Hypertensive Emergencies of Pregnancy

Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 89-101

  Alexander, James M ^a   Wilson, Karen L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Antihypertensive medication; Blood pressure; Hypertensive emergency; Preeclampsia; Stroke

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIURETIC AGENT; ESMOLOL; HYDRALAZINE; LABETALOL; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; NIFEDIPINE; NITROPRUSSIDE SODIUM;

ANXIETY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; ECLAMPSIA; EPIGASTRIC PAIN; FLUID RETENTION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART OUTPUT; HEART PALPITATION; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; MATERNAL HYPERTENSION; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; PREECLAMPSIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREMOR; UTERUS BLOOD FLOW; VISUAL DISORDER; VOMITING;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CREATINE; DIURETICS; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; FEMALE; FETAL MONITORING; HUMANS; HYDRALAZINE; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; LABETALOL; METHYLDOPA; NIFEDIPINE; NITROPRUSSIDE; NORTH AMERICA; OLIGURIA; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, CARDIOVASCULAR; PROTEINURIA;

EID: 84875263018     PISSN: 08898545     EISSN: 15580474     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2012.11.008     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Martin J.A., Hamilton B.E., Sutton P.D., et al. Births: final data for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2006, 55:1-101.
2. National High Blood Pressure Education Program: Working Group Report on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 183:51.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Practice Bulletin 2002;No. 33.
4. Loudon I. The transformation of maternal mortality. BMJ 1992, 305:1557.
5. Clark S.L., Belfort M.A., Dildy G.A., et al. Maternal death in the 21st century: causes, prevention, and relationship to cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199(1):36.e1.
6. Berg C.J., Chang J., Callaghan W.M., et al. Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States 1991-1997. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 101:289.
7. Sibai B.M., Barton J.R. Expectant management of severe preeclampsia remote from term: patient selection, treatment and delivery indications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 196:514.
8. Sibai B.M., Barton J.R., Akl S., et al. A randomized prospective comparison of nifedipine and bed rest versus bed rest alone in the management of preeclampsia remote from term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 167(1):879.
9. Papadopoulos D.P., Mourouzis I., Thomopoulos C., et al. Hypertension crisis. Blood Press 2010, 19:328.
10. Marik P., Varon J. Hypertensive crises, challenges and management. Chest 2007, 131:1949.
11. Deshmukh A., Kumar G., Kumar N., et al. Effect of Joint National Committee VII report on hospitalizations for hypertensive emergencies in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2011, 108:1277.
12. Baumann B.M., Cline D.M., Pimenta E. Treatment of hypertension in the emergency department. J Am Soc Hypertens 2011, 5(5):366.
13. Benedetti T.J., Kates R., Williams V. Hemodynamic observations in severe preeclampsia complicated by pulmonary edema. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985, 152:330.
14. Hankins G.D., Wendel G.W., Cunningham F.G., et al. Longitudinal evaluation of hemodynamic changes in eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984, 150:506.
15. Rafferty T.D., Berkowitz R.L. Hemodynamics in patients with severe toxemia during labor and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980, 138:263.
16. Phelan J.P., Yurth D.A. Severe preeclampsia. I. Peripartum hemodynamic observations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982, 144(1):17.
17. Davison J.M., Noble M.C. Serial changes in 24-hour creatinine clearance during normal menstrual cycles and the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981, 88:10.
18. Lindheimer M.D., Davison J.M., Katz A.I. The kidney and hypertension in pregnancy: twenty exciting years. Semin Nephrol 2001, 21:173.
19. Irons D.W., Baylis P.H., Butler T.J., et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide in preeclampsia: metabolic clearance, sodium excretion and renal hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 1997, 273(3 Pt 2):F483.
20. Zeeman G.G., Cunningham F.G., Pritchard J.A. The magnitude of hemoconcentration with eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009, 28(2):127-137.
21. Conrad K.P., Gaber L.W., Lindheimer M.D. The kidney in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Chesley's hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2009, 297. Elsevier, New York. 3rd edition. M.D. Lindheimer, J.M. Roberts, F.G. Cunningham (Eds.).
22. Spargo B., McCartney C.P., Winemiller R. Glomerular capillary endotheliosis in toxemia of pregnancy. Arch Pathol 1959, 68:593.
23. Karumanchi S.A., Stillman I.E., Lindheimer M.D. Angiogenesis and preeclampsia. Chesley's hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2009, 87. Elsevier, New York. 3rd edition. M.D. Lindheimer, J.M. Roberts, F.G. Cunningham (Eds.).
24. Eremina V., Baelde H.J., Quaggin S.E. Role of the VEGF-A signaling pathway in the glomerulus: evidence for crosstalk between components of the glomerular filtration barrier. Nephron Physiol 2007, 106(2):32.
25. Hertig A.T. Vascular pathology in the hypertensive albuminuric toxemias of pregnancy. Clinics 1945, 4:602.
26. Fisher S.J., McMaster M., Roberts J.M. The placenta in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Chesley's hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2009, 73. Elsevier, New York. 3rd edition. M.D. Lindheimer, J.M. Roberts, F.G. Cunningham (Eds.).
27. Madazli R., Budak E., Calay Z., et al. Correlation between placental bed biopsy findings, vascular cell adhesion molecule and fibronectin levels in preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000, 107:514.
28. Melrose E.B. Maternal deaths at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban. A review of 258 consecutive cases. S Afr Med J 1984, 65:161.
29. Richards A., Graham D.I., Bullock M.R. Clinicopathological study of neurological complications due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:416.
30. Sheehan H.L., Lynch J.B. Cerebral lesions. Pathology of toxaemia of pregnancy 1973, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
31. Hinchey J., Chaves C., Appignani B., et al. A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(8):494.
32. Narbone M.C., Musolino R., Granata F., et al. PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome?. Neurol Sci 2006, 27:187.
33. Zeeman G.G., Fleckenstein J.L., Twickler D.M., et al. Cerebral infarction in eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 190:714.
34. Zeeman G.G., Cipolla M.J., Cunningham F.G. Cerebrovascular pathophysiology in preeclampsia/eclampsia. Chesley's hypertensive disorders in pregnancy 2009, 227. Elsevier, New York. 3rd edition. M.D. Lindheimer, J.M. Roberts, F.G. Cunningham (Eds.).
35. Cipolla M.J., Smith J., Kohlmeyer M.M., et al. SKCa and IKCa channels, myogenic tone, and vasodilator responses in middle cerebral arteries and parenchymal arterioles: effect of ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke 2009, 40(4):1451.
36. Cipolla M.J. Brief review: cerebrovascular function during pregnancy and eclampsia. Hypertension 2007, 50:14.
37. Cunningham F.G., Twickler D. Cerebral edema complicating eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 182:94.
38. Aukes A.M., de Groot J.C., Aarnoudse J.G., et al. Brain lesions several years after eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009, 200(5):504.e1.
39. Postma I.R., Wessel I., Aarnoudse J.G., et al. Neurocognitive functioning in formerly eclamptic women: sustained attention and executive functioning. Reprod Sci 2009, 16:175.
40. Cunningham F.G., Fernandez C.O., Hernandez C. Blindness associated with preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 172:1291.
41. Briggs G.G., Freeman R.K., Yalfe S.J. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation 2005, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 549. 7th edition.
42. Zondervan H.A., Oosting J., Smorenberg-Schoorl M.E., et al. Maternal whole blood viscosity in pregnancy hypertension. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1988, 25:83.
43. Jouppila P., Kirkinen P., Koivula A., et al. Labetalol does not alter the placental and fetal blood flow or maternal prostanoids in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986, 93(6):543.
44. Harper A., Murnaghan G.A. Maternal and fetal haemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancies during maternal treatment with intravenous hydralazine or labetalol. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991, 98(5):453.
45. Sibai B.M. Diagnosis and management of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 102:181.
46. Ducey J.P., Knap K.G. Maternal esmolol administration resulting in fetal distress and cesarean section in a term pregnancy. Anesthesiology 1992, 77(4):829.
47. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists: the management of severe pre-eclampsia. RCOG Guideline 2006;10.
48. Rehman F., Mansour G.A., White W.B. " Inappropriate" physician habits in prescribing oral nifedipine capsules in hospitalized patients. Am J Hypertens 1996, 9:1035.
49. Leveno K.J., Cunningham F.G. Management. Chesley's hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2009, 395. Elsevier, New York. 3rd edition. M.D. Linheimer, J.M. Roberts, F.G. Cunningham (Eds.).
50. Altman D., Carroli G., Duley L., et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie trial: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002, 359(9321):1877.
51. Stempel J.E., O'Grady J.P., Morton M.J., et al. Use of sodium nitroprusside in complications of gestational hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 1982, 60(4):533.
52. Vermillion S.T., Scardo J.A., Newman R.B., et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of oral nifedipine and intravenous labetalol in hypertensive emergencies of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 181:858.
53. Magee L.A., Cham C., Waterman E.J., et al. Hydralazine for treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy: meta-analysis. BMJ 2003, 327(7421):955.
54. Magee L.A., Yong P.J., Espinosa V., et al. Expectant management of severe preeclampsia remote from term: a structured systematic review. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009, 28(3):312.
55. Urban G., Vergani P., Ghindini A., et al. State of the art: non-invasive ultrasound assessment of the uteroplacental circulation. Semin Perinatol 2007, 31(4):232.
56. Vigil-De Gracia P., Ruiz E., Lopez J.C., et al. Management of severe hypertension in the postpartum period with intravenous hydralazine or labetalol: a randomized clinical trial. Hypertens Pregnancy 2007, 26(2):163.
57. Scardo J.A., Vermillion S.T., Newman R.B., et al. A randomized, double-blind, hemodynamic evaluation of nifedipine and labetalol in preeclamptic hypertensive emergencies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 181:862.
58. Duley L., Henderson-Smart D.J., Meher S. Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, (3). CD001449.
59. von Dadelszen P., Magee L.A. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: an updated metaregression analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002, 24(12):941.
60. von Dadelszen P., Ornstein M.P., Bull S.B., et al. Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2000, 355:87.