Hove, UK. M. Bennett, F. Sani (Eds.).
59. Rutland A., Cameron L., Milne A., McGeorge P. Social norms and self-presentation: Children's implicit and explicit intergroup attitudes. Child Development 2005, 76:451-466.
60. Rutland A., Cameron L., Jugert P., Nigbur D., Brown R., Hossain R., Watters C. Group identity and peer relations: A longitudinal study of group identity, perceived peer acceptance and friendships amongst ethnic minority English children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2012, 30:283-302.
61. Scott Long J., Ervin L.H. Using heteroscedasticity consistent standard errors in the linear regression model. The American Statistician 2000, 54:217-224.
62. Sniderman P.M., Hagendoorn L. When ways of life collide. Multiculturalism and its discontents in the Netherlands 2007, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
63. Snijders T.A.B., Bosker R.J. Multilevel analysis. An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling 1999, Sage, London.
64. Thijs J., Verkuyten M. In-group bias, peer influences, and classroom norms: A study among majority and minority early adolescents. Anales de Psichologia 2011, 27:662-669.
65. Thijs J., Verkuyten M., Helmond P. A further examination of the big-fish-little-pond effect: Perceived position in class, class size, and gender comparisons. Sociology of Education 2010, 83:333-345.
66. Thijs J., Westhof S., Koomen H. Ethnic incongruence and the student-teacher relationship: The perspective of ethnic majority teachers. Journal of School Psychology 2012, 50:257-273.
67. Tropp L.R., Prenevost M.A. The role of intergroup contact in predicting children's interethnic attitudes: Evidence from meta-analytic and field studies. Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood 2008, 236-248. Oxford University Press, New York. S.R. Levy, M. Killen (Eds.).
68. Turner J.C. Social influence 1991, Open University Press, Milton Keynes.
69. Turner J.C., Reynolds K.J. The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: Theories, themes, and controversies. Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes 2001, 133-152. Blackwell, Malden, MA. R. Brown, S.L. Gaertner (Eds.).
70. Turner J.C., Oakes P.J., Reicher S.D., Wetherell M.S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory 1987, Blackwell, Oxford.
71. Velasco González K., Verkuyten M., Weesie J., Poppe E. Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing Integrated Threat Theory. British Journal of Social Psychology 2008, 47:667-685.
72. Verkuyten M. Everyday ways of thinking about multiculturalism. Ethnicities 2004, 4:53-74.
73. Verkuyten M. Ethnic group identification and group evaluation among minority and majority groups: Testing the multiculturalism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:121-138.
74. Verkuyten M., Kinket B. Social distances in a multi-ethnic society: The ethnic hierarchy among Dutch pre-adolescents. Social Psychology Quarterly 2000, 63:75-85.
75. Verkuyten M., Martinovic B. Understanding multicultural attitudes: The role of group status, identification, friendships, and justifying ideologies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2006, 301:1-18.
76. Verkuyten M., Thijs J. Religious group relations among Christian, Muslim, and nonreligious early adolescents in the Netherlands. Journal of Early Adolescence 2010, 30:27-49.
77. Verkuyten M., Thijs J., Bekhuis H. Intergroup contact and ingroup reappraisal: Testing the deprovincialization thesis. Social Psychology Quarterly 2010, 4:398-416.
78. Ward C., Masgoret A. An integrative model of attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2006, 30:671-682.
79. White F.A., Wootton B., Man J., Diaz H., Rasiah J., Swift, Wilkinson A. Adolescent racial prejudice development: The role of friendship quality and interracial contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2009, 33:524-534.
80. Wolsko C., Park B., Judd C.M. Considering the tower of Babel: Correlates of assimilation and multiculturalism among ethnic minority and majority groups in the United States. Social Justice Research 2006, 19:277-306.
81. Wolsko C., Park B., Judd C.M., Wittenbrink B. Framing interethnic ideology: Effects of multicultural and color-blind perspectives on judgements of groups and individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78:635-654.