Factors controlling normal fault offset in an ideal brittle layer

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 105, Issue B10, 2000, Pages 23431-23442

  Lavier, Luc L ^a,c   Buck, W Roger ^a   Poliakov, Alexei N B ^b  

^a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER 2   (France)

^c GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRITTLE DEFORMATION; FAULT DISPLACEMENT; PARAMETERIZATION;

EID: 16644377489     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900108     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Anderson, E. M., The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation, With Applications to Britain, 183 pp., Oliver and Boyd, White Plains, N.Y., 1951.
2. Axen, G. J., and J. M. Bartley, Field tests of rolling hinges: Existence, mechanical types, and implications for extensional tectonics, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20,515-20,537, 1997.
3. Axen, G. J., and J. Selverstone, Stress state and fluid-pressure level along the Whipple detachment fault, California, Geology, 22, 835-838, 1994.
4. Beratan, K. K., and J. E. Nielson, Tests of detachment fault models using Miocene syntectonic strata, Colorado River extensional corridor, southeastern California and west-central Arizona, in Reconstructing the History of Basin and Range Extension Using Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, edited by K. K., Beratan, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 303, 171-182, 1996.
5. Blackman, D. K., R. C. Johnson, B. Janssen, and D. K. Smith, Origin of extensional core complexes: Evidence from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at Atlantis Fracture Zone, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 21,315-21,333, 1998.
6. Bosworth, W., and C. K. Morley, Structural and stratigraphic evolution of the Anza rift, Kenya, Tectonophysics, 236, 93-115, 1994.
7. Buck, W. R., Flexural rotation of normal faults, Tectonics, 7, 959-973, 1988.
8. Buck, W. R., Effect of lithospheric thickness on the formation of high-and low-angle normal faults, Geology, 21, 933-936, 1993.
9. Buck, W. R., Bending thin lithosphere causes localized "snapping" and not distributed "crunching": Implications for abyssal hill formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2531-2534, 1997.
10. Buck, W. R., and A. N. B. Poliakov, Abyssal hills formed by stretching oceanic lithosphere, Nature, 392, 272-275, 1998.
11. Byerlee, J. D., Friction of rock, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 515-526, 1978.
12. Cann, J. R., D. K. Blackman, D. K. Smith, E. McAllister, B. Janssen, S. Mello, E. Avgerinos, A. R. Pascoe, and J. Escartin, Corrugated slip surfaces formed at ridge-transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Nature, 385, 329-332, 1997.
13. Coleman, D. S., and J. D. Walker, Modes of tilting during extensional core complex development, Science, 263, 215-218, 1994.
14. Coney, P. J., Cordilleran metamorphic Core Complexes: An overview, Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 153, 7-134, 1980.
15. Cowie, P. A., and C. H. Scholz, Physical explanation for the displacement-length scaling relation for faults using a post-yield fracture mechanics model, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 1133-1148, 1992.
16. Cundall, P. A., Numerical experiments on localization in frictional materials, Ing. Arch., 58, 148-159, 1989.
17. Davis, G. A. and G. A. Lister, Detachment faulting in continental extension: Perspective from the southwestern U.S. Cordillera, in Processes in continental lithospheric deformation, edited by S. P. Clark, B. C. Burchfiel, and J. Suppe, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 218, 133-159, 1988.
18. Dawers, N. H., Observations of fault growth scaling relations, Ph.D. thesis, 113 pp., Columbia Univ., New York, 1996.
19. Ebinger, C. J., B. R. Rosendahl, and D. J. Reynolds, Tectonic model of the Malawi Rift, Africa, Tectonophysics, 141, 215-235, 1987.
20. Ebinger, C. J., G. D. Karner, and J. K. Weissel, Mechanical strength of extended continental lithosphere: Constraints from the western rift system, East Africa, Tectonics, 10, 1239-1256, 1991.
21. Forsyth, D. W., Finite extension and low-angle normal faulting, Geology, 20, 27-30, 1992.
22. Gerbault, F., A. N. B. Poliakov, and M. Daignières, Prediction of faulting from the theories of elasticity and plasticity: What are the limits?, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 301-320, 1998.
23. Hamilton, W., Extensional faulting in the death valley region (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 20, 165-166, 1988.
24. Hamilton, W. G., and K. A. Howard, Detachment faults-Steep active segments are bounded by migrating hinges at both tops and bottoms (abstract), Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 23, 189-190, 1991.
25. Handin, J., Strength and ductility, in Handbook of Physical Constants, edited by S. P. Clark Jr., Mem. Geol. Soc. Am., 97, 223-290, 1966.
26. Hassani, R., and J. Chery, Anelasticity explains topography associated with Basin and Range normal faulting, Geology, 24, 1095-1098, 1996.
27. Hobbs, B. E., and A. Ord, Numerical simulation of shear band formation in a frictional-dilatational materials, Ing. Arch., 59, 209-220, 1989.
28. Jackson, J. A., Active normal faulting and crustal extension, in Continental Extensional Tectonics, edited by M. P. Coward, J. F. Dewey, and P. L. Hancock, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 3-17, 1987.
29. Karson, J. A., et al., Along-axis variations in seafloor spreading in the MARK area, Nature, 328, 681-685, 1987.
30. Kusznir, N. J., G. D. Karner and S.S. Egan, Geometric, thermal and isostatic consequences of detachments in continental lithosphere extension and basin formation. in Sedimentary Basins and Basin Forming Mechanisms, edited by C. Beaumont and A. J. Tankard, Mem. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol., 12, 185-203, 1987.
31. Lavier, L. L., W. R. Buck, and A. N. B. Poliakov, A self consistent rolling-hinge model for large-offset low-angle normal faults, Geology, 24, 561-564, 1999.
32. Lister, G. A., and G. A. Davis, The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, U.S.A., J. Struct. Geol., 11, 65-94, 1989.
33. Lister, G. A., M. A. Etheridge, and P. A. Symonds, Detachment faulting and the evolution of passive continental margins, Geology, 14, 246-250, 1986.
34. Lister, G. A., M. A. Etheridge, and P. A. Symonds, Detachment models for the formation of passive continental margins, Tectonics, 10, 1038-1064, 1991.
35. MacDonald, K. C., and B. Luyendyk, Deep-Tow studies of the structure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 37°N (FAMOUS), Geol .Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 621-636, 1977.
36. Melosh, H. J., and C. A. Williams Jr., Mechanics of graben formation in crustal rocks: A finite element analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,961-13,973, 1989.
37. Morley, C. K., Developments in the structural geology of rifts over the last decade and their impact on hydrocarbon exploration, in Hydrocarbon Habitat in Rift Basins, edited by J. J. Lambiase, J. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 80, 65-77, 1995.
38. Morley, C. K., S. M. Cunningham, R. M. Harper, and W.A. Wescott, Geology and geophysics of the Rukwa rift, East Africa, Tectonics, 11, 69-81, 1992.
39. Parsons, T., and G. A. Thompson, Does magmatism influence low-angle normal faulting?, Geology, 21, 247-250, 1993.
40. Patton, T. L., A. R. Moustafa, R. A. Nelson and A. S. Abdine, Tectonic evolution and structural setting of the Suez rift, in Interior Rift Basins, edited by S. M. Landon, AAPG Mem., 58, 9-55, 1994.
41. Poliakov A. N. B., and W. R. Buck, Mechanics of stretching elastic-plastic-viscous layers: Applications to slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges, in Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 106, edited by W. R. Buck et al., pp. 305-325, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1998.
42. Poliakov, A. N. B., and H. J. Herrmann, Self-organized criticality in plastic shear bands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2143-2146, 1994.
43. Poliakov, A. N. B., Y. Podladchikov, and C. Talbot, Initiation of salt diapirs with frictional overburdens-numerical experiments, Tectonophysics, 228, 199-210, 1993.
44. Roberts, A. M., G. Yielding, and B. Feeman (Eds.), The Geometry of Normal Faults, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 56, 61-78, 1991.
45. Scholz, C. H., The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, 439 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
46. Scholz, C. H., and J. C. Contreras, Mechanics of continental rift architecture, Geology, 26, 967-970, 1998.
47. Stein, R. S., G. C. P. King, and J. B. Rundle, The growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes, 2, Field examples of continental dip-slip faults, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 13319-13331, 1988.
48. Tucholke, B. E., J. Lin, and M. C. Kleinrock, Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanic metamorphic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9857-9866, 1998.
49. Vening Meinesz, F. A, Les grabens africains resultants de compression ou de tension dans la croûte terrestre?, Inst. R. Colon. Belge Bull., 21, 539-552, 1950.
50. Weissel, J. K., and G. D. Karner, Flexural uplift of rift flanks due to tectonic denudation of the lithosphere during extension, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,919-13,950, 1989.
51. Wernicke, B., Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere, Can. J. Earth Sci., 22, 108-125, 1985.
52. Wernicke, B., Low-angle normal fault seismicity: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,159-20,174, 1995.
53. Wernicke, B., and G. J. Axen, On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems, Geology, 16, 848-851, 1988.
54. Wills, S., and W. R. Buck, Stress-field rotation and rooted detachment faults: A Coulomb failure analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20,503-20,514, 1997.
55. Yin, A., Origin of regional, rooted low-angle normal faults: A mechanical model and its tectonic implications, Tectonics, 8, 469-482, 1989.