The iatrogenic pathology of percutaneous interventions in coronary arteries

Minerva Medica

Volumn 103, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 487-502

  Li, X ^a   De Winter, R J ^a   Van Der Wal, A C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Acute coronary syndromes; Atherosclerosis; Coronary restenosis; Stents; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BARE METAL STENT; CORONARY ARTERY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DRUG ELUTING STENT; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; RESTENOSIS; REVIEW; STENT THROMBOSIS;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY RESTENOSIS; CORONARY STENOSIS; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; HUMANS; IATROGENIC DISEASE; STENTS;

EID: 84875343026     PISSN: 00264806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2010 update: A report from the american heart association. Circulation 2010;121:e46-e215.
2. Garg S, Serruys PW. Coronary stents: current status. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:S1-42.
3. van der Wal AC. Coronary artery pathology. Heart 2007;93:1484-9.
4. van der Wal AC, Becker AE. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - pathologic basis of plaque stability and instability. Cardiovasc Res 1999;41:334-44. (Pubitemid 29087330)
5. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: A comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1262-75. (Pubitemid 30262927)
6. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005:352:1685-95.
7. Kolodgie FD, Gold HK, Burke AP, Fowler DR, Kruth HS, Weber DK et al. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2316-25. (Pubitemid 37509739)
8. Newby AC. Dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (matrixins) in intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Physiol Rev 2005;85:1-31. (Pubitemid 40171256)
9. Mann J, Davies MJ. Mechanisms of progression in native coronary artery disease: Role of healed plaque disruption. Heart 1999;82:265-8. (Pubitemid 29429594)
10. Burke AP, Kolodgie FD, Farb A, Weber DK, Malcom GT, Smialek J, Virmani R. Healed plaque ruptures and sudden coronary death: Evidence that subclinical rupture has a role in plaque progression. Circulation 2001;103:934-40. (Pubitemid 32183797)
11. Henriques JP, Zijlstra F, Ottervanger JP, de Boer MJ, van't Hof AW, Hoorntje JC et al. Incidence and clinical significance of distal embolization during primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1112-7. (Pubitemid 35230716)
12. Cameron J, Buchbinder M, Wexler L, Oesterle SN. Thromboembolic complications of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for myocardial infarction. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 1987;13:100-6. (Pubitemid 17053461)
13. Baim DS, Wahr D, George B, Leon MB, Greenberg J, Cutlip DE et al. Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation 2002;105:1285-90. (Pubitemid 34260417)
14. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 1977;56:786-94. (Pubitemid 8235183)
15. Sabia PJ, Powers ER, Ragosta M, Sarembock IJ, Burwell LR, Kaul S. An association between collateral blood flow and myocardial viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1825-31. (Pubitemid 23003072)
16. Reimer KA, Jennings RB. The "wavefront phenomenon" of myocardial ischemic cell death. Ii. Transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size (myocardium at risk) and collateral flow. Lab Invest 1979;40:633-44. (Pubitemid 9191795)
17. Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. Myocardial reperfusion injury. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1121-35.
18. Gruntzig A. Transluminal dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis. Lancet 1978;1:263.
19. Dotter CT, Judkins MP. Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction. Description of a new technic and a preliminary report of its application. Circulation 1964;30:654-70.
20. Baughman KL, Pasternak RC, Fallon JT, Block PC. Transluminal coronary angioplasty of postmortem human hearts. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:1044-7. (Pubitemid 12004711)
21. Hoffman MA, Fallon JT, Greenfield AJ, Waltman AC, Athanasoulis CA, Block PC. Arterial pathology after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1981;137:147-9. (Pubitemid 11054756)
22. Castaneda-Zuniga WR, Formanek A, Tadavarthy M, Vlodaver Z, Edwards JE, Zollikofer C et al. The mechanism of balloon angioplasty. Radiology 1980;135:565-71. (Pubitemid 10117633)
23. Farb A, Virmani R, Atkinson JB, Kolodgie FD. Plaque morphology and pathologic changes in arteries from patients dying after coronary balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1421-9.
24. Mizuno K, Kurita A, Imazeki N. Pathological findings after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Br Heart J 1984;52:588-90. (Pubitemid 15208185)
25. Lyon RT, Zarins CK, Lu CT, Yang CF, Glagov S. Vessel, plaque, and lumen morphology after transluminal balloon angioplasty. Quantitative study in distended human arteries. Arteriosclerosis 1987;7:306-14. (Pubitemid 17090961)
26. Block PC, Myler RK, Stertzer S, Fallon JT. Morphology after transluminal angioplasty in human beings. N Engl J Med 1981;305:382-5. (Pubitemid 11063754)
27. Marsico F, Kubica J, De Servi S, Angoli L, Bramucci E, Costante AM, Specchia G. Influence of plaque morphology on the mechanism of luminal enlargement after directional coronary atherectomy and balloon angioplasty. Br Heart J 1995;74:134-9.
28. Hoshino T, Yoshida H, Takayama S, Iwase T, Sakata K, Shingu T et al. Significance of intimai tears in the mechanism of luminal enlargement in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Correlation of histologic and angiographic findings in postmortem human hearts. Am Heart J 1987;114:503-10. (Pubitemid 17137394)
29. Sanborn TA, Faxon DP, Haudenschild C, Gottsman SB, Ryan TJ. The mechanism of transluminal angioplasty: Evidence for formation of aneurysms in experimental atherosclerosis. Circulation 1983;68:1136-40. (Pubitemid 14238492)
30. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM, Tigges AJ, Das PK. Fibrous and lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques are part of interchangeable morphologies related to inflammation: A concept. Coron Artery Dis 1994;5:463-9. (Pubitemid 24239785)
31. Vlodaver Z, Edwards JE. Pathology of coronary atherosclerosis. Prog 32.
32. Saner HE, Gobel FL, Salomonowitz E, Erlien DA, Edwards JE. The disease-free wall in coronary atherosclerosis: Its relation to degree of obstruction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:1096-9.
33. Waller BF. Pathology of transluminal balloon angioplasty used in the treatment of coronary heart disease. Hum Pathol 1987;18:476-84. (Pubitemid 17109643)
34. Gravants MB, Roubin GS. Histopathologic phenomena at the site of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: The problem of restenosis. Hum Pathol 1989;20:477-85. (Pubitemid 19134353)
35. Honye J, Mahon DJ, Jain A, White CJ, Ramee SR, Wallis JB et al. Morphological effects of coronary balloon angioplasty in vivo assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1992;85:1012-25.
36. Hirshfeld JW Jr, Schwartz JS, Jugo R, MacDonald RG, Goldberg S, Savage MP et al. Restenosis after coronary angioplasty: A multivariate statistical model to relate lesion and procedure variables to restenosis. The m-heart investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18.647-56.
37. Violaris AG, Melkert R, Serruys PW. Long-term luminal renarrowing after successful elective coronary angioplasty of total occlusions. A quantitative angiographic analysis. Circulation 1995;91:2140-50.
38. Holmes DR Jr, Vlietstra RE, Smith HC, Vetrovec GW, Kent KM, Cowley MJ et al. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (ptca): A report from the ptca registry of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:77C-81C. (Pubitemid 14075393)
39. Nobuyoshi M, Kimura T, Nosaka H, Mioka S, Ueno K, Yokoi H et al. Restenosis after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Serial angiographic follow-up of 229 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12.616-23.
40. Hatrick RI, Ormiston JA, Ruygrok PN, Stewart JT, Webber B, Gonzales H et al. Very late changes in the dilated lesion following coronary balloon angioplasty: A 17 year serial quantitative angiographic study. Eurointervention 2009;5:121-6.
41. Ormiston JA, Stewart FM, Roche AH, Webber BJ, Whitlock RM, Webster MW. Late regression of the dilated site after coronary angioplasty: A 5-year quantitative angiographic study. Circulation 1997;96:468-74. (Pubitemid 27329422)
42. Fuster V, Falk E, Fallon JT, Badimon L, Chesebro JH, Badimon JJ. The three processes leading to post ptca restenosis: Dependence on the lesion substrate. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:552-9.
43. Rensing BJ, Hermans WR, Beatt KJ, Laarman GJ, Suryapranata H, van den Brand M et al. Quantitative angiographic assessment of elastic recoil after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1039-44. (Pubitemid 20365353)
44. Rozenman Y, Gilon D, Welber S, Sapoznikov D, Gotsman MS. Clinical and angiographic predictors of immediate recoil after successful coronary angioplasty and relation to late restenosis. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:1020-5. (Pubitemid 23319924)
45. Scott NA, Cipolla GD, Ross CE, Dunn B, Martin FH, Simonet L et al. Identification of a potential role for the adventitia in vascular lesion formation after balloon overstretch injury of porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 1996;93:2178-87. (Pubitemid 26187108)
46. Sangiorgi G, Taylor AJ, Farb A, Carter AJ, Edwards WD, Holmes DR et al. Histopathology of postpercutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty remodeling in human coronary arteries. Am Heart J 1999;138:681-7. (Pubitemid 29471043)
47. Liu MW, Roubin GS, King SB, 3rd. Restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Potential biologic determinants and role of intimal hyperplasia. Circulation 1989;79:1374-87. (Pubitemid 19155772)
48. Nobuyoshi M, Kimura T, Ohishi H, Horiuchi H, Nosaka H, Hamasaki N et al. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Pathologic observations in 20 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:433-9.
49. Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, Schatz RA, Savage MP, Penn I et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent restenosis study investigators. N Engl J Med 1994;331:496-501. (Pubitemid 24256752)
50. Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, Macaya C, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx G et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent study group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:489-95. (Pubitemid 24256751)
51. Garg S, Serruys PW. Coronary stents: looking forward. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:S43-78.
52. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, Fitzgerald PJ, Holmes DR, O'Shaughnessy C et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1315-23. (Pubitemid 37186209)
53. Weisz G, Leon MB, Holmes DR Jr, Kereiakes DJ, Clark MR, Cohen BM et al. Two-year outcomes after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: Results from the sirolimus-eluting stent in de novo native coronary lesions (sirius) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1350-5.
54. Weisz G, Leon MB, Holmes DR Jr, Kereiakes DJ, Popma JJ, Teirstein PS et al. Five-year follow-up after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation results of the sirius (sirolimus-eluting stent in de-novo native coronary lesions) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1488-97.
55. Colombo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Infantino V, Omede P, Moretti C, Sciuto F et al. A long-term comparison of drug-eluting versus bare metal stents for the percutaneous treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. Acta Cardiol 2009;64:583-8.
56. Brodie BR, Stuckey T, Downey W, Humphrey A, Bradshaw B, Metzger C et al. Outcomes and complications with off-label use of drug-eluting stents: Results from the stent (strategic transcatheter evaluation of new therapies) group. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:405-14.
57. Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K, Abrecht L, Vaina S, Morger C et al. Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: Data from a large two-institutional cohort study. Lancet 2007;369:667-78. (Pubitemid 46281313)
58. Pinto Slottow TL, Steinberg DH, Roy PK, Buch AN, Okabe T, Xue Z et al. Observations and outcomes of definite and probable drug-eluting stent thrombosis seen at a single hospital in a four-year period. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:298-303.
59. Finn AV, Joner M, Nakazawa G, Kolodgie F, Newell J, John MC et al. Pathological correlates of late drug-eluting stent thrombosis: Strut coverage as a marker of endothelialization. Circulation 2007;115:2435-41. (Pubitemid 46717966)
60. Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, Mont EK, Kolodgie FD, Ladich E et al. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: Delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:193-202. (Pubitemid 43929240)
61. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Pache J, Kaiser C, Valgimigli M, Kelbaek H et al. Analysis of 14 trials comparing sirolimus-eluting stents with bare-metal stents. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1030-9. (Pubitemid 46376803)
62. Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Vorpahl M, Ladich E, Kutys R, Balazs I et al. Incidence and predictors of drug-eluting stent fracture in human coronary artery a pathologic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1924-31.
63. Yorozuya M, Suzuki H, Iso Y, Shibata M, Nakatani M, Koba S et al. Comparison of the morphological changes of restenosis after the implantation of various types of stents in a swine model. Coron Artery Dis 2002;13:305-12. (Pubitemid 35397635)
64. Rittersma SZ, Meuwissen M, van der Loos CM, Koch KT, de Winter RJ, Piek JJ et al. Eosinophilic infiltration in restenotic tissue following coronary stent implantation. Atherosclerosis 2006;184:157-62. (Pubitemid 41721083)
65. Meuwissen M, van der wal AC, de Winter RJ, Koch KT, Becker AE, Piek JJ. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Stent inflammation: Stent footprint in restenotic tissue retrieved by directional atherectomy. Circulation 2002;106:1176-7.
66. Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A, Musumeci G, Grieco N, Motta T et al. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: Should we be cautious? Circulation 2004;109:701-5. (Pubitemid 38222887)
67. Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Vorpahl M, Ladich ER, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Coronary responses and differential mechanisms of late stent thrombosis attributed to first-generation sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:390-8.
68. Alfonso F, Suarez A, Perez-Vizcayno MJ, Moreno R, Escaned J, Banuelos C et al. Intravascular ultrasound findings during episodes of drug-eluting stent thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2095-7. (Pubitemid 350087569)
69. Silva JA, Ramee SR, White CJ, Collins TJ, Jenkins JS, Nunez E et al. Primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction: Influence of diabetes mellitus in angiographic results and clinical outcome. Am Heart J 1999;138:446-55. (Pubitemid 29428766)
70. Moussa I, Di Mario C, Reimers B, Akiyama T, Tobis J, Colombo A. Subacute stent thrombosis in the era of intravascular ultrasound-guided coronary stenting without anticoagulation: Frequency, predictors and clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:6-12. (Pubitemid 27028713)
71. Hasegawa K, Tamai H, Kyo E, Kosuga K, Ikeguchi S, Hata T et al. Histopathological findings of new in-stent lesions developed beyond five years. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;68:554-8. (Pubitemid 44546049)
72. Inoue K, Abe K, Ando K, Shirai S, Nishiyama K, Nakanishi M et al. Pathological analyses of long-term intracoronary palmaz-schatz stenting; is its efficacy permanent? Cardiovasc Pathol 2004;13:109-15. (Pubitemid 38366430)
73. Park DW, Park SW, Park KH, Lee BK, Kim YH, Lee CW et al. Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:352-6. (Pubitemid 44062443)
74. Kukreja N, Onuma Y, Garcia-Garcia HM, Daemen J, van Domburg R, Serruys PW. The risk of stent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with bare-metal and drug-eluting stents. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2:534-41.
75. Kim JS, Fan C, Choi D, Jang IK, Lee JM, Kim TH et al. Different patterns of neointimal coverage between acute coronary syndrome and stable angina after various types of drug-eluting stents implantation; 9-month follow-up optical coherence tomography study. Int J Cardiol 2011;146:341-6.
76. Hoffmann R, Mintz GS, Dussaillant GR, Popma JJ, Pichard AD, Satler LF et al. Patterns and mechanisms of in-stent restenosis. A serial intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 1996;94:1247-54. (Pubitemid 26307249)
77. Farb A, Weber DK, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Virmani R. Morphological predictors of restenosis after coronary stenting in humans. Circulation 2002;105:2974-80. (Pubitemid 34693829)
78. Grewe PH, Deneke T, Machraoui A, Barmeyer J, Muller KM. Acute and chronic tissue response to coronary stent implantation: pathologic findings in human specimen. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:157-63. (Pubitemid 30061274)
79. Virmani R, Farb A. Pathology of in-stent restenosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999;10:499-506. (Pubitemid 30064019)
80. Mauri L, Hsieh WH, Massaro JM, Ho KK, D'Agostino R, Cutlip DE. Stent thrombosis in randomized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1020-9. (Pubitemid 46376802)
81. Stealer C, Wandel S, Allemann S, Kastrati A, Morice MC, Schomig A et al. Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: A collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:937-48. (Pubitemid 47393576)
82. James SK, Stenestrand U, Lindback J, Carlsson J, Schersten F, Nilsson T et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents in sweden. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1933-45.
83. Mathew V, Hasdai D, Holmes DR Jr, Garratt KN, Bell MR, Lerman A et al. Clinical outcome of patients undergoing endoluminal coronary artery reconstruction with three or more stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:676-81. (Pubitemid 27397646)
84. Nakazawa G, Yazdani SK, Finn AV, Vorpahl M, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Pathological findings at bifurcation lesions: The impact of flow distribution on atherosclerosis and arterial healing after stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1679-87.
85. Kimura T, Abe K, Shizuta S, Odashiro K, Yoshida Y, Sakai K et al. Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up after coronary stent placement in native coronary arteries. Circulation 2002;105:2986-91. (Pubitemid 34693831)
86. Nakazawa G, Vorpahl M, Finn AV, Narula J, Virmani R. One step forward and two steps back with drug-eluting-stents: From preventing restenosis to causing late thrombosis and nouveau atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:625-8.