Continental and oceanic core complexes

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 125, Issue 3-4, 2013, Pages 273-298

  Whitney, Donna L ^a   Teyssier, Christian ^a   Rey, Patrice ^b   Roger Buck, W ^c  

^a University of Minnesota   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRITTLE LAYERS; FORMATION AND EVOLUTIONS; HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER; LITHOSPHERE DYNAMICS; LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION; MID-OCEAN RIDGES; OCEANIC CORE-COMPLEXES; SHALLOW LEVELS;

MODELS;

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; EXHUMATION; LITHOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; MID-OCEAN RIDGE; OCEANIC CRUST; RHEOLOGY; RIFT ZONE; UPPER MANTLE;

EID: 84875109496     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 19432674     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30754.1     Document Type: Review

References (267)

1. Abers, G.A., 1991, Possible seismogenic shallow-dipping normal faults in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux extensional province, Papua New Guinea: Geology, v. 19, p. 1205-1208, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019 <1205:PSSDNF>2.3.CO;2.
2. Abers, G.A., Mutter, C.Z., and Fang, J., 1997, Shallow dips of normal faults during rapid extension: Earthquakes in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux rift system, Papua New Guinea: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 15,301-15,317, doi:10.1029/97JB00787.
3. Allken, V., Huismans, R.S., and Thieulot, C., 2011, Threedimensional numerical modeling of upper crustal extensional systems: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 116, B10409, doi:10.1029/2011JB008319.
4. Anderson, E.M., 1942, The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation with Application to Britain: Edinburgh, Scotland, Oliver and Boyd, 191 p.
5. Anderson, E.M., 1951, The Dynamics of Faulting: London, Oliver and Boyd, 306 p.
6. Andreani, M., Mevel, C., Boullier, A.-M., and Escartin, J., 2007, Dynamic control on serpentine crystallization in veins: Constraints on hydration processes in oceanic peridotites: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 8, Q02012, doi:10.1029/2006GC001373.
7. Armstrong, R.L., 1972, Low-angle (denudation) faults, hinterland of the Sevier orogenic belt, eastern Nevada and western Utah: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 83, p. 1729-1754, doi:10.1130/0016-7606 (1972)83[1729:LDFHOT]2.0.CO;2.
8. Armstrong, R.L., and Ward, P., 1991, Evolving geographic patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the North American Cordillera: The temporal and spatial association of magmatism and metamorphic core complexes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 13,201-13,224, doi:10.1029/91JB00412.
9. Axen, G.J., 1999, Low-angle normal fault earthquakes and triggering: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, p. 3693-3696, doi:10.1029/1999GL005405.
10. Axen, G.J., 2007, Significance of large-displacement, lowangle normal faults: Geology, v. 35, p. 287-288, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2007)35[287:RFSOLL]2.0.CO;2.
11. Axen, G.J., Bartley, J.M., and Selverstone, J., 1995, Structural expression of a rolling hinge in the footwall of the Brenner Line normal fault, eastern Alps: Tectonics, v. 14, p. 1380-1392, doi:10.1029/95TC02406.
12. Baines, A.G., Cheadle, M.J., Dick, H.J.B., Scheirer, A.H., John, B.E., Kusznir, N.J., and Matsumoto, T., 2003, Mechanism for generating the anomalous uplift of oceanic core complexes: Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge: Geology, v. 31, p. 1105-1108, doi:10.1130/G19829.1.
13. Baines, A.G., Cheadle, M.J., John, B.E., and Schwartz, J.J., 2008, The rate of detachment faulting at Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ridge: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 273, p. 105-114, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.013.
14. Baker, J., Bickle, M.J., Buick, I.S., Holland, T.J.B., and Matthews, A., 1989, Isotopic and petrological evidence for the infiltration of water-rich fluids during the Miocene M2 metamorphism on Naxos, Greece: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 2037-2050, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90323-2.
15. Bartley, J.M., and Glazner, A.F., 1985, Hydrothermal systems and Tertiary low-angle normal faulting in the southwestern United States: Geology, v. 13, p. 562-564, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<562: HSATLN>2.0.CO;2.
16. Bassi, G., 1991, Factors controlling the style of continental rifting; insights from numerical modeling: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, p. 430-452, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90183-I.
17. Batt, G.E., and Braun, J., 1997, On the thermomechanical evolution of compressional orogens: Geophysical Journal International, v. 128, p. 364-382, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246X.1997.tb01561.x.
18. Beaudoin, G., Taylor, B.E., and Sangster, D.F., 1991, Silver-lead-zinc veins, metamorphic core complexes, and hydraulic regimes during crustal extension: Geology, v. 19, p. 1217-1220, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1991)019<1217:SLZVMC>2.3.CO;2.
19. Becker, T.W., and Faccenna, C., 2011, Mantle conveyor beneath the Tethyan collisional belt: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 310, p. 453-461, doi:10.1016/j.epsl .2011.08.021.
20. Billen, M.I., 2008, Modeling the dynamics of subducting slabs: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 36, p. 325-356, doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36 .031207.124129.
21. Blackman, D.K., Cann, J.R., Janssen, B., and Smith, D.K., 1998, Origin of extensional core complexes: Evidence from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at Atlantis Fracture Zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 21,315- 21,333, doi:10.1029/98JB01756.
22. Block, L., and Royden, L.H., 1990, Core complex geometries and regional scale flow in the lower crust: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 557-567, doi:10.1029/TC009i004p00557.
23. Bodine, J.H., Steckler, M.S., and Watts, A.B., 1981, Observations of flexure and the rheology of the oceanic lithosphere: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 3695-3707, doi:10.1029/JB086iB05p03695.
24. Boschi, C., Früh-Green, G.L., Delacour, A., Karson, J.A., and Kelley, D.S., 2006, Mass transfer and fluid flow during detachment faulting and development of an oceanic core complex, Atlantic Massif (MAR 30°N): Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 7, doi: 10.1029/2005GC001074.
25. Bozkurt, E., and Park, R.G., 1994, Southern Menderes Massif: An incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 151, p. 213-216, doi:10.1144/gsjgs.151.2.0213.
26. Braun, J., and Beaumont, C., 1989, A physical explanation of the relation between flank uplifts and the breakup unconformity at rifted continental margins: Geology, v. 17, p. 760-764, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0760: APEOTR>2.3.CO;2.
27. Brichau, S., Ring, U., Ketcham, R.A., Carter, A., Stockli, D., and Brunel, M., 2006, Constraining the long-term evolution of the slip rate for a major extensional fault system in the central Aegean, Greece, using thermochronology: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 241, p. 293-306, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.065.
28. Brown, S.R., Gibson, H.D., Andrews, G.D.M., Thorkelson, D.J., Marshall, D.D., Vervoort, J.D., and Rayner, N., 2012, New constraints on Eocene extension within the Canadian Cordillera and identification of Phanerozoic protoliths for footwall gneisses of the Okanagan Valley shear zone: Lithosphere, v. 4, p. 354-377, doi:10.1130 /L199.1.
29. Brun, J.-P., and van den Driessche, J., 1994, Extensional gneiss domes and detachment fault systems-Structure and kinematics: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 165, p. 519-530.
30. Brun, J.-P., Sokoutis, D., and van den Driessche, J., 1994, Analogue modeling of detachment fault systems and core complex: Geology, v. 22, p. 319-322, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1994)022<0319:AMODFS>2.3.CO;2.
31. Buck, W.R., 1988, Flexural rotation of normal faults: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 959-973, doi:10.1029/TC007i005p00959.
32. Buck, W.R., 1991, Modes of continental lithospheric extension: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 20,161- 20,178, doi:10.1029/91JB01485.
33. Buck, W.R., 1993, Effect of lithospheric thickness on the formation of high- and low-angle normal faults: Geol ogy, v. 21, p. 933-936, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1993)021<0933:EOLTOT>2.3.CO;2.
34. Buck, W.R., and Poliakov, A.N.B., 1998, Abyssal hills formed by stretching oceanic lithosphere: Nature, v. 392, p. 272-275, doi:10.1038/32636.
35. Buck, W.R., Martinez, F., Steckler, M.S., and Cochran, J.R., 1988, Thermal consequences of lithospheric extension: Pure and simple: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 213-234, doi:10.1029/TC007i002p00213.
36. Buck, W.R., Lavier, L.L., and Poliakov, A.N.B., 2005, Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges: Nature, v. 434, p. 719-723, doi:10.1038/nature03358.
37. Buick, I.S., and Holland, T.J.B., 1989, The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece, in Daly, J.S., et al., eds., Evolution of Metamorphic Belts: Geological Society of London Special Publication 43, p. 365-369.
38. Burchfiel, B.C., and Royden, L.H., 1985, North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region: Geology, v. 13, p. 679-682, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1985)13<679:NEWTCH>2.0.CO;2.
39. Burg, J.-P., Guiraud, M., Chen, G.M., and Li, G.C., 1984, Himalayan metamorphism and deformations in the North Himalayan Belt (South Tibet, China): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 69, p. 391-400, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90197-3.
40. Campbell-Stone, E., John, B.E., Foster, D.A., Geissman, J.W., and Livaccari, R.F., 2000, Mechanisms for accommodating Miocene low-angle normal faulting, magmatism, and secondary breakaway faulting in the southern Sacramento Mountains, southeastern California: Tectonics, v. 19, p. 566-587, doi:10.1029/1999TC001133.
41. Campos, T.F.D.C., Bezerra, F.H.R., Srivastava, N.K., Vieira, M.M., and Vita-Finzi, C., 2010, Holocene tectonic uplift of the St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks (Equatorial Atlantic) consistent with emplacement by extrusion: Marine Geology, v. 271, p. 177-186, doi:10.1016 /j.margeo.2010.02.013.
42. Canales, J.P., Sohn, R.A., and De Martin, B.J., 2007, Crustal structure of the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) segment (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26°10' N): Implications for the nature of hydrothermal circulation and detachment faulting at slow spreading ridges: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 8, Q08004, doi:10.1029/2007GC001629.
43. Canales, J.P., Tucholke, B.E., Xu, M., Collins, J.A., and DuBois, D.L., 2008, Seismic evidence for large-scale compositional heterogeneity of oceanic core complexes: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, Q08002, doi:10.1029/2008GC002009.
44. Candan, O., Dora, Ö.O., Oberhänsli, R., Çetinkaplan, M., Partzsch, J.H., Warkus, F.C., and Dürr, S., 2001, Pan-African high-pressure metamorphism in the Precambrian basement of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 89, p. 793-811, doi:10.1007/s005310000097.
45. Cann, J.R., Blackman, D.K., Smith, D.K., McAllister, E., Janssen, B., Mello, S., Avgerinos, E., Pascoe, A.R., and Escartin, J., 1997, Corrugated slip surfaces formed at North Atlantic ridge-transform intersections: Nature, v. 385, p. 329-332, doi:10.1038/385329a0.
46. Cannat, M., 1993, Emplacement of mantle rocks in the seafl oor at mid-ocean ridges: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 4163-4172, doi:10.1029/92JB02221.
47. Cannat, M., Mevel, C., Maia, M., Deplus, C., Durand, C., Gente, P., Agrinier, P., Belarouchi, A., Dubuisson, G., Humler, E., and Reynolds, J., 1995, Thin crust, ultramafic exposures, and rugged faulting patterns at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (22°-24°N): Geology, v. 23, p. 49-52, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0049: TCUEAR>2.3.CO;2.
48. Cannat, M., Mendel, V., Ruellan, E., Okino, K., Escartin, J., Combier, V., and Baala, M., 2006, Modes of seafloor generation at a melt-poor ultraslow-spreading ridge: Geology, v. 34, p. 605-608, doi:10.1130/G22486.1.
49. Cannat, M., Sauter, D., and Escartin, J., 2009, Oceanic corrugated surfaces and the strength of the axial lithosphere at slow spreading ridges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 288, p. 174-183, doi:10.1016/j.epsl .2009.09.020.
50. Carter, T.J., Kohn, B.P., Foster, D.A., and Gleadow, A.J.W., 2004, How the Harcuvar Mountains metamorphic core complex became cool: Evidence from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: Geology, v. 32, p. 985-988, doi: 10.1130/G20936.1.
51. Carter, T.J., Kohn, B.P., Foster, D.A., Gleadow, A.J.W., and Woodhead J.D., 2006, Late-stage evolution of the Chemehuevi and Sacramento detachment faults from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry-Evidence for mid-Miocene accelerated slip: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 689-709.
52. Cavazza, W., Okay, A.I., and Zattin, M., 2009, Rapid earlymiddle Miocene exhumation of the Kazdaǧ Massif (western Anatolia): International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 98, p. 1935-1947, doi:10.1007/s00531-008 -0353-9.
53. Choi, E., and Buck, W.R., 2012, Constraints on the strength of faults from the geometry of rider blocks in continental and oceanic core complexes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 117, B04410, doi:10.1029/2011JB008741.
54. Christie, D.M., West, B.P., Pyle, D.G., and Hanan, B.B., 1998, Chaotic topography, mantle flow and mantle migration in the Australian-Antarctic Discordance: Nature, v. 394, p. 637-644, doi:10.1038/29226.
55. Cipriani, A., Bonatti, E., Seyler, M., Brueckner, H.K., Brunelli, D., Dallai, L., Hemming, S.R., Ligi, M., Ottolini, L., and Turrin, B.D., 2009, A 19 to 17 Ma amagmatic extension event at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Ultramafic mylonites from the Vema lithospheric section: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 10, Q10011, doi:10.1029/2009GC002534.
56. Clark, M.K., and Royden, L.H., 2000, Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow: Geology, v. 28, p. 703-706, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(2000)28<703:TOBTEM>2.0.CO;2.
57. Coney, P.J., 1974, Structural analysis of the Snake Range "décollement," east-central Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 1237-1250.
58. Coney, P.J., 1980, Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: An overview, in Crittenden, M.D., Coney, P.J., and Davis , G.H., eds., Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes: Geological Society of America Memoir 153, p. 7-34.
59. Coney, P.J., and Harms, T.A., 1984, Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Cenozoic extensional relics of Mesozoic compression: Geology, v. 12, p. 550-554, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1984)12<550:CMCCCE>2.0.CO;2.
60. Cook, F.A., Varsek, J.L., Clowes, R.M., Kanasewich, E.R., Spencer, C.S., Parrish, R.R., Brown, R.L., Carr, S.D., Johnson, B.J., and Price, R.A., 1992, Lithoprobe crustal reflection cross-section of the southern Canadian Cordillera: 1. Foreland thrust and fold belt to Fraser River fault: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 12-35, doi:10.1029 /91TC02332.
61. Copard, Y., Disnar, J.R., Becq-Giraudon, J.-F., and Boussafir, M., 2000, Evidence and effects of fluid circulation on organic matter in intramontane coalfields (Massif Central, France): International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, p. 49-68, doi:10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00049-X.
62. Crittenden, M.D., Jr., Coney, P.J., and Davis, G.H., eds., 1980, Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes: Geological Society of America Memoir 153, 490 p.
63. Dannowski, A., Grevemeyer, I., Ranero, C.R., Ceuleneer, G., Maia, M., Morgan, J.P., and Gente, P., 2010, Seismic structure of an oceanic core complex at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 22°19'N: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 115, B07106, doi:10.1029/2009JB006943.
64. Davis, G.A., Anderson, J.L., Frost, E.G., and Shackelford, T.J., 1980, Mylonitization and detachment faulting in the Whipple-Bucksin-Rawhide Mountains terrane, southeastern California and western Arizona, in Crittenden, M.D., Coney, P.J., and Davis, G.H., eds., Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes: Geological Society of America Memoir 153, p. 9-129.
65. Davis, G.A., Lister, G.S., and Reynolds, S.J., 1986, Structural evolution of the Whipple and South Mountains shear zones, southwestern United States: Geol ogy, v. 14, p. 7-10, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14 <7:SEOTWA>2.0.CO;2.
66. Davis, G.H., and Coney, P.J., 1979, Geologic development of the Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Geology, v. 7, p. 120-124, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1979)7<120:GDOTCM>2.0.CO;2.
67. de Martin, B.J., Canales, R.A.R., Canales, J.P., and Humphris, S.E., 2007, Kinematics and geometry of active detachment faulting beneath the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) hydrothermal field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Geology, v. 35, p. 711-714, doi:10.1130 /G23718A.1.
68. Detrick, R.S., Needham, H.D., and Renard, V., 1995, Gravityanomalies and crustal thickness variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 33°N and 40°N: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 3767-3787, doi: 10.1029/94JB02649.
69. Dick, H.J.B., Natland, J.H., Alt, J.C., Bach, W., Bideau, D., Gee, J.S., Haggas, S., Hertogen, J.G.H., Hirth, G., Holm, P.M., Ildefonse, B., Iturrino, G.J., John, B.E., Kelley, D.S., Kikawa, E., Kingdon, A., LeRoux, P.J., Maeda, J., Meyer, P.S., Miller, D.J., Naslund, H.R., Niu, Y.L., Robinson, P.T., Snow, J., Stephen, R.A., Trimby, P.W., Worm, H.-U., and Yoshinobu, A., 2000, A long in situ section of the lower oceanic crust: Results of ODP Leg 176 drilling at the Southwest Indian Ridge: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 179, p. 31-51, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00102-3.
70. Dick, H.J.B., Tivey, M.A., and Tucholke, B.E., 2008, Plutonic foundation of a slow-spreading ridge segment: Oceanic core complex at Kane Megamullion, 23°30'N, 45°20'W: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, Q05014, doi:10.1029/2007GC001645.
71. Dick, H.J.B., Lissenberg, C.J., and Warren, J.M., 2010, Mantle melting, melt transport, and delivery beneath a slow-spreading ridge: The paleo-MAR from 23°15'N to 23°45'N: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, p. 425-467, doi:10.1093/petrology/egp088.
72. Escartín, J., Mevel, C., MacLeod, C.J., and McCaig, A.M., 2003, Constraints on deformation conditions and the origin of oceanic detachments: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge core complex at 15°45'N: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 4, 1067, doi:10.1029/2002GC000472.
73. Escartín, J., Smith, D.K., Cann, J., Schouten, H., Langmuir, C.H., and Escrig, S., 2008, Central role of detachment faults in accretion of slow-spreading oceanic lithosphere: Nature, v. 455, doi:10.1038/nature07333.
74. Faccenna, C., Heuret, A., Funiciello, F., Lallemand, S., and Becker, T.W., 2007, Predicting trench and plate motion from the dynamics of a strong slab: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 257, p. 29-36, doi:10.1016 /j.epsl.2007.02.016.
75. Famin, V., and Nakashima, S., 2005, Hydrothermal fluid venting along a seismogenic detachment fault in the Moresby rift (Woodlark basin, Papua New Guinea): Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 6, Q12003, doi: 10.1029/2005GC001112.
76. Famin, V., Philippot, P., Jolivet, L., and Agard, P., 2004, Evolution of hydrothermal regime along a crustal shear zone, Tinos Island, Greece: Tectonics, v. 23, TC5004, doi:10.1029/2003TC001509.
77. Faure, M., Lin, W., Scharer, U., Shu, L.S., Sun, Y., and Arnaud , N., 2003, Continental subduction and exhumation of UHP rocks. Structural and geochronological insights from the Dabieshan (East China): Lithos, v. 70, p. 213-241, doi:10.1016/S0024-4937(03)00100-2.
78. Fayon, A.K., Peacock, S.M., Stump, E., and Reynolds, S.J., 2000, Fission track analysis of the footwall of the Catalina detachment fault, Arizona: Tectonic denudation, magmatism, and erosion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 11,047-11,062, doi:10.1029 /1999JB900421.
79. Fayon, A.K., Whitney, D.L., and Teyssier, C., 2004, Exhumation of orogenic crust: Diapiric ascent vs. low-angle normal faulting, in Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Siddoway, C.S., eds., Gneiss Domes and Orogeny: Geological Society of America Special Paper 380, p. 129-139.
80. Forsyth, D.W., 1992, Finite extension and low-angle normal faulting: Geology, v. 20, p. 27-30, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1992)020<0027:FEALAN>2.3.CO;2.
81. Foster, D.A., and Fanning, C.M., 1997, Geochronology of the northern Idaho batholith and the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex: Magmatism preceding and contemporaneous with extension: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 379-394, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1997)109<0379:GOTNIB>2.3.CO;2.
82. Foster, D.A., and John, B.E., 1999, Quantifying tectonic exhumation in an extensional orogen with thermochronol ogy: Examples from the southern Basin and Range Province, in Ring, U., Brandon, M., Lister, G.S., and Willett, S.D., eds., Exhumation Processes: Normal Faulting, Ductile Flow, and Erosion: Geological Society of London Special Publication 154, p. 356-378.
83. Foster, D.A., and Raza, A., 2002, Low-temperature thermochronological record of exhumation of the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex, northern Cordilleran orogen: Tectonophysics, v. 349, p. 23-36, doi:10.1016 /S0040-1951(02)00044-6.
84. Foster, D.A., Harrison, T.M., Miller, C.F., and Howard, K.A., 1990, The 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology of the eastern Mojave Desert, California, and adjacent western Arizona, with implications for the evolution of metamorphic core complexes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 20,005, doi:10.1029/JB095iB12p20005.
85. Foster, D.A., Gleadow, A.J.W., Reynolds, S.J., and Fitzgerald, P.G., 1993, Denudation of metamorphic core complexes and the reconstruction of the transition zone, west-central Arizona: Constraints from apatite fissiontrack thermochronology: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 2167-2185, doi:10.1029/92JB02407.
86. Foster, D.A., Schafer, C., Fanning, C.M., and Hyndman, D.W., 2001, Relationships between crustal partial melting, plutonism, orogeny, and exhumation: Idaho-Bitterroot batholith: Tectonophysics, v. 342, p. 313-350, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00169-X.
87. Foster, D.A., Doughty, P.T., Kalakay, T.J., Fanning, C.M., Coyner, S., Grice, W.C., and Vogl, J., 2007, Kinematics and timing of exhumation of metamorphic core complexes along the Lewis and Clark fault zone, northern Rocky Mountains, USA, in Roeske, S.M., Till, A.B., Foster , D.A., and Sample, J.C., eds., Exhumation Associated with Continental Strike-Slip Fault Systems: Geological Society of America Special Paper 434, p. 207-231.
88. Foster, D.A., Grice, W.C., Jr., and Kalakay, T.J., 2010, Extension of the Anaconda metamorphic core complex: 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology and implications for Eocene tectonics of the northern Rocky Mountains and the Boulder batholith: Lithosphere, v. 2, p. 232-246, doi:10.1130/L94.1.
89. Fouquet, Y., Cambon, P., Etoubleau, J., Charlou, J.L., Ondréas , H., Barriga, F.J.A.S., Cherkashov, G., Semkova, T., Poroshina, I., Bohn, M., Donval, J.P., Henry, K., Murphy, P., and Rouxel, O., 2010, Geodiversity of hydrothermal processes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and ultramafic-hosted mineralization: A new type of oceanic Cu-Zn-Co-Au volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, in Rona, P.A., Devey, C.W., Dyment, J., and Murton, B.J., eds., Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 188, p. 321-367.
90. 16O ratios of meteoric water and surface temperature: Its use in investigating climate change over geologic time: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 170, p. 181-196, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00105-3.
91. Fricke, H.C., Wickham, S.M., and O'Neil, J.R., 1992, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence for meteoric water infiltration during mylonitization and uplift in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex, Nevada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 111, p. 203-221, doi:10.1007/BF00348952.
92. Gans, P.B., Miller, E.L., McCarthy, J., and Ouldcott, M.L., 1985, Tertiary extensional faulting and evolving ductile-brittle transition zones in the northern Snake Range and vicinity: New insights from seismic data: Geology, v. 13, p. 189-193, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (1985)13<189:TEFAED>2.0.CO;2.
93. Gans, P.B., Mahood, G.A., and Schermer, E., 1989, Synextensional Magmatism in the Basin and Range Province: A Case Study from the Eastern Great Basin: Geological Society of America Special Paper 233, 53 p.
94. Garcés, M., and Gee, J.S., 2007, Paleomagnetic evidence of large footwall rotations associated with low-angle faults at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Geology, v. 35, p. 279-282, doi:10.1130/G23165A.1.
95. Gasser, D., Bruand, E., Stüwe, K., Foster, D.A., Schuster, R., Fügenschuh, B., and Pavlis, T., 2011, Formation of a metamorphic core complex along an obliquely convergent margin: Structural and thermochronological evolution of the Chugach metamorphic complex, southern Alaska: Tectonics, v. 30, TC2012, doi:10.1029/2010TC002776.
96. Gautier, P., Brun, J.-P., and Jolivet, L., 1993, Structure and kinematics of Upper Cenozoic extensional detachment on Naxos and Paros (Cyclades Islands, Greece): Tectonics, v. 12, p. 1180-1194, doi:10.1029/93TC01131.
97. Gébelin, A., Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., Heizler, M., Vennemann, T., and Seaton, N.C.A., 2011, Oligo-Miocene extensional tectonics and fluid flow across the northern Snake Range detachment system, Nevada: Tectonics, v. 30, TC5010, doi:10.1029/2010TC002797.
98. Gessner, K., Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C.W., and Güngör, T., 2001, An active bivergent rollinghinge detachment system: Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey: Geology, v. 29, p. 611-614, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0611: AABRHD>2.0.CO;2.
99. Gessner, K., Wijns, C., and Moresi, L., 2007, Significance of strain localization in the lower crust for structural evolution and thermal history of metamorphic core complexes: Tectonics, v. 26, TC2012, doi:10.1029 /2004TC001768.
100. Glombick, P., Thompson, R.I., Erdmer, P., and Daughtry, K.L., 2006, A reappraisal of the tectonic significance of Early Tertiary low-angle shear zones exposed in the Vernon map area (82 L), Shuswap metamorphic core complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 43, p. 245-268, doi:10.1139/e05-101.
101. Goergen, E.T., and Whitney, D.L., 2012, Control of effective bulk composition on the evolution of textures and mineral assemblages in orthoamphibole-cordierite gneiss from the Thor-Odin dome, British Columbia, Canada: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 163, p. 337-352, doi:10.1007/s00410-011-0671-y.
102. Gordon, S.M., Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., Grove, M., and Dunlap, W.J., 2008, Timescales of migmatization, melt crystallization, and cooling in a Cordilleran gneiss dome, the Valhalla complex, southeastern British Columbia: Tectonics, v. 27, TC4010, doi:10.1029 /2007TC002103.
103. Gottardi, R., Teyssier, C., Mulch, A., Vennemann, T.W., and Wells, M.L., 2011, Preservation of an extreme transient geotherm in the Raft River detachment shear zone: Geol ogy, v. 39, p. 759-762, doi:10.1130/G31834.1.
104. Govers, R., and Wortel, M.J.R., 1993, Initiation of asymmetric extension in continental lithosphere: Tectonophysics, v. 223, p. 75-96, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90159-H.
105. Grasemann, B., and Tschegg, C., 2012, Localization of defor ma tion triggered by chemo-mechanical feedback processes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 124, p. 737-745, doi:10.1130/B30504.1.
106. Grimes, C.B., John, B.E., Cheadle, M.J., and Wooden, J.L., 2008, Protracted construction of gabbroic crust at a slow spreading ridge: Constraints from 206Pb/238U zircon ages from Atlantis Massif and IODP Hole U1309D (30°N, MAR): Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, Q08012, doi:10.1029/2008GC002063.
107. Grimes, C.B., Cheadle, M.J., John, B.E., Reiners, P.W., and Wooden, J.L., 2011, Cooling rates and the depth of detachment faulting at oceanic core complexes: Evidence from zircon Pb/U and (U-Th)/He ages: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 12, Q0AG01, doi:10.1029/2010GC003391.
108. Hacker, B.R., Wallis, S.R., Ratschbacher, L., Grove, M., and Gehrels, G., 2006, High-temperature geochronology constraints on the tectonic history and architecture of the ultrahigh-pressure Dabie-Sulu orogen: Tectonics, v. 25, TC5006, doi:10.1029/2005TC001937.
109. Hamilton, W.B., 1988, Detachment faulting in the Death Valley region, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1790, p. 51-85.
110. Hayman, N.W., Grindlay, N.R, Perfit, M.R., Mann, P., Leroy, S., and de Lépinay, B.M., 2011, Oceanic core complex development at the ultraslow spreading Mid-Cayman spreading center: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 12, Q0AG02, doi:10.1029/2010GC003240.
111. Hetzel, R., Passchier, C.W., Ring, U., and Dora, Ö.O., 1995a, Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: The Menderes massif (southwestern Turkey): Geology, v. 23, p. 455-458, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0455: BEIOBT>2.3.CO;2.
112. Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C., and Troesch, M., 1995b, Miocene NNE-direct extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 152, p. 639-654, doi:10.1144 /gsjgs.152.4.0639.
113. Hill, E.J., Baldwin, S.L., and Lister, G.S., 1992, Unroofing of active metamorphic core complexes in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea: Geology, v. 20, p. 907-910, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020 <0907:UOAMCC>2.3.CO;2.
114. Hill, E.J., Baldwin, S.L., and Lister, G.S., 1995, Magmatism as an essential driving force for formation of active metamorphic core complexes in eastern Papua New Guinea: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,441-10,451, doi:10.1029/94JB03329.
115. 16O evidence for contrasting hydrothermal regimes involving magmatic and meteoric-hydrothermal waters in the Valhalla metamorphic core complex, British Columbia: Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, v. 102, p. 1063-1078, doi:10.2113 /gsecongeo.102.6.1063.
116. Holm, D.K., 1996, Core complex model proposed for gneiss dome development during collapse of the Paleoproterozoic Penokean orogen, Minnesota: Geology, v. 24, p. 343-346, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0343: CCMPFG>2.3.CO;2.
117. Hyndman, D.W., 1980, Bitterroot dome, Sapphire tectonic block, and example of a plutonic-core gneiss-dome complex with its detachment suprastructure, in Crittenden, M.D., Coney, P.J., and Davis, G.H., eds., Cordi lleran Metamorphic Core Complexes: Geological Society of America Memoir 153, p. 427-443.
118. Ildefonse, B., Blackman, D.K., John, B.E., Ohara, Y., Miller, D.J., and MacLeod, C.J., 2007, Oceanic core complexes and crustal accretion at slow-spreading ridges: Geology, v. 35, p. 623-626, doi:10.1130/G23531A.1.
119. Jackson, J., 1987, Active normal faulting and crustal extension, in Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., and Hancock, P.L., eds., Continental Extensional Tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, p. 3-18.
120. Jackson, J., and White, N., 1989, Normal faulting in the upper continental crust: Observations from regions of active extension: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 15-36, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(89)90033-3.
121. John, B.E., 1987, Geometry and evolution of a mid-crustal extensional fault system: Chemehuevi Mountains, southeastern California, in Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., and Hancock, P.L., eds., Continental Extensional Tectonics: Geological Society Special Publication 28, p. 313-336.
122. John, B.E., and Cheadle, M.J., 2010, Deformation and alteration associated with oceanic and continental detachment fault systems: Are they similar?, in Rona, P.A., Devey, C.W., Dyment, J., and Murton, B.J., eds., Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Oceanic Ridges: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 188, p. 175-205.
123. John, B.E., and Foster, D.A., 1993, Structural and thermal constraints on the initiation angle of detachment faulting in the southern Basin and Range: The Chemehuevi Mountains case study: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1091-1108, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1993)105<1091:SATCOT>2.3.CO;2.
124. John, B.E., and Howard, K.A., 1995, Rapid extension recorded by cooling-age patterns and brittle deformation, Naxos, Greece: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 9969-9979, doi:10.1029/95JB00665.
125. John, B.E., Foster, D.A., Murphy, J.M., Cheadle, M.H., Baines, A.G., Fanning, M., and Copeland, P., 2004, Determining the cooling history of an in situ lower oceanic crust-Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ridge: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, p. 145-160, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.014.
126. Johnson, R.A., and Loy, K.L., 1992, Seismic reflection evidence for seismogenic low-angle faulting in southeastern Arizona: Geology, v. 20, p. 597-600, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1992)020<0597:SREFSL>2.3.CO;2.
127. Jolivet, L., and Brun, J.-P., 2010, Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Aegean: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 99, p. 109-138, doi:10.1007/s00531-008 -0366-4.
128. Karson, J.A., 1998, Internal structure of oceanic lithosphere: A perspective view from tectonic windows, in Buck, W.R., et al., eds., Faulting and Magmatism at Midocean Ridges: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 106, p. 177-218.
129. Karson, J.A., 1999, Geological investigation of a lineated massif at the Kane transform: Implications for oceanic core complexes: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, ser. A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, v. 357, p. 713-740, doi:10.1098/rsta .1999.0350.
130. Karson, J.A., and Dick, H.J.B., 1983, Tectonics of a ridgetransform intersection at the Kane fracture zone: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 6, p. 51-98, doi:10.1007 /BF00300398.
131. Keay, S., Lister, G.S., and Buick, I., 2001, The timing of partial melting, Barrovian metamorphism and granite intrusion in the Naxos metamorphic core complex, Cyclades , Aegean Sea, Greece: Tectonophysics, v. 342, p. 275-312, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00168-8.
132. Kerrich, R., 1988, Detachment zones of Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Thermal, fluid, and metasomatic regimes: Geologische Rundschau, v. 77, p. 157-182, doi:10.1007/BF01848682.
133. 16O and geologic relations: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 147-155, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<147: TAFRIT>2.0.CO;2.
134. 16O evidence from the Picacho metamorphic core complex, Arizona: Geology, v. 15, p. 58-62, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1987)15<58:FMAWTM>2.0.CO;2.
135. Ketcham, R.A., 1996, Thermal models of core-complex evolution in Arizona and New Guinea: Implications for ancient cooling paths and present-day heat flow: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 933-951, doi:10.1029/96TC00033.
136. King, G., and Ellis, M., 1990, The origin of large local uplift in extensional regions: Nature, v. 348, p. 689-693, doi:10.1038/348689a0.
137. Koyi, H.A., and Skelton, A., 2001, Centrifuge modelling of the evolution of low-angle detachment faults from high-angle normal faults: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 1179-1185, doi:10.1016/S0191 -8141(00)00185-1.
138. Kruckenberg, S.C., and Whitney, D.L., 2011, Metamorphic evolution of sapphirine-bearing orthoamphibole-cordierite gneiss, Okanogan dome, Washington, USA: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 29, p. 425-449, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00926.x.
139. Kruckenberg, S.C., Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., Fanning, M., and Dunlap, W.J., 2008, Paleocene-Eocene migmatite crystallization, extension, and exhumation in the hinterland of the northern Cordillera: Okanogan dome, Washington, USA: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 120, p. 912-929, doi:10.1130/B26153.1.
140. Kruckenberg, S.C., Vanderhaeghe, O., Ferré, E.C., Teyssier, C., and Whitney, D.L., 2011, Flow of partially molten crust and the internal dynamics of a migmatite dome, Naxos, Greece: Tectonics, v. 30, TC3001, doi:10.1029/2010TC002751.
141. Kruse, S., McNutt, M., Phipps-Morgan, J., Royden, L., and Wernicke, B., 1991, Lithospheric extension near Lake Mead, Nevada: A model for ductile flow of the lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 4435- 4450, doi:10.1029/90JB02621.
142. Kurz, M.D., Warren, J.M., and Curtice, J., 2009, Mantle defor ma tion and noble gases: Helium and neon in oceanic mylonites: Chemical Geology, v. 266, p. 10-18, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.12.018.
143. Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Hacker, B.R., and Mattinson, C.G., 2012, Size and exhumation rate of ultrahigh-pressure terranes linked to orogenic stage: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 321, p. 115-120, doi:10.1016/j.epsl .2011.12.036.
144. Lachenbruch, A.H., Sass, J.H., and Morgan, P., 1994, Thermal regime of the southern Basin and Range province: 2. Implications of heat flow for regional extension and metamorphic core complexes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 22,121-22,133, doi: 10.1029/94JB01890.
145. Lavier, L.L., and Buck, W.R., 2002, Half graben versus large-offset low-angle normal fault: The importance of keeping cool during normal faulting: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, p. 2122, doi:10.1029 /2001JB000513.
146. Lavier, L.L., and Manatschal, G., 2006, A mechanism to thin the continental lithosphere at magma-poor margins: Nature, v. 440, p. 324-328, doi:10.1038/nature04608.
147. Lavier, L.L., Buck, W.R., and Poliakov, A.N.B., 1999, Selfconsistent rolling-hinge model for the evolution of large-offset, low-angle normal faults: Geology, v. 27, p. 1127-1130, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027 <1127:SCRHMF>2.3.CO;2.
148. Lavier, L.L., Buck, W.R., and Poliakov, A.N.B., 2000, Factors controlling normal fault offset in an ideal brittle layer: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 23,431- 23,442, doi:10.1029/2000JB900108.
149. Lecomte, E., Jolivet, L., Lacombe, O., Denèle, Y., Labrousse, L., and Le Pourhiet, L., 2010, Geometry and kinematics of Mykonos detachment, Cyclades, Greece: Evidence for slip at shallow dip: Tectonics, v. 29, TC5012, doi: 10.1029/2009TC002564.
150. Lin, J., Purdy, G.M., Schouten, H., Sempere, J.-C., and Zervas , C., 1990, Evidence from gravity data for focused magmatic accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Nature , v. 344, p. 627-632, doi:10.1038/344627a0.
151. Lister, G.S., and Baldwin, S.L., 1993, Plutonism and the origin of metamorphic core complexes: Geology, v. 21, p. 607-610, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0607: PATOOM>2.3.CO;2.
152. Lister, G.S., and Davis, G.A., 1989, The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, USA: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 11, p. 65-94, doi:10.1016/0191-8141 (89)90036-9.
153. Lister, G.S., Banga, G., and Feenstra, A., 1984, Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in the Cyclades Aegean Sea, Greece: Geology, v. 12, p. 221-225, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<221:MCCOCT>2.0.CO;2.
154. Little, T.A., Baldwin, S.L., Fitzgerald, P.G., and Monteleone, B., 2007, Continental rifting and metamorphic core complex formation ahead of the Woodlark spreading ridge, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea: Tectonics, v. 26, p. TC1002, doi:10.1029/2005TC001911.
155. Livaccari, R.F., Geissman, J.W., and Reynolds, S.J., 1995, Large-magnitude extensional deformation in the South Mountains metamorphic core complex, Arizona: Evaluation with paleomagnetism: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, p. 877-894, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1995)107<0877:LMEDIT>2.3.CO;2.
156. Lorencak, M., Seward, D., Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyssier, C., and Burg, J.P., 2001, Low-temperature cooling history of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex, British Columbia: Constraints from apatite and zircon fissiontrack ages: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 1615-1625, doi:10.1139/e01-037.
157. Losh, S., 1997, Stable isotope and modeling studies of fluidrock interaction associated with the Snake Range and Mormon Peak detachment faults, Nevada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 300-323, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0300:SIAMSO >2.3.CO;2.
158. MacLeod, C.J., Escartin, J., Banerji, D., Banks, G.J., Gleeson, M., Irving, D.H.B., Lilly, R.M., McCaig, A.M., Niu, Y., Allerton, S., and Smith, D.K., 2002, Direct geological evidence for oceanic detachment faulting: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 15°45'N: Geology, v. 30, p. 879-882, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0879: DGEFOD>2.0.CO;2.
159. MacLeod, C.J., Searle, R.C., Murton, B.J., Casey, J.F., Mallows, C., Unsworth, S.C., Achenbach, K.L., and Harris, M., 2009, Life cycle of oceanic core complexes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 287, p. 333-344, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.016.
160. MacLeod, C.J., Carlut, J., Escartin, J., Horen, H., and Morris, A., 2011, Quantitative constraint on footwall rotations at the 15°45'N oceanic core complex, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Implications for oceanic detachment fault processes: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 12, Q0AG03, doi:10.1029/2011GC003503.
161. Malavieille, J., Guihot, P., Costa, S., Lardeaux, J.M., and Gardien, V., 1990, Collapse of thickened Variscan crust in the French Massif Central: Mont Pilat extensional shear zone and St. Etienne Late Carboniferous basin: Tectonophysics, v. 177, p. 139-149, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(90)90278-G.
162. Mallows, C., and Searle, R.C., 2012, A geophysical study of oceanic core complexes and surrounding terrain, Mid-Atlantic Ridge 13°N-14°N: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 13, Q0AG08, doi:10.1029 /2012GC004075.
163. Maluski, H., Costa, S., and Echtler, H., 1991, Late Variscan tectonic evolution by thinning of earlier thickened crust. An 40Ar-39Ar study of the Montagne Noire, southern Massif Central, France: Lithos, v. 26, p. 287- 304, doi:10.1016/0024-4937(91)90034-I.
164. Martin, L., Duchêne, S., Deloule, E., and Vanderhaeghe, O., 2006, The isotopic composition of zircon and garnet: A record of the metamorphic history of Naxos, Greece: Lithos, v. 87, p. 174-192, doi:10.1016/j.lithos .2005.06.016.
165. Masek, J.G., Isacks, B.L., Fielding, E.J., and Browaeys, J., 1994, Rift flank uplift in Tibet: Evidence for a viscous lower crust: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 659-667, doi: 10.1029/94TC00452.
166. McAdoo, D.C., Caldwell, J.G., and Turcotte, D.L., 1978, On the elastic, perfectly plastic bending generalized loading with application to the Kurile Trench: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 54, p. 11-26, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb06753.x.
167. McCaig, A.M., and Harris, M., 2012, Hydrothermal circulation and the dike-gabbro transition in the detachment mode of slow seafloor spreading: Geology, v. 40, p. 367-370, doi:10.1130/G32789.1.
168. McCaig, A.M., Cliff, R.A., Escartin, J., Fallick, A.E., and MacLeod, C.J., 2007, Oceanic detachment faults focus very large volumes of black smoker fluids: Geology, v. 35, p. 935-938, doi:10.1130/G23657A.1.
169. McCaig, A.M., Delacour, A., and Fallick, A., 2010, Detachment fault control on hydrothermal circulation systems: Interpreting the subsurface beneath the TAG hydrothermal field using the isotopic and geological evolution of oceanic core complexes in the Atlantic, in Rona, P.A., Devey, C.W., Dyment, J., and Murton, B.J., eds., Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Oceanic Ridges: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 188, p. 207-239.
170. McFadden, R.R., Teyssier, C., Siddoway, C., Whitney, D.L., and Fanning, C.M., 2010, Oblique dilation, melt transfer, and gneiss dome emplacement: Geology, v. 38, p. 375-378, doi:10.1130/G30493.1.
171. McKenzie, D., Nimmo, F., Jackson, J.A., Gans, P.B., and Miller, E.L., 2000, Characteristics and consequences of flow in the lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 11,029-11,046, doi:10.1029/1999JB900446.
172. Miller, E.L., Gans, P.B., and Garlin, J., 1983, The Snake River décollement: An exhumed mid-Tertiary brittle-ductile transition: Tectonics, v. 2, p. 239-263, doi:10.1029 /TC002i003p00239.
173. Miller, J.M.G., and John, B.E., 1988, Detached strata in a Tertiary low-angle normal fault terrane, southeastern California: A sedimentary record of unroofing, breaching, and continued slip: Geology, v. 16, p. 645-648, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0645:DSIATL>2.3.CO;2.
174. Miller, J.M.G., and John, B.E., 1999, Sedimentation patterns support seismogenic low-angle normal faulting, southeastern California and western Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1350-1370, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1350:SPSSLA>2.3.CO;2.
175. Miranda, E.A., and John, B.E., 2010, Strain localization along the Atlantis Bank oceanic detachment fault system, Southwest Indian Ridge: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 11, Q04002, doi:10.1029 /2009GC002646.
176. Morris, A., Gee, J.S., Pressling, N., John, B.E., MacLeod, C.J., Grimes, C.B., and Searle, R.C., 2009, Footwall rotation in an oceanic core complex quantified using reoriented Integrated Ocean Drilling Program core samples: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 287, p. 217-228, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.007.
177. Morrison, J., 1994, Meteoric water-rock interaction in the lower plate of the Whipple Mountain metamorphic core complex, California: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 12, p. 827-840, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1994 .tb00062.x.
178. Morrison, J., and Anderson, J.L., 1998, Footwall refrigeration along a detachment fault: Implications for the thermal evolution of core complexes: Science, v. 279, p. 63-66.
179. Mpodozis, C., and Allmendinger, R.W., 1993, Extensional tectonics, Cretaceous Andes, northern Chile (27°S): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1462-1477, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1462:ETCANC >2.3.CO;2.
180. Mueller, K.J., and Snoke, A.W., 1993, Progressive overprinting of normal fault systems and their role in Tertiary exhumation of the East Humboldt-Wood Hills metamorphic core complex northeast Nevada: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 361-371, doi:10.1029/92TC01967.
181. Mulch, A., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2007, Stable isotope paleo altimetry in orogenic belts-The silicate record in surface and crustal geological archives, in Kohn, M.J., ed., Paleoaltimetry: Geochemical and Thermodynamic Approaches: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 66, p. 89-118.
182. Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., Cosca, M.A., Vanderhaeghe, O., and Vennemann, T., 2004, Reconstructing paleoelevation in eroded orogens: Geology, v. 32, p. 525-528, doi:10.1130/G20394.1.
183. Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., Cosca, M.A., and Vennemann, T.W., 2006, Thermomechanical analysis of strain localization in a ductile detachment zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 111, B12405, doi:10.1029/2005JB004032.
184. Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., Cosca, M.A., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2007, Stable isotope paleoaltimetry of Eocene core complexes in the North American Cordillera: Tectonics, v. 26, doi:10.1029/2006TC001995.
185. Nesbitt, B.E., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1995, Geochemistry of syntectonic, crustal fluid regimes along the Lithoprobe southern Canadian Cordillera transect: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 1699-1719, doi:10.1139/e95-134.
186. Norlander, B.H., Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Vanderhaeghe, O., 2002, High temperature decompression of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex, Canadian Cordillera: Lithos, v. 61, p. 103-125, doi:10.1016 /S0024-4937(02)00075-0.
187. Ohara, Y., Yoshida, T., Kato, Y., and Kasuga, S., 2001, Giant megamullion in the Parece Vela backarc basin: Marine Geophysical Researches, v. 22, p. 47-61, doi:10.1023/A:1004818225642.
188. Okino, K., Matsuda, K., Christie, D.M., Nogi, Y., and Koziumu , K., 2004, Development of oceanic detachment and asymmetric spreading at the Australian-Antarctic Discordance: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 5, Q12012, doi:10.1029/2004GC000793.
189. Olive, J.-A., Behn, M.D., and Tucholke, B.E., 2010, The structure of oceanic core complexes controlled by the depth distribution of magma emplacement: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, p. 491-495, doi:10.1038/ngeo888.
190. Parsons, T., and Thompson, G.A., 1993, Does magmatism influence low-angle normal faults?: Geology, v. 21, p. 247-250, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0247: DMILAN>2.3.CO;2.
191. Paterson, S.R., Miller, R.B., Alsleben, H., Whitney, D.L., Valley, P.M., and Hurlow, H., 2004, Driving mechanisms for >40 km of exhumation during contraction and extension in a continental arc, Cascades core, Washington: Tectonics, v. 23, TC3005, doi:10.1029 /2002TC001440.
192. Person, M., Mulch, A., Teyssier, C., and Gao, Y.L., 2007, Isotope transport and exchange within metamorphic core complexes: American Journal of Science, v. 307, p. 555-589, doi:10.2475/03.2007.01.
193. Petersen, S., Kuhn, K., Kuhn, T., Augustin, N., Hekinian, R., Franz, L., and Borowski, C., 2009, The geological setting of the ultramafic-hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (14°45'N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) and its influence on massive sulfide formation: Lithos, v. 112, p. 40-56, doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2009.02.008.
194. Planert, L., Flueh, E.R., and Reston, T.J., 2009, Along- and across-axis variations in crustal thickness and structure at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 5°S obtained from wideangle seismic tomography: Implications for ridge segmentation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, B09102, doi:10.1029/2008JB006103.
195. Poliakov, A., and Buck, W.R., 1998, Mechanics of stretching elastic-plastic-viscous layers: Applications to slowspreading mid-ocean ridges, in Buck, W.R., Delaney, P.T., Karson, J.A., and Lagabrielle, Y., eds., Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 106, p. 305-324.
196. Proffett, J.J., 1977, Cenozoic geology of the Yerington District, Nevada, and implications for the nature and origin of Basin and Range faulting: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 247-266, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1977)88<247:CGOTYD>2.0.CO;2.
197. Ranero, C.R., and Reston, T.J., 1999, Detachment faulting at ocean core complexes: Geology, v. 27, p. 983-986, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0983:DFAOCC >2.3.CO;2.
198. Reston, T.J., and Ranero, C.R., 2011, The 3D geometry of detachment faulting at mid ocean ridges: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 12, Q0AG05, doi: 10.1029/2011GC003666.
199. Rey, P., 1993, Seismic and tectonometamorphic characters of the lower continental crust in Phanerozoic areas: A consequence of post-thickening extension: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 580-590, doi:10.1029/92TC01568.
200. Rey, P.F., and Müller, R.D., 2010, Fragmentation of active continental plate margins owing to the buoyancy of the mantle wedge: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, p. 257-261, doi:10.1038/ngeo825.
201. Rey, P., Vanderhaeghe, O., and Teyssier, C., 2001, Gravitational collapse of the continental crust: Definition, regimes and modes: Tectonophysics, v. 342, p. 435-449, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00174-3.
202. Rey, P., Teyssier, C., and Whitney, D.L., 2009a, Crustal melting and core complex dynamics: Geology, v. 37, p. 391-394, doi:10.1130/G25460A.1.
203. Rey, P., Teyssier, C., and Whitney, D.L., 2009b, The role of partial melting and extensional strain rates in the development of metamorphic core complexes (McMCC): Tectonophysics, v. 477, p. 135-144, doi:10.1016 /j.tecto.2009.03.010.
204. Rey, P., Teyssier, C., and Whitney, D.L., 2010, Limit of channel flow in orogenic plateaux: Lithosphere, v. 2, p. 328-332, doi:10.1130/L114.1.
205. Rey, P.F., Teyssier, C., Kruckenberg, S.C., and Whitney, D.L., 2011, Viscous collision in channel explains double domes in metamorphic core complexes: Geology, v. 39, p. 387-390, doi:10.1130/G31587.1.
206. Reynolds, S.J., and Spencer, J.E., 1985, Evidence for largescale transport on the Bullard detachment fault, westcentral Arizona: Geology, v. 13, p. 353-356, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(1985)13<353:EFLTOT>2.0.CO;2.
207. Richard, S.M., Fryxell, J.E., and Sutter, J.F., 1990, Tertiary structure and thermal history of the Harquahala and Buckskin Mountains, west central Arizona: Implications for denudation by a major detachment fault system: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 19,973-19,987, doi:10.1029/JB095iB12p19973.
208. Richard, S.M., Smith, C.H., Kimbrough, D.L., Fitzgerald, P.G., Luyendyk, B.P., and McWilliams, M.O., 1994, Cooling history of the northern Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 837- 857, doi:10.1029/93TC03322.
209. Ring, U., Layer, P., and Reischmann, T., 2001, Miocene high-pressure metamorphism in the Cyclades and Crete, Aegean Sea, Greece: Evidence for largemagnitude displacement on the Cretan detachment: Geology, v. 29, p. 395-398, doi:10.1130/0091-7613 (2001)029<0395:MHPMIT>2.0.CO;2.
210. Ring, U., Thomson, S.N., and Bröcker, M., 2003, Fast exhumation but little exhumation: The Vari detachment in the Cyclades, Greece: Geological Magazine, v. 159, p. 225-228.
211. Ring, U., Glodny, J., Will, T.M., and Thomson, S., 2011, Normal faulting on Sifnos and the South Cycladic detachment system, Aegean Sea, Greece: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 168, p. 751-768, doi:10.1144/0016-76492010-064.
212. Roddy, M.S., Reynolds, S.J., Smith, B.M., and Ruiz, J., 1988, K-metasomatism and detachment-related mineralization, Harcuvar Mountains, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1627-1639, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1627:KMADRM >2.3.CO;2.
213. Ruppel, C., Royden, L., and Hodges, K.V., 1988, Thermal modeling of extensional tectonics: Application to pressure-temperature-time histories of metamorphic rocks: Tectonics, v. 7, p. 947-957, doi:10.1029 /TC007i005p00947.
214. Schouten, H., Smith, D.K., Cann, J.R., and Escartin, J., 2010, Tectonic versus magmatic extension in the presence of core complexes at slow-spreading ridges from a visualization of faulted seafloor topography: Geology, v. 38, p. 615-618.
215. Schroeder, T., and John, B.E., 2004, Strain localization on an oceanic detachment fault system, Atlantis Massif, 30°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 5, Q11007, doi:10.1029/2004GC000728.
216. Scott, R.J., and Lister, G.S., 1992, Detachment faults: Evidence for a low-angle origin: Geology, v. 20, p. 833-836, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0833:DFEFAL >2.3.CO;2.
217. Scott, R.J., Foster, D.A., and Lister, G.S., 1998, Tectonic implications of rapid cooling of lower plate rocks from the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex, west-central Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 588-614, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1998)110<0588:TIORCO>2.3.CO;2.
218. Séranne, M., and Séguret, M., 1987, The Devonian basins of western Norway: Tectonics and kinematics of an extending crust, in Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., and Hancock, P.L., eds., Continental Extensional Tectonics: Geological Society of London Special Publication 28, p. 537-549.
219. Seward, D., Vanderhaeghe, O., Siebenaller, L., Thomson, S., Hibsch, C., Zingg, A., Holzner, P., Ring, U., and Duchene , S., 2009, Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Naxos Island through a multi-faceted approach of fission-track analysis, in Ring, U., and Wernicke, B., eds., Extending a Continent: Architecture, Rheology and Heat Budget: Geological Society of London Special Publication 321, p. 179-196.
220. Sibson, R.H., 1985, A note on fault reactivation: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 7, p. 751-754, doi:10.1016 /0191-8141(85)90150-6.
221. Simpson, C., Schweitzer, J., and Howard, K.A., 1991, A reinterpretation of the timing, position, and signifi-cance of part of the Sacramento Mountains detachment fault, southwestern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 751-761, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1991)103<0751:AROTTP>2.3.CO;2.
222. Smith, B.M., Reynolds, S.J., Day, H.W., and Bodnar, R.J., 1991, Deep-seated fluid involvement in ductile-brittle deformation and mineralization, South Mountains metamorphic core complex, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 559-569, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(1991)103<0559:DSFIID>2.3.CO;2.
223. Smith, D.K., Cann, J.R., and Escartin, J., 2006, Widespread active detachment faulting and core complex formation near 13°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Nature, v. 442, p. 440-443, doi:10.1038/nature04950.
224. Smith, D.K., Escartín, J., Schouten, H., and Cann, J.R., 2008, Fault rotation and core complex formation: Signifi cant processes in seafloor formation at slow spreading mid-ocean ridges (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 13-15°N): Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v. 9, Q03003, doi:10.1029/2007GC001699.
225. Smith, R.B., and Bruhn, R.L., 1984, Intraplate extensional tectonics of the eastern Basin and Range: Inferences on structural style from seismic reflection data, regional tectonics, and thermal-mechanical models of brittle-ductile deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 5733-5762, doi:10.1029/ JB089iB07p05733.
226. Soto, J.I., and Platt, J.P., 1999, Petrological and structural evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the floor of the Alboran Sea basin, western Mediterranean: Journal of Petrology, v. 40, p. 21-60.
227. Spencer, J.E., 1984, Role of tectonic denudation in warping an uplift of low-angle normal faults: Geology, v. 12, p. 95-98, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<95: ROTDIW>2.0.CO;2.
228. Spencer, J.E., and Chase, C.G., 1989, Role of crustal flexure in initiation of low-angle normal faults and implications for structural evolution of the Basin and Range Province: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 1765-1775, doi:10.1029/JB094iB02p01765.
229. Spencer, J.E., and Reynolds, S.J., 1991, Tectonics of mid-Tertiary extension along a transect through west central Arizona: Tectonics, v. 10, p. 1204-1221, doi:10.1029 /91TC01160.
230. Spencer, J.E., and Welty, J.W., 1986, Possible controls of base- and precious-metal mineralization associated with Tertiary detachment faults in the lower Colorado River trough, Arizona and California: Geology, v. 14, p. 195-198, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<195: PCOBAP>2.0.CO;2.
231. Spencer, J.E., Richard, S.M., Reynolds, S.J., Miller, R.J., Shafiqullah, M., Gilbert, W.G., and Grubensky, M.J., 1995, Spatial and temporal relationships between mid-Tertiary magmatism and extension in southwestern Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10,321-10,351, doi:10.1029/94JB02817.
232. Steltenpohl, M.G., Hames, W.E., and Andresen, A., 2004, The Silurian to Permian history of a metamorphic core complex in Lofoten, northern Scandinavian Caledonides: Tectonics, v. 23, p. TC1002, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001522.
233. Teyssier, C., and Whitney, D.L., 2002, Gneiss domes and orogeny: Geology, v. 30, p. 1139-1142, doi:10.1130 /0091-7613(2002)030<1139:GDAO>2.0.CO;2.
234. Teyssier, C., Ferré, E., Whitney, D.L., Norlander, B., Vanderhaeghe, O., and Parkinson, D., 2005, Flow of partially molten crust and origin of detachments during collapse of the Cordilleran orogen, in Bruhn, D., and Burlini, L., eds., High-Strain Zones: Structure and Physical Properties: Geological Society of London Special Publication 245, p. 39-64.
235. Thébaud, N., and Rey, P.F., 2012, Archean gravity-driven tectonics on hot and flooded continents: Controls on long-lived mineralised hydrothermal systems away from continental margins: Precambrian Research, doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.03.001 (in press).
236. Thomson, S.N., Ring, U., Brichau, S., Glodny, J., and Will, T.M., 2009, Timing and nature of formation of the Ios metamorphic core complex, southern Cyclades, Greece, in Ring, U., and Wernicke, B., eds., Extending a Continent: Architecture, Rheology and Heat Budget: Geological Society of London Special Publication 321, p. 139-167.
237. Tirel, C., Brun, J.-P., and Burov, E., 2004, Thermomechanical modeling of extensional gneiss domes, in Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Siddoway, C.S., eds., Gneiss Domes in Orogeny: Geological Society of America Special Paper 380, p. 67-78.
238. Tirel, C., Brun, J.-P., and Sokoutis, D., 2006, Extension of thickened and hot lithospheres: Inferences from laboratory modeling: Tectonics, v. 25, p. TC1005, doi:10.1029/2005TC001804.
239. Tirel, C., Brun, J.-P., and Burov, E., 2008, Dynamics and structural development of metamorphic core complexes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, p. B04403, doi:10.1029/2005JB003694.
240. Tolstoy, M., Harding, A.J., and Orcutt, J.A., 1993, Crustal thickness on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge-Bull's-eye gravity anomalies and focused accretion: Science, v. 262, p. 726-729, doi:10.1126/science.262.5134.726.
241. Tucholke, B.E., and Lin, J., 1994, A geological model for the structure of ridge segments defining metamorphic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 11,937-11,958, doi:10.1029/94JB00338.
242. Tucholke, B.E., Lin, J., and Kleinrock, M., 1998, Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, p. 9857-9866, doi:10.1029/98JB00167.
243. Tucholke, B.E., Fujioka, K., Ishihara, T., Hirth, G., and Kinoshita, M., 2001, Submersible study of an oceanic megamullion in the central North Atlantic: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 16,145-16,161, doi:10.1029/2001JB000373.
244. Tucholke, B.E., Behn, M.D., Buck, R., and Lin, J., 2008, The role of melt supply in oceanic detachment faulting and formation of megamullions: Geology, v. 36, p. 455-458, doi:10.1130/G24639A.1.
245. van den Driessche, J., and Brun, J.-P., 1992, Tectonic evolution of the Montagne Noire (French Massif Central): A model of an extensional gneiss dome: Geodinamica Acta, v. 5, p. 85-101.
246. Vanderhaeghe, O., and Teyssier, C., 2001, Partial melting and flow of orogens: Tectonophysics, v. 342, p. 451- 472, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00175-5.
247. Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyssier, C., and Wysoczanski, R., 1999, Structural and geochronological constraints on the role of partial melting during the formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex at the latitude of the Thor-Odin dome, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 36, p. 917-943, doi:10.1139/e99-023.
248. Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyssier, C., McDougall, I., and Dunlap, W.J., 2003, Cooling and exhumation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex constrained by 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 200-216, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(2003)115<0200:CAEOTS>2.0.CO;2.
249. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., 2010, A key extensional metamorphic complex reviewed and restored: The Menderes Massif of western Turkey: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 102, p. 60-76, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.05.005.
250. Verdel, C., Wernicke, B.P., Ramezani, J., Hassanzadeh, J., Renne, P.R., and Spell, T.L., 2007, Geology and thermo chronology of Tertiary Cordilleran-style metamorphic core complexes in the Saghan region of central Iran: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 961-977, doi:10.1130/B26102.1.
251. Viruete, J.E., Indares, A., and Arenas, R., 2000, P-T paths derived from garnet growth zoning in an extensional setting: An example from the Tormes Gneiss Dome (Iberian Massif, Spain): Journal of Petrology, v. 41, p. 1489-1515, doi:10.1093/petrology/41.10.1489.
252. Wdowinski, S., and Axen, G.J., 1992, Isostatic rebound due to tectonic denudation: A viscous flow model of a layered lithosphere: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 303-315, doi: 10.1029/91TC02341.
253. Wells, M.L., Snee, L.W., and Blythe, A.E., 2000, Dating of major normal fault systems using thermochronology: An example from the Raft River detachment, Basin and Range, western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 16,303-16,327, doi:10.1029/2000JB900094.
254. Wernicke, B., 1981, Low-angle normal faults in the Basin and Range Province-Nappe tectonics in an extending orogen: Nature, v. 291, p. 645-648, doi:10.1038 /291645a0.
255. Wernicke, B., and Axen, G.J., 1988, On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems: Geology, v. 16, p. 848-851, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0848: OTROII>2.3.CO;2.
256. Wernicke, B., and Burchfiel, B.C., 1982, Modes of extensional tectonics: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 4, p. 105-115, doi:10.1016/0191-8141(82)90021-9.
257. Whitney, D.L., Paterson, S.R., Schmidt, K.L., Glazner, A.F., and Kopf, C., 2004a, Growth and demise of continental arcs and orogenic plateaux in the North American Cordillera: From Baja to British Columbia, in Grocott, J., Tikoff, B., McCaffrey, K.J.W., and Taylor, G., eds., Vertical Coupling and Decoupling in the Lithosphere: Geological Society of London Special Publication 227, p. 167-176.
258. Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Vanderhaeghe, O., 2004b, Gneiss domes and crustal flow, in Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Siddoway, C.S., eds., Gneiss Domes in Orogeny: Geological Society of America Special Paper 380, p. 15-33.
259. Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Heizler, M.T., 2007, Gneiss domes, metamorphic core complexes, and wrench zones: Thermal and structural evolution of the Niǧde Massif, central Anatolia: Tectonics, v. 26, TC5002, doi:10.1029/2006TC002040.
260. Wickham, S.M., and Taylor, H.P., 1987, Stable isotope constraints on the origin and depth of penetration of hydrothermal fluids associated with Hercynian regional metamorphism and crustal anatexis in the Pyrenees: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 95, p. 255-268, doi:10.1007/BF00371841.
261. Wijns, C., Weinberg, R., Gessner, K., and Moresi, L., 2005, Mode of crustal extension determined by rheological layering: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 236, p. 120-134, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.030.
262. Wills, S., and Buck, W.R., 1997, Stress field rotation and rooted detachment faults: A test of fault initiation models: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 20,503-20,514.
263. Wright, L.A., Otton, J.K., and Troxel, B.W., 1974, Turtleback surfaces of Death Valley viewed as phenomena of extension: Geology, v. 2, p. 53-54, doi:10.1130/0091 -7613(1974)2<53:TSODVV>2.0.CO;2.
264. Yassaghi, A., and Masoodi, M., 2011, A metamorphic core complex model for the host of uranium mineralization in the Khoshoumi Mountain, central Iran: Resource Geology, v. 61, p. 259-269, doi:10.1111 /j.1751-3928.2011.00162.x.
265. Yin, A., 1989, Origin of regional, rooted low-angle normal faults: A mechanical model and its tectonic implications: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 469-482, doi:10.1029 /TC008i003p00469.
266. Yin, A., 2004, Gneiss domes and gneiss dome systems, in Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., and Siddoway, C.S., eds., Gneiss Domes in Orogeny: Geological Society of America Special Paper 380, p. 1-14.
267. Zeffren, S., Avigad, D., Heimann, A., and Gvirtzman, Z., 2005, Age resetting of hanging wall rocks above a lowangle detachment fault: Tinos Island (Aegean Sea): Tectonophysics, v. 400, p. 1-25, doi:10.1016/j.tecto .2005.01.003.