메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Intermediate outcomes in randomized clinical trials: An introduction

Author keywords

Causal effects; Intention to treat approach; Intermediate outcomes; Principal stratification

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM;

EID: 84875031562     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17456215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-78     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (33)
  • 1
    • 0032692995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues in adjusting for covariates arising postrandomization in clinical trials
    • Rochon J. Issues in adjusting for covariates arising postrandomization in clinical trials. Drug Information Journal 1999, 33:1219-1228.
    • (1999) Drug Information Journal , vol.33 , pp. 1219-1228
    • Rochon, J.1
  • 2
    • 0024382696 scopus 로고
    • The control of confounding by intermediate variables
    • 10.1002/sim.4780080608, 2749074
    • Robins J. The control of confounding by intermediate variables. Stat Med 1989, 8:679-701. 10.1002/sim.4780080608, 2749074.
    • (1989) Stat Med , vol.8 , pp. 679-701
    • Robins, J.1
  • 3
    • 0026556155 scopus 로고
    • Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects
    • 10.1097/00001648-199203000-00013, 1576220
    • Robins J, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology 1992, 3:143-155. 10.1097/00001648-199203000-00013, 1576220.
    • (1992) Epidemiology , vol.3 , pp. 143-155
    • Robins, J.1    Greenland, S.2
  • 4
    • 0033942150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal effects in clinical and epidemiological studies via potential outcomes: Concepts and Analytical Approaches
    • 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.121, 10884949
    • Little R, Rubin D. Causal effects in clinical and epidemiological studies via potential outcomes: Concepts and Analytical Approaches. Annu Rev Public Health 2000, 21:121-145. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.121, 10884949.
    • (2000) Annu Rev Public Health , vol.21 , pp. 121-145
    • Little, R.1    Rubin, D.2
  • 5
    • 0036188782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principal stratification in causal inference
    • 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00021.x, 11890317
    • Frangakis CE, Rubin D. Principal stratification in causal inference. Biometrics 2002, 58:21-29. 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00021.x, 11890317.
    • (2002) Biometrics , vol.58 , pp. 21-29
    • Frangakis, C.E.1    Rubin, D.2
  • 6
    • 84875806182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifier PACTR201105000267371, WHO randomized trial of calcium supplementation before pregnancy to reduce recurrent preeclampsia
    • Dec 6 [cited 2012 March 3]; [8 screens]. Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [Internet]: South African Cochrane Centre, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505. South Africa
    • Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [Internet]: South African Cochrane Centre, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505. South Africa Identifier PACTR201105000267371, WHO randomized trial of calcium supplementation before pregnancy to reduce recurrent preeclampsia. 2010, Dec 6 [cited 2012 March 3]; [8 screens]. [http://www.pactr.org/ATMWeb/appmanager/atm/atmregistry?da=true&tno=PACTR201105000267371], Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [Internet]: South African Cochrane Centre, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505. South Africa.
    • (2010)
  • 7
    • 54749106619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glossary for econometrics and epidemiology
    • 10.1136/jech.2008.077461, 18791041
    • Gunasekara FI, Carter K, Blakely T. Glossary for econometrics and epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008, 62:858-861. 10.1136/jech.2008.077461, 18791041.
    • (2008) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.62 , pp. 858-861
    • Gunasekara, F.I.1    Carter, K.2    Blakely, T.3
  • 10
    • 84922353689 scopus 로고
    • Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity
    • Angrist JD, Imbens GW. Two-stage least squares estimation of average causal effects in models with variable treatment intensity. J Am Stat Assoc 1995, 90:431-442.
    • (1995) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.90 , pp. 431-442
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Imbens, G.W.2
  • 11
    • 0033853460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists
    • 10.1093/ije/29.4.722, 10922351
    • Greenland S. An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29:722-729. 10.1093/ije/29.4.722, 10922351.
    • (2000) Int J Epidemiol , vol.29 , pp. 722-729
    • Greenland, S.1
  • 12
    • 70350574644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumental variables I: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships
    • 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.005, 2905668, 19356901
    • Rassena JA, Brookhart MA, Glynna RJ, Mittleman MA, Schneeweiss S. Instrumental variables I: instrumental variables exploit natural variation in nonexperimental data to estimate causal relationships. J Clin Epidemiol 2009, 62:1226-1232. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.005, 2905668, 19356901.
    • (2009) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.62 , pp. 1226-1232
    • Rassena, J.A.1    Brookhart, M.A.2    Glynna, R.J.3    Mittleman, M.A.4    Schneeweiss, S.5
  • 13
    • 10244267658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pragmatic clinical trials
    • 10.1016/j.ctim.2004.07.043, 15561524
    • MacPherson H. Pragmatic clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2004, 12:136-140. 10.1016/j.ctim.2004.07.043, 15561524.
    • (2004) Complement Ther Med , vol.12 , pp. 136-140
    • MacPherson, H.1
  • 14
    • 0033546995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials
    • 10.1136/bmj.319.7211.670, 28218, 10480822
    • Hollis S, Campbell F. What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1999, 319:670. 10.1136/bmj.319.7211.670, 28218, 10480822.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.319 , pp. 670
    • Hollis, S.1    Campbell, F.2
  • 15
    • 55549126248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating intervention effects of prevention programs: Accounting for noncompliance
    • 10.1007/s11121-008-0104-y, 2921838, 18843535
    • Stuart EA, Perry DF, Le H-N, Ialongo NS. Estimating intervention effects of prevention programs: Accounting for noncompliance. Prev Sci 2008, 9:288-298. 10.1007/s11121-008-0104-y, 2921838, 18843535.
    • (2008) Prev Sci , vol.9 , pp. 288-298
    • Stuart, E.A.1    Perry, D.F.2    Le, H.-N.3    Ialongo, N.S.4
  • 17
    • 0025996913 scopus 로고
    • Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
    • 10.1056/NEJM199111143252002, 1922250
    • Belizan JM, Villar J, Gonzalez L, Campodonico L, Bergel E. Calcium supplementation to prevent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1399-1405. 10.1056/NEJM199111143252002, 1922250.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 1399-1405
    • Belizan, J.M.1    Villar, J.2    Gonzalez, L.3    Campodonico, L.4    Bergel, E.5
  • 19
    • 33644773407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women
    • 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068, 16522392, World Health Organization Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Trial Group
    • Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali M, Zavaleta N, Purwar M, Hofmeyr J, Nguyen TN, Campódonico L, Landoulsi S, Carroli G, Lindheimer M, . World Health Organization Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Trial Group World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:639-649. 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068, 16522392, World Health Organization Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Trial Group.
    • (2006) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.194 , pp. 639-649
    • Villar, J.1    Abdel-Aleem, H.2    Merialdi, M.3    Mathai, M.4    Ali, M.5    Zavaleta, N.6    Purwar, M.7    Hofmeyr, J.8    Nguyen, T.N.9    Campódonico, L.10    Landoulsi, S.11    Carroli, G.12    Lindheimer, M.13
  • 21
    • 84864378267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forthcoming. Evaluating the effect of training on wages in the presence of noncompliance, nonemployment, and missing outcome data
    • accessed November 2012).
    • Frumento P, Fabrizia M, Barbara P, Rubin DB. Forthcoming. Evaluating the effect of training on wages in the presence of noncompliance, nonemployment, and missing outcome data. Journal of the American Statistical Union accessed November 2012). [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9275635].
    • Journal of the American Statistical Union
    • Frumento, P.1    Fabrizia, M.2    Barbara, P.3    Rubin, D.B.4
  • 22
    • 0041743094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principal stratification approach to broken randomized experiments: a case study of school choice vouchers in New York City
    • Barnard J, Frangakis CE, Hill JL, Rubin DB. Principal stratification approach to broken randomized experiments: a case study of school choice vouchers in New York City. J Am Stat Assoc 2003, 98:462.
    • (2003) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.98 , pp. 462
    • Barnard, J.1    Frangakis, C.E.2    Hill, J.L.3    Rubin, D.B.4
  • 23
    • 1542574387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference for the complier-average causal effect from longitudinal data subject to noncompliance and missing data, with application to a job training assessment for the unemployed
    • Yau LHY, Little RJ. Inference for the complier-average causal effect from longitudinal data subject to noncompliance and missing data, with application to a job training assessment for the unemployed. J Am Stat Assoc 2001, 96:456.
    • (2001) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.96 , pp. 456
    • Yau, L.H.Y.1    Little, R.J.2
  • 24
    • 14944344423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference using potential outcomes: design, modeling, decisions
    • Rubin D. Causal inference using potential outcomes: design, modeling, decisions. J Am Stat Assoc 2005, 100:469.
    • (2005) J Am Stat Assoc , vol.100 , pp. 469
    • Rubin, D.1
  • 25
    • 33845368290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference through potential outcomes and principal stratification: application to studies with " censoring" due to death
    • Rubin D. Causal inference through potential outcomes and principal stratification: application to studies with " censoring" due to death. Stat Sci 2006, 21:299-309.
    • (2006) Stat Sci , vol.21 , pp. 299-309
    • Rubin, D.1
  • 26
    • 0346880128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables
    • Angrist JD, Imbens GW, Rubin DB. Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. J Am Statist Ass 1996, 91:444-455.
    • (1996) J Am Statist Ass , vol.91 , pp. 444-455
    • Angrist, J.D.1    Imbens, G.W.2    Rubin, D.B.3
  • 27
    • 24944584791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating treatment effects from randomized clinical trials with noncompliance and loss to follow-up: the role of instrumental variable methods
    • 10.1191/0962280205sm403oa, 16178138
    • Dunn G, Maracy M, Tomenson B. Estimating treatment effects from randomized clinical trials with noncompliance and loss to follow-up: the role of instrumental variable methods. Stat Methods Med Res 2005, 14:369-395. 10.1191/0962280205sm403oa, 16178138.
    • (2005) Stat Methods Med Res , vol.14 , pp. 369-395
    • Dunn, G.1    Maracy, M.2    Tomenson, B.3
  • 28
    • 0031535102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects in Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance
    • Imbens GW, Rubin DB. Bayesian Inference for Causal Effects in Randomized Experiments with Noncompliance. Ann Stat 25:305-327.
    • Ann Stat , vol.25 , pp. 305-327
    • Imbens, G.W.1    Rubin, D.B.2
  • 29
    • 8644275643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematizing the evaluation of partially controlled studies using principal stratification: from theory to practice
    • Frangakis CE, Varadhan R. Systematizing the evaluation of partially controlled studies using principal stratification: from theory to practice. Stat Sin 2004, 14:945-947.
    • (2004) Stat Sin , vol.14 , pp. 945-947
    • Frangakis, C.E.1    Varadhan, R.2
  • 30
    • 66249128302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Missing outcomes in randomized trials: addressing the dilemma
    • Altman DG. Missing outcomes in randomized trials: addressing the dilemma. Open Medicine 2009, 3:2.
    • (2009) Open Medicine , vol.3 , pp. 2
    • Altman, D.G.1
  • 31
    • 77950273246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
    • 10.1136/bmj.c869, 2844943, 20332511
    • Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010, 340:c869. 10.1136/bmj.c869, 2844943, 20332511.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.340
    • Moher, D.1    Hopewell, S.2    Schulz, K.F.3    Montori, V.4    Gøtzsche, P.C.5    Devereaux, P.J.6    Elbourne, D.7    Egger, M.8    Altman, D.G.9
  • 32
    • 3042677714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pragmatic controlled clinical trials in primary care: the struggle between external and internal validity
    • 10.1186/1471-2288-3-28, 317298, 14690550
    • Godwin M, Ruhland L, Casson I, MacDonald S, Delva D, Birtwhistle R, Lam M, Seguin R. Pragmatic controlled clinical trials in primary care: the struggle between external and internal validity. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003, 3:28. 10.1186/1471-2288-3-28, 317298, 14690550.
    • (2003) BMC Med Res Methodol , vol.3 , pp. 28
    • Godwin, M.1    Ruhland, L.2    Casson, I.3    MacDonald, S.4    Delva, D.5    Birtwhistle, R.6    Lam, M.7    Seguin, R.8
  • 33
    • 0002531157 scopus 로고
    • Bayesian inference for causal effects: the role of randomization
    • Rubin DB. Bayesian inference for causal effects: the role of randomization. Ann Statist 1978, 6:34-58.
    • (1978) Ann Statist , vol.6 , pp. 34-58
    • Rubin, D.B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.