Emotional legacies of war among former Colombian paramilitaries

Peace and Conflict

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 369-383

  Nussio, Enzo ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES   (Colombia)

Author keywords

Colombia; Emotional legacies; Ex combatants; Grounded theory; Peacebuilding

Indexed keywords

ARMED FORCES; MODELING; PEACE PROCESS; PERCEPTION; POST-WAR;

COLOMBIA;

EID: 84874736099     PISSN: 10781919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030327     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. A., & Santos, R. (2009). The monopoly of violence: Evidence from Colombia. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 15578.
2. ACR. (2010). Balance 2009. El Año de la Consolidación de la Política de Reintegración en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Alta Consejería para la Reintegración.
3. Acuerdo de Santa., Fe de Ralito. (2003, July 15). Acuerdo de Santa Fe de Ralito para contribuir a la paz de Colombia. Alto Comisionado para la Paz.
4. Allport, A. (2009). Demobbed: Coming home after World War Two. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
5. Alto Comisionado para la Paz. (2007). Fundamentos Normativos de la Aplicación del Delito de Sedición a las Autodefensas. Bogotá, Colombia: Presidencia de la República. Oficina Alto Comisionado para la Paz.
6. Annan, J., Brier, M., & Aryemo, F. (2009). From "rebel" to "returnee": Daily life and reintegration for young soldiers in Northern Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24, 639-667. doi:10.1177/ 0743558409350499
7. Arjona, A., & Kalyvas, S. N. (2009). Rebelling against rebellion. Comparing insurgent and counterinsurgent recruitment. Oxford, UK: Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity.
8. Barenbaum, J., Ruchkin, V., & Schwab Stone, M. (2004). The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 41- 62. doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00304.x
9. Bayer, C. P., Klasen, F., & Adam, H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 555-559. doi:10.1001/jama.298 .5.555
10. Berdal, M. R., & Ucko, D. H. (2009). Reintegrating armed groups after conflict. New York, NY: Routledge.
11. Blattman, C., & Annan, J. (2010). The consequences of child soldiering. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92, 882- 898. doi:10.1162/REST_a_ 00036
12. Bøås, M., & Hatløy, A. (2008). Getting in, getting out: Militia membership and prospects for reintegration in post-war Liberia. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 46, 33-55. doi:10.1017/ S0022278X07003060
13. Bolívar, I. J. (2006). Discursos emocionales y experiencias de la política: Las FARC y las AUC en los procesos de negociación del conflicto (1998- 2005). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes.
14. Boothby, N., Crawford, J., & Halperin, J. (2006). Mozambique child soldier life outcome study: Lessons learned in rehabilitation and reintegration efforts. Global Public Health, 1, 87-107. doi: 10.1080/17441690500324347
15. Boyden, J. (2003). The moral development of child soldiers: What do adults have to fear? Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9, 343- 362. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac0904_6
16. Caramés, A., & Sanz, E. (2008). DDR 2008. Analysis of DDR Programmes in the World during 2007. Barcelona, Spain: Escola de Cultura de Pau.
17. CCDDR. (2009). The Cartagena contribution to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. Cartagena: CIDDR.
18. Chernick, M. W. (2009). The FARC at the negotiating table. In V. M. Bouvier (Ed.), Colombia: Building peace in a time of war (pp. 65-94). Washington, DC: USIP.
19. Christensen, M. M., & Utas, M. (2008). Mercenaries of democracy: The "politricks" of remobilized combatants in the 2007 general elections, Sierra Leone. African Affairs, 107, 515-539. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adn057
20. CNRR. (2010). La Reintegración: Logros en medio de rearmes y dificultades no resueltas. II Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconociliación. Bogotá, Colombia: CNRR.
21. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13, 3-21. doi:10.1007/ BF00988593
22. Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (Third ed.). London, UK: Sage Publications.
23. Coulter, C. (2006). Reconciliation or revenge: Narratives of fear and shame among female excombatants in Sierra Leone (Chapter of doctoral EMOTIONAL LEGACIES OF WAR 381 thesis "Being a Bush Wife"). Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.
24. Cruz, E. (2007). Studies about paramilitarism in Colombia. Análisis Político, 60, 117-134.
25. Cubides, F. (2004). Narcotráfico y guerra en Colombia: Los paramilitares. In E. Lair, & G. Sánchez (Eds.), Violencias y estrategias colectivas en la región Andina (pp. 377-410). Bogotá, Colombia: Editorial Norma.
26. de Vries, H., & Wiegink, N. (2011). Breaking up and going home? Contesting two assumptions in the demobilization and reintegration of former combatants. International Peacekeeping, 18, 38-51. doi:10.1080/13533312.2011.527506
27. Douglas, S., Farr, V., Hill, F., & Kasuma, W. (2004). Getting it right, doing it right: Gender and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration. New York, NY: United Nations Development Fund for Women.
28. Duncan, G. (2006). Los Señores de La Guerra: De Paramilitares, Mafiosos y Autodefensas en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Planeta.
29. Elster, J. (2007). Explaining social behavior: More nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ CBO9780511806421
30. El Tiempo. (2011, October 5). Es inconcebible que Chávez no haya promovido apoyo: director de IISS. Bogotá, Colombia: El Tiempo.
31. European Union. (2006). EU concept for support to disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR).
32. Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12, 219- 245. doi:10.1177/1077800405284363
33. Fujii, L. A. (2010). Shades of truth and lies: Interpreting testimonies of war and violence. Journal of Peace Research, 47, 231-241. doi:10.1177/ 0022343309353097
34. Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Transaction.
35. Gleichmann, C., Odenwald, M., Steenken, K., & Wilkinson, A. (2004). Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration: A practical field and classroom guide. Frankfurt, Germany: GTZ.
36. Gomes Porto, J., Parsons, I., & Alden, C. (2007). From soldiers to citizens: The social, economic and political reintegration of unita ex-combatants. Ashgate: Basingstoke.
37. Granada, S., Restrepo, J., & Tobón, A. (2009). Neoparamilitarismo en Colombia: Una Herramienta Conceptual para la Interpretación de Dinámicas Recientes del Conflicto Armado Colombiano. In J. Restrepo, & D. Aponte (Eds.), Guerra y Violencias en Colombia. Herramientas e Interpretaciones (pp. 467-500). Bogotá, Colombia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
38. Gutiérrez Sanín, F. (2008). Telling the difference: Guerrillas and paramilitaries in the Colombian war. Politics and Society, 36, 3-34. doi:10.1177/ 0032329207312181
39. Hill, R., Taylor, G., & Temin, J. (2008). Would you fight again? Understanding Liberian ex-combatant reintegration. Special Report No. 211. Washington, DC: USIP.
40. Honwana, A. (2007). Child soldiers in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
41. Humphreys, M., & Weinstein, J. M. (2007). Demobilization and reintegration. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 531-567. doi:10.1177/ 0022002707302790
42. Jennings, K. M. (2007). The struggle to satisfy: DDR through the eyes of ex-combatants in Liberia. International Peacekeeping, 14, 204 -218. doi: 10.1080/13533310601150800
43. Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The logic of violence in civil war. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511818462
44. Kelle, U. (2007). "Emergence" vs. "forcing" of empirical data? A crucial problem of "grounded theory" reconsidered. Historical Social Research, 19, 133-156.
45. Kingma, K., & Muggah, R. (2009). Critical issues in DDR: Context, indicators, targeting, and challenges. CIDDR Conference. Cartagena.
46. Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Tol, W. A., Perera, E., Karki, R., Koirala, S., & Upadhaya, N. (2010). Social ecology of child soldiers: Child, family, and community determinants of mental health, psychosocial well-being, and reintegration in Nepal. Transcultural Psychiatry, 47, 727-753. doi:10.1177/1363461510381290
47. MAPP-OEA. (2009). Informe trimestral XII. Bogotá, Colombia: Organization of American States.
48. Massé, F., Munévar, J., Vanegas, E. á., & Renán, W. (2010). La evolución de las estructuras armadas post-desmovilización: Pasado, presente y futuro. Tercer Informe del Observatorio de DDR y Ley de Justicia y Paz (pp. 59-130). Madrid, Spain: Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz.
49. Medina, C. (1990). Autodefensas, Paramilitares y Narcotráfico en Colombia: Origen, Desarrollo y Consolidación. El Caso de Puerto Boyacá. Bogotá, Colombia: Documentos Periodísticos.
50. Mintzberg, H. (2005). Developing theory. In K. G. Smith, & M. A. Hitt (Eds.), Great minds in management: The process of theory development (pp. 355-372). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
51. Munévar, J., & Nussio, E. (2009). Desmovilizados: Víctimas y Causas de Inseguridad. Estudio de caso sobre el municipio de Tierralta en el departamento de Córdoba. Segundo Informe del Observatorio de DDR y Ley de Justicia y Paz (pp. 89-127). Bogotá, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz.
52. Nilsson, A. (2008). Dangerous liaisons: Why excombatants return to violence. cases from the Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone (Doctoral thesis). Uppsala, Sweden: Västra Aros.
53. Nussio, E. (2011a). How ex-combatants talk about personal security. Narratives of former paramilitaries in Colombia. Conflict, Security & Development, 11, 579-606. doi:10.1080/14678802.2011 .641725
54. Nussio, E. (2011b). Learning from shortcomings: The demobilisation of paramilitaries in Colombia. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, 6, 88- 92. doi:10.1080/15423166.2011.487780731626
55. Nussio, E. (2012). La vida después de la desmovilización. Percepciones, emociones y estrategias de exparamilitares en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes.
56. özerdem, A. (2012). A re-conceptualisation of excombatant reintegration: "social reintegration" approach. Conflict, Security & Development, 12, 51- 73. doi:10.1080/14678802.2012.667661
57. özerdem, A., & Podder, S. (2011). Child soldiers: From recruitment to reintegration. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230342927
58. Pizarro, E., & Valencia, L. (2009). Ley de Justicia y Paz. Bogotá, Colombia: Editorial Norma.
59. Restrepo, E. M., & Bagley, B. (Eds.). (2011). La desmovilización de los paramilitares en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes.
60. Robben, A. C. G. M. (1995). The politics of truth and emotion among victims and perpetrators of violence. In C. Nordstrom, & A. C. G. M. Robben (Eds.), Fieldwork under fire: Contemporary studies of violence and survival. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
61. Romero, M. (2003). Paramilitares y Autodefensas, 1982-2003. Bogotá, Colombia: Planeta.
62. Romero, M. (2011). La economía de los paramilitares. Redes de corrupción, negocios y política. Bogotá, Colombia: Random House Mondadori.
63. Romero, M., & Arias, A. (2009). Sobre paramilitares, neo-paramilitares y afines: Crecen sus acciones criminales Qué dice el gobierno? Bogotá, Colombia: Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris.
64. Romero, M., & Valencia, L. (2007). Parapolítica. Bogotá, Colombia: Intermedio Editores.
65. Rozema, R. (2008). Urban DDR-processes: Paramilitaries and criminal networks in Medellín, Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies, 40, 423- 452. doi:10.1017/S0022216X08004392
66. Sánchez, F. (2007). Las cuentas de la violencia: Ensayos económicos sobre el conflicto y el crimen en Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: Norma.
67. Schafer, J. (2007). Soldiers at peace: Veterans and society after the civil war in Mozambique. New York, NY: Palgrave.
68. Semana.com. (2009, August 1). 12 por ciento de las Bacrim son desmovilizados: Policía Nacional. Bogotá, Colombia: Semana.com
69. Sriram, C. L., & Herman, J. (2009). DDR - and transitional justice: Bridging the divide? Conflict, Security & Development, 9, 455- 474. doi: 10.1080/14678800903395999
70. Stockholm Initiative. (2006). Stockholm initiative on disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration. Final report. Stockholm, Sweden: Rolf Tryckeri AB.
71. Theidon, K., & Betancourt, P. A. (2006). Transiciones conflictivas: Combatientes desmovilizados en Colombia. Análisis Político, 58, 92-111.
72. Themnér, A. (2011). Violence in post-conflict societies: Remarginalization, remobilizers and relationships. London, UK: Routledge.
73. United Nations. (2006). Integrated disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration standards. New York, NY: UNDDR.
74. Uprimny, R., Botero, C., Restrepo, E., & Saffon, M. P. (2006). Justicia transicional sin transición? Verdad, justicia y reparación para Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia: DeJusticia.
75. Utas, M. (2008). Abject heroes: Marginalised youth, modernity and violent pathways of the Liberian Civil War. In J. Hart (Ed.), Years of conflict: Adolescence, political violence and displacement. Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books.
76. Verwimp, P., & Verpoorten, M. (2004). What are all the soldiers going to do? Demobilisation, reintegration and employment in Rwanda. Conflict, Security and Development, 4, 39-57. doi:10.1080/ 1467880042000206859
77. Villegas, C. (2009). Motives for the enlistment and demobilization of illegal armed combatants in Colombia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 15, 263-280. doi:10.1080/ 10781910903032609
78. Walker, D., & Myrick, F. (2007). Grounded theory. In A. Bryman (Ed.), Qualitative research 2, vol. IV. London, UK: Sage Publications.
79. Wessells, M. (2006). Child soldiers: From violence to protection. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
80. Wilson, S., & Greider-Durango, J. (1998). Social cleansing in Colombia: The war on street children. In R. J. Kelly, & J. Maghan (Eds.), Hate crime: The global politics of polarization (pp. 135-149). Carbondale: SIU Press.
81. Zyck, S. A. (2009). Former combatant reintegration and fragmentation in contemporary Afghanistan -Analysis. Conflict, Security & Development, 9, 111-131. doi:10.1080/14678800802704945