Observations of polarimetric signatures in supercells by an X-band mobile Doppler radar

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 141, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 3-29

  Snyder, Jeffrey C ^a   Bluestein, Howard B ^a   Venkatesh, Vijay ^b   Frasier, Stephen J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b University of Massachusetts   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CROSS CORRELATIONS; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; HIGH RESOLUTION; MOBILE RADARS; POLARIMETRIC DATA; POLARIMETRIC RADARS; PRECIPITATION MICROPHYSICS; RADIAL VELOCITY;

DOPPLER RADAR; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; REFLECTION; STORMS;

POLARIMETERS;

CORRELATION; DOPPLER RADAR; ECHO SOUNDER; HETEROGENEITY; IMAGE RESOLUTION; STORM; SUPERCELL; WEATHER FORECASTING;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84874887594     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: 15200493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00068.1     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Anderson, M. E., L. D. Carey, W. A. Petersen, and K. R. Knupp, 2011: C-band dual-polarimetric radar signatures of hail. Electron. J. Oper. Meteor., 12, 1-30.
2. Asefi-Najafabady, S., K. Knupp, J. R. Mecikalski, R. M. Welch, and D. Phillips, 2010: Ground-based measurements and dual-Doppler analysis of 3-D wind fields and atmospheric circulations induced by a meso-g-scale inland lake. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23117, doi:10.1029/2010JD014022.
3. Balakrishnan, N., and D. S. Zrnić, 1990: Use of polarization to characterize precipitation and discriminate large hail. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1525-1540.
4. Biggerstaff, M. I., and Coauthors, 2005: The Shared Mobile Atmospheric Research and Teaching Radar: A collaboration to enhance research and teaching. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1263-1274.
5. Bluestein, H. B., and W. P. Unruh, 1989: Observations of the wind fields in tornadoes, funnel clouds, and wall clouds with a portable Doppler radar. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 1514-1525.
6. Bluestein, H. B., and A. L. Pazmany, 2000: Observations of tornadoes and other convective phenomena with a mobile, 3-mm wavelength, Doppler radar: The spring 1999 field experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2939-2951.
7. Bluestein, H. B., and S. G. Gaddy, 2001: Airborne pseudo-dual-Doppler analysis of a rear-inflow jet and deep convergence zone within a supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2270-2289.
8. Bluestein, H. B., A. L. Pazmany, J. C. Galloway, and R. E. Mcintosh, 1995: Studies of the substructure of severe convective storms using a mobile 3-mm-wavelength Doppler radar. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 76, 2155-2169.
9. Bluestein, H. B., M. M. French, R. L. Tanamachi, S. Frasier, K. Hardwick, F. Junyent, and A. L. Pazmany, 2007a: Close-range observations of tornadoes in supercells made with a dual-polarization, X-band, mobile Doppler radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1522-1543.
10. Bluestein, H. B., C. C. Weiss, M. M. French, E. M. Holthaus, R. L. Tanamachi, S. Frasier, andA. L. Pazmany, 2007b: The structure of tornadoes near Attica, Kansas, on 12 May 2004: High-resolution, mobile, Doppler radar observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 475-506.
11. Bluestein, H. B., M. M. French, I. Popstefanija, R. T. Bluth, and J. B. Knorr, 2010a: A mobile, phased-array radar for the study of severe convective storms: The MWR-05XP. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 579-600.
12. Bluestein, H. B., and Coauthors, 2010b: A summary of data collected during VORTEX2 by MWR-05XP/TWOLF, UMass X-Pol, and the UMass W-band radar. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 5.4. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176197.pdf.].
13. Bluestein, H. B., J. C. Snyder, J. B. Houser, and A. L. Pazmany, 2012: Rapidscan, polarimetric, mobile Doppler radar observations at X-band of an EF-5 tornado in Oklahoma on 24 May 2011. Preprints, Seventh European Conf. on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, Toulouse, France, Météo-France, 12.1.
14. Borowska, L., A. V. Ryzhkov, D. S. Zrnić, C. Simmer, and R. Palmer, 2011: Attenuation and differential attenuation of 5-cm-wavelength radiation in melting hail. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 59-76.
15. Brandes, E. A., 1978: Mesocyclone evolution and tornadogenesis: Some observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 995-1011.
16. Brandes, E. A., 1984: Vertical vorticity generation and mesocyclone sustenance in tornadic thunderstorms: The observational evidence. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 2253-2269.
17. Brandes, E. A., 1993: Tornado thunderstorm characteristics determined with Doppler radar. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 143-159.
18. Brandes, E. A., and K. Ikeda, 2004: Freezing-level estimation with polarimetric radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 1541-1553.
19. Brandes, E. A., J. Vivekanandan, J. D. Tuttle, and C. J. Kessinger, 1995: A study of thunderstorm microphysics with multiparameter radar and aircraft observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3129-3143.
20. Brandes, E. A., G. Zhang, and J. Vivekanandan, 2002: Experiments in rainfall estimation with polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 674-685.
21. Brandes, E. A., G. Zhang, and J. Vivekanandan, 2004a: Comparison of polarimetric radar drop size distribution retrieval algorithms. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 584-598.
22. Brandes, E. A., G. Zhang, and J. Vivekanandan, 2004b: Drop size distribution retrieval with polarimetric radar: Model and application. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 461-475.
23. Bringi, V. N., V. Chandrasekar, N. Balakrishnan, and D. S. Zrnić, 1990: An examination of propagation effects in rainfall on radar measurements at microwave frequencies. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 7, 829-840.
24. Bringi, V. N., D. A. Burrows, and S. M. Menon, 1991: Multiparameter radar and aircraft study of raindrop spectral evolution in warmbased clouds. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 853-880.
25. Bringi, V. N., G.-J. Huang, V. Chandrasekar, and E. Gorgucci, 2002: A methodology for estimating the parameters of a gamma raindrop size distribution model from polarimetric radar data: Application to a squall-line event from the TRMM/Brazil campaign. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 633-645.
26. Browning, K. A., 1964: Airflow and precipitation trajectories within severe local storms which travel to the right of the winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 634-639.
27. Browning, K. A., and R. J. Donaldson, 1963: Airflow and structure of a tornadic storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 533-545.
28. Burgess, D. W., E.R. Mansell, C. M. Schwarz, and B. J. Allen, 2010: Tornado and tornadogenesis events seen by the NOXP X-band, dual-polarization radar during VORTEX2 2010. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 5.2. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176164.pdf.].
29. Cao, Q., G. Zhang, E. Brandes, T. Schuur, A. V. Ryzhkov, and K. Ikeda, 2008: Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2238-2255.
30. Chisholm, A. J., 1973: Part I: Radar case studies and airflow models. Alberta Hailstorms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 36, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 1-36.
31. Conway, J. W., and D. S. Zrnić, 1993: A study of embryo production and hail growth using dual-Doppler and multiparameter radars. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2511-2528.
32. Dawson, D. T., II, and G. Romine, 2010: A preliminary survey of DSD measurements collected during VORTEX2. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 8A.4. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176115.pdf.].
33. Dolan, B., and S. A. Rutledge, 2009: A theory-based hydrometeor identification algorithm for X-band polarimetric radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2071-2088.
34. Doviak, R. J., V. Bringi, A. V. Ryzhkov, A. Zahrai, and D. S. Zrnić, 2000: Considerations for polarimetric upgrades to operational WSR-88D radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 257-278.
35. Féral, L., H. Sauvageot, and S. Soula, 2003: Hail detection using S- and C-band radar reflectivity difference. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 233-248.
36. Giangrande, S. E., J. M. Krause, and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2008: Automatic designation of the melting layer with a polarimetric prototype of the WSR-88D radar. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 1354-1364.
37. Gorgucci, E., V. Chandrasekar, V. N. Bringi, and G. Scarchilli, 2002: Estimation of raindrop size distribution parameters from polarimetric radar measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2373-2384.
38. Gu, J.-Y., A. Ryzhkov, P. Zhang, P. Neilley, M. Knight, B. Wolf, and D.-I. Lee, 2011: Polarimetric attenuation correction in heavy rain at C band. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 39-58.
39. Hall, M. P. M., J. W. F. Goddard, and S. M. Curry, 1984: Identification of hydrometeors and other targets by dual-polarization radar. Radio Sci., 19, 132-140.
40. Höller, H., V. N. Bringi, J. Hubbert, M. Hagen, and P. F. Meischner, 1994: Life cycle and precipitation formation in a hybrid-type hailstorm revealed by polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2500-2522.
41. Hubbert, J., and V. N. Bringi, 1995: An iterative filtering technique for the analysis of copolar differential phase and dual-frequency radar measurements. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 643-648.
42. Hubbert, J., V. N. Bringi, L. D. Carey, and S. Bolen, 1998: CSU-CHILL polarimetric radar measurements from a severe hail storm in eastern Colorado. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 749-775.
43. Iwanami, K., K. Kusunoki, N. Orikasa, M. Maki, R. Misumi, and M. Murakami, 2007: Hydrometeor type classification in winter clouds using X-band polarimetric radar measurements-Comparison of X-band polarimetric radar data with in-situ measurements by HYVIS. Preprints, 33rd Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Cairns, QLD, Australia, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P10.11. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/123072.pdf.].
44. Jameson, A. R., M. J. Murphy, and E. P. Krider, 1996: Multiple parameter radar observations of isolated Florida thunderstorms during the onset of electrification. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 343-354.
45. Jung, Y., G. Zhang, and M. Xue, 2008: Assimilation of simulated polarimetric radar data for a convective storm using the ensemble Kalman filter. Part I: Observation operators for reflectivity and polarimetric variables. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2228-2245.
46. Jung, Y., M. Xue, andG. Zhang, 2010: Simulations of polarimetric radar signatures of a supercell storm using a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 146-163.
47. Junyent-Lopez, F. J., 2003: The design, development, and initial field deployment of an X-band polarimetric Doppler weather radar. M.S. thesis, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 pp.
48. Keenan, T., 2003: Hydrometeor classification with C-band polarimetric radar. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 51, 23-31.
49. Kennedy, P. C., S. A. Rutledge, W. A. Peterson, and V. N. Bringi, 2001: Polarimetric radar observations of hail formation. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1347-1366.
50. Kosiba, K., J. Wurman, P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, and P. Robinson, 2011: Observations from VORTEX2: The genesis of the Goshen County, Wyoming tornado. Short Abstract, Sixth European Conf. on Severe Storms, Mallorca, Spain, European Severe Storms Laboratory, 120. [Available online at http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2011/programme/abstracts/papers.html#A120.].
51. Kumjian, M. R., 2011: Precipitation properties of supercell hook echoes. Electron. J. Severe Storms Meteor., 6 (5). [Available online at http://www.ejssm.org/ojs/index.php/ejssm/article/view/93/65.].
52. Kumjian, M. R., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2008: Polarimetric signatures in supercell thunderstorms. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 1940-1961.
53. Kumjian, M. R., A. V. Ryzhkov, V. M. Melnikov, and T. J. Schuur, 2010: Rapid-scan super-resolution observations of a cyclic supercell with a dualpolarization WSR-88D. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3762-3786.
54. Le Bouar, E., J. Testud, and S. Y. Matrosov, 2002: Rainfall rate estimate from the rain profiling algorithm ZPHI applied to X-band polarimetric radar data. Proc. Second European Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Delft, Netherlands, European Meteorological Society, 238-242.
55. Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 1184-1197.
56. Lim, S., V. Chandrasekar, and V. N. Bringi, 2005: Hydrometeor classification system using dual-polarization radar measurements: Model improvements and in situ verification. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 792-801.
57. Liu, H., and V. Chandrasekar, 2000: Classification of hydrometeors based on polarimetric radar measurements: Development of fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy systems, and in situ verification. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 140-164.
58. Loney, M. L., D. S. Zrnić, J. M. Straka, and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2002: Enhanced polarimetric radar signatures above the melting level in a supercell storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 1179-1194.
59. Maki, M., and Coauthors, 2010: X-band polarimetric radar networks in urban areas. Proc. Sixth European Conf. on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, Sibiu, Romania, ERAD 2010, P15.10. [Available online at http://www.erad2010.org/pdf/POSTER/Thursday/02_Xband/11_ERAD2010_0354_extended.pdf.].
60. Marwitz, J. D., 1972: The structure and motion of severe hailstorms. Part I: Supercell storms. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 166-179.
61. Marzano, F. S., D. Scaranari, M. Celano, P. P. Alberoni, G. Vulpiani, and M. Montopoli, 2006:Hydrometeor classification from dualpolarized weather radar: Extending fuzzy logic from S-band to C-band data. Adv. Geosci., 7, 109-114.
62. Matrosov, S. Y., R. A. Kropfli, R. F. Reinking, and B. E. Martner, 1999: Prospects for measuring rainfall using propagation differential phase in X- and Ka-radar bands. J. Appl. Meteor., 38, 766-776.
63. Matrosov, S. Y., K. A. Clark, B. E. Martner, and A. Tokay, 2002: X-band polarimetric radar measurements of rainfall. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 941-952.
64. Mclaughlin, D., and Coauthors, 2009: Short-wavelength technology and the potential for distributed networks of small radar systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1797-1817.
65. Meischner, P. F., V. N. Bringi, D. Heimann, and H. Höller, 1991:A squall line in southern Germany: Kinematics and precipitation formation as deduced by advanced polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 678-701.
66. Palmer, R. D., Coauthors, 2011: Observations of the 10 May 2010 tornado outbreak using OU-PRIME: Potential for new science with high-resolution polarimetric radar. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 871-891.
67. Park, H., A. V. Ryzhkov, D. S. Zrnić, and K. Kim, 2009: The hydrometeor classification algorithm for the polarimetric WSR-88D: Description and application to anMCS. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 730-748.
68. Park, S.G., V. N. Bringi, V. Chandrasekar, M. Maki, and K. Iwanami, 2005a: Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at X band. Part I: Theoretical and empirical basis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1621-1632.
69. Park, S.G., M. Maki, K. Iwanami, V. N. Bringi, and V. Chandrasekar, 2005b: Correction of radar reflectivity and differential reflectivity for rain attenuation at X band. Part II: Evaluation and application. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1633-1655.
70. Payne, C. D., T. J. Schuur, D. R. MacGorman, M. I. Biggerstaff, K. M. Kuhlman, and W. D. Rust, 2010: Polarimetric and electrical characteristics of a lightning ring in a supercell storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2405-2425.
71. Pazmany, A. L., and H. B. Bluestein, 2011: Mobile rapid-scanning X-band polarimetric (RaXPol) Doppler radar system. Preprints, 35th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Pittsburgh, PA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 16B.2. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/35Radar/webprogram/Paper191294.html.].
72. Pazmany, A. L., F. J. Lopez, H. B. Bluestein, and M. Kramar, 2003: Quantitative rain measurements with a mobile, X-band, polarimetric Doppler radar. Preprints, 31st Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Seattle, WA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 858-859.
73. Petersen, W. A., K. R. Knupp, D. J. Cecil, and J. R. Mecikalski, 2007: The University of Alabama Huntsville THOR Center instrumentation: Research and operational collaboration. Extended Abstracts, 33rd Int. Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Cairns, Australia, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 5.1. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/33Radar/techprogram/paper_123410.htm.].
74. Petersen, W. A., L. D. Carey, K. R. Knupp, C. J. Schultz, and E. V. Johnson, 2008: ARMOR dual-polarimetric radar observations of tornadic debris signatures. Preprints, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 3B6. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/24SLS/techprogram/paper_142043.htm.].
75. Picca, J. C., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2012: A dual-wavelength polarimetric analysis of the 16 May 2010 Oklahoma City extreme hailstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1385-1403.
76. Romine, G. S., D. W. Burgess, and R. B. Wilhelmson, 2008: A dual polarization-radar-based assessment of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City area tornadic supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2849-2870.
77. Ryzhkov, A. V., 2007: The impact of beam broadening on the quality of radar polarimetric data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 729-744.
78. Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnić, 1995: Precipitation and attenuation measurements at a 10-cm wavelength. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 2121-2134.
79. Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnić, 1996: Assessment of rainfall measurement that uses specific differential phase. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 2080-2090.
80. Ryzhkov, A. V., and D. S. Zrnić, 2005: Radar polarimetry at S, C, and X bands: Comparative analysis and operational implications. Preprints, 32nd Conference on Radar Meteorology, Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 9R.3. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/32Rad11Meso/techprogram/paper_95684.htm.].
81. Ryzhkov, A. V., S. E. Giangrande, and T. J. Schuur, 2005a: Rainfall estimation with a polarimetric prototype of WSR-88D. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 502-515.
82. Ryzhkov, A. V., T. J. Schuur, D.W. Burgess, P.L. Heinselman, S.E. Giangrande, and D. S. Zrnić, 2005b: The Joint Polarization Experiments: Polarimetric measurements and hydrometeor classification. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 809-824.
83. Ryzhkov, A. V., T. J. Schuur, D.W. Burgess, and D. S. Zrnić, 2005c: Polarimetric tornado detection. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 557-570.
84. Ryzhkov, A. V., P. Zhang, D. Hudak, J. L. Alford, M. Knight, and J. Conway, 2007: Validation of polarimetric methods for attenuation correction at C band. Preprints, 33rd Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Cairns, QLD, Australia, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P11B.12. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/123122.pdf.].
85. Ryzhkov, A. V., S. Ganson, A. Khain, M. Pinsky, and A. Pokrovsky, 2009: Polarimetric characteristics of melting hail at S and C bands. Preprints, 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 4A.6. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/155571.pdf.].
86. Ryzhkov, A. V., M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2011: Polarimetric radar observation operator for a cloud model with spectral microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 873-894.
87. Scarchilli, G., E. Goroucci, V. Chandrasekar, and T. A. Seliga, 1993: Rainfall estimation using polarimetric techniques at C-band frequencies. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 1150-1160.
88. Schultz, C. J., and Coauthors, 2012: Dual-polarimetric radar-based tornado debris signatures and paths associated with tornadoes over northern Alabama during the historic outbreak of 27 April 2011. Preprints, Special Symp. on the Tornado Disasters of 2011, NewOrleans, LA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J2.2. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/92Annual/flvgateway.cgi/id/19804?recordingid519804.].
89. Seliga, T. A., and V. N. Bringi, 1976: Potential use of radar differential reflectivity measurements at orthogonal polarizations for measuring precipitation. J. Appl. Meteor., 15, 69-76.
90. Snyder, J. C., H. B. Bluestein, Y. Jung, S. Frasier, and V. Venkatesh, 2010a: The structure and time evolution of polarimetric signatures in severe convective storms: High-resolution numerical simulations and data from a mobile, X-band Doppler radar. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P8.8. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176247.pdf.].
91. Snyder, J. C., H. B. Bluestein, G. Zhang, and S. J. Frasier, 2010b: Attenuation correction and hydrometeor classification of high-resolution, X-band, dual-polarized mobile radar measurements in severe convective storms. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 27, 1979-2001.
92. Straka, J. M., D. S. Zrnić, and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2000: Bulk hydrometeor classification and quantification using polarimetric radar data: Synthesis of relations. J. Appl. Meteor., 39, 1341-1372.
93. Tanamachi, R. L., H. B. Bluestein, J. B. Houser, S. J. Frasier, and K. M. Hardwick, 2012: Mobile, X-band, polarimetric Doppler radar observations of the 4 May 2007 Greensburg, Kansas, tornadic supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2103-2125.
94. Testud, J., E. Le Bouar, E. Obligis, and M. Ali-Mehenni, 2000: The rain profiling algorithm applied to polarimetric weather radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 332-356.
95. Tuttle, J. D., V. N. Bringi, H. D. Orville, and F. J. Kopp, 1989: Multiparameter radar study of a microburst: Comparison with model results. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 601-620.
96. Van Den Broeke, M. S., J. M. Straka, and E. N. Rasmussen, 2008: Polarimetric radar observations at low levels during tornado life cycles in a small sample of classic southern plains supercells. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 1232-1247.
97. Vivekanandan, J., V. N. Bringi, and R. Raghavan, 1990: Multiparameter radar modeling and observations of melting ice. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 549-564.
98. Vivekanandan, J., S.M. Ellis, R. Oye, D. S. Zrnić, A. V. Ryzhkov, and J. Straka, 1999: Cloud microphysics retrieval using S-band dualpolarization radar measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 381-388.
99. Vivekanandan, J., G. Zhang, and E. Brandes, 2004: Polarimetric radar estimators based on a constrained gamma drop size distribution model. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 217-230.
100. Wakimoto, R. M., W.-C. Lee, H. B. Bluestein, C.-H. Liu, and P. H. Hildebrand, 1996: ELDORA observations during VORTEX 95. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 2949-2950.
101. Waterman, P. C., 1969: Scattering by dielectric obstacles. Alta Freq., 38, 348-352.
102. Weiss, C. C., J. L. Schroeder, J. Guynes, A. E. Reinhart, P.S. Skinner, and S. Gunter, 2011: A review of Texas Tech Kaband operations during VORTEX2. Preprints, 35th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Pittsburgh, PA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 7B.2. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/35Radar/webprogram/Paper191783.html.].
103. Wurman, J., J. M. Straka, E. Rasmussen, M. Randall, and A. Zahrai, 1997: Design and deployment of a portable, pencilbeam, pulsed, 3-cm Doppler radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1502-1512.
104. Wurman, J., L. J. Wicker, Y. P. Richardson, E. N. Rasmussen, P. M. Markowski, D. Dowell, D. W. Burgess, and H. B. Bluestein, 2010: An overview of the VORTEX2 field campaign. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 5.1. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/25SLS/techprogram/paper_176068.htm.].
105. Wurman, J., K. Freidrich, and K. A. Kosiba, 2011: Design and deployment of quickly scanning dual-frequency, dual-polarization, dual-Doppler mobile radar network. Preprints, 35th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Pittsburgh, PA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 170. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/35Radar/webprogram/Paper191588.html.].
106. Wurman, J., D. Dowell, Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, E. Rasmussen, D. Burgess, L. Wicker, and H. Bluestein, 2012: The Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment: VORTEX2. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 1147-1170.
107. Zhang, G., J. Vivekanandan, and E. Brandes, 2001: A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 830-841.
108. Zrnić, D. S., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 1999: Polarimetry for weather surveillance radars. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 389-406.
109. Zrnić, D. S., N. Balakrishnan, C. L. Ziegler, V. N. Bringi, K. Aydin, and T. Matejka, 1993: Polarimetric signatures in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 678-693.
110. Zrnić, D. S., A. V. Ryzhkov, J. Straka, Y. Liu, and J. Vivekanandan, 2001: Testing a procedure for automatic classification of hydrometeor types. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 892-913.