The moral development of child soldiers: What do adults have to fear?

Peace and Conflict

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 343-362

  Boyden, Jo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD DEVELOPMENT; VIOLENCE; WAR;

EID: 2442689533     PISSN: 10781919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327949pac0904_6     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Auster, B., Whitelaw, K., Roberts, L., & Shapiro, J. (2000, January 24). A fight over child soldiers. US News and World Report, p. 8.
2. Awadh, A., Vance, B., El-beblawi, V., & Pumariega, A. (1998). Effects of trauma of the Gulf War on Kuwaiti children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 7, 493-499.
3. Baker, A. M. (1990). The psychological impact of the Intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 494-505.
4. Baker, A. M. (1991). Psychological response of Palestinian children to environmental stress associated with military occupation. Journal of Refugee Studies, 4, 237-247.
5. Blanchet, T. (1996). Lost innocence, stolen childhoods. Dhaka, Bangladesh: University Press Limited.
6. Boothby, N., & Knudsen, C. (2000). Children of the gun. Scientific American, 282, 60-64.
7. Boyden, J. (2002). [Save the children Denmark country review]. Unpublished field notes.
8. Boyden, J., Eyber, C., Feeny, T., & Scott, C. (2003). Children's perspectives on poverty: A comparative study. Manuscript submitted for publication.
9. Boyden, J., & Gibbs, S. (1997). Children of war: Responses to psychosocial distress in Cambodia. Geneva, Switzerland: The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
10. Brett, R. (2003, June). Why do adolescents volunteer to fight? Paper presented at The International Seminar Series, Adolescents, Armed Conflict and Forced Migration, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, England.
11. Cairns, E. (1996). Children and political violence. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
12. Dawes, A. (1992). Political and moral learning in contexts of political conflict. Unpublished manuscript, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
13. Dawes, A. (1999, December) Images of childhood in cultural perspective: Challenges to theory and practice. Lecture presented to The International Interdisciplinary Course on Children's Rights, The Children's Rights Centre, University of Ghent, Belgium.
14. Dawes, A. (2003, June) Adolescence and youth: Challenges in post-conflict South Africa. Paper presented at The International Seminar Series, Adolescents, Armed Conflict and Forced Migration, Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, England.
15. de Berry, J., & Boyden, J. (2000). Children in adversity. Forced Migration Review, 9, 33-36.
16. Durkin, K. (1998). Developmental social psychology. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
17. Elbedour, S., Baker, A., & Charlesworth, W. (1997). The impact of political violence on moral reasoning in children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 1053-1066.
18. Eshete, T., & O'Reilly-Calthrop, S. (2000). Silent evolution: The role of community development in reducing the demand for small arms. Geneva, Switzerland: World Vision.
19. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., & Kostelny, K. (1991). No place to be a child. growing up in a war zone. New York: Wiley and Sons.
20. Gauvain, M. (2001). The Social Context of Cognitive Development. New York: Guilford Press.
21. Greer, J. (1980). The persistence of religion: A study of adolescents in Northern Ireland. Character Potential, 9, 139-149.
22. Gupta, L. (2000). Psychological Assessment of Displaced Children Exposed to War Related Violence in Sierra Leone. Freetown, unpublished report, Plan International.
23. Harkness, S., & Super, C. (Eds.). (1996). Parents' Cultural Belief Systems, their Origins, Expressions, and Consequences. New York, London: Guilford Press.
24. Hart, J. (2002). Participation of conflict-affected children in human action: Learning from the occupied Palestinian territories. Retrieved from http://www.intrac.org/Intrac/does/conflictpalestine.pgf
25. James, A. and A. Prout, Eds. (1997). Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. London & Washington: Falmer Press.
26. Kinzie, D., W. Sack, et al. (1986). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: I the Children II the Family, the Home and the School. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 370-383.
27. Ingham, J. (1996). Psychological anthropology reconsidered. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
28. Kohlberg, L. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
29. Lave, J. (1988). Cognition in Practice,. Mind: Mathematics and Culture in Everyday Life. Cambridge, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne Sydney: Cambridge University Press.
30. Ledgerwood, J. (1990). Changing Khmer conceptions of gender: women, stories and the social order. Social Anthropology Pill. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.
31. Lorenc, L, & Branthwaite, A. (1986). Evaluation of violence by English and Northern Ireland school children. British journal of Social Psychology, 25, 349-352.
32. Lyons, H. (1971). Psychiatric sequelae of the Belfast riots. Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 265-273.
33. Macksoud, M. S. (1992). Assessing war trauma in children: A case study of Lebanese children. Journal of Refugee Studies, 5(1), 1-15.
34. Macksoud, M., & Aber, L. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70-88.
35. Magwaza, A., Killian, B., Peterses, I. & Pillay, I. (1993). The Effects of chronic violence on preschool children living in South African townships. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 795-803.
36. McHan, E. J. (1985). Imitation of aggression by Lebanese children. The Journal of Social Psychology 125(5), 613-617.
37. Montgomery, E. (1991). Psychological effects of torture on adults, children and family relationships. Paper presented at the workshop, The Mental Health of Refugee Children Exposed to Violent Environments, Refugee Studies Programme, University of Oxford, England.
38. Nir, Y. (1985). Children traumatized by Central American warfare. In E. Spencer & R. Pynoos (Eds.), Post traumatic stress disorder in children (pp. 103-120). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
39. Peters, K., & Richards, P. (1998). Fighting with open eyes: Youth combatants talking about war in Sierra Leone. In P. Bracken & C. Petty (Eds.), Rethinking the trauma of war (pp. 76-111). London: Save the Children, Free Association Books.
40. Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
41. Ponchaud, F. (1979). Social change in the vortex of revolution. In K. Jackson (Ed.), Cambodia 1975-1978: Rendezvous with death. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42. Punamäki, R. (1987). Children under conflict: The attitudes and emotional life of Israeli and Palestinian children. Tampere, Finland: Tampere Peace Research Institute.
43. Punamäki, R., (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children's psychological well-being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55-69.
44. Punch, S. (2001). Negotiating autonomy: Childhoods in rural Bolivia. In L. Alanen & B. Mayall (Eds.), Conceptualizing child-adult relations (pp. 23-26). London: Routledge/Falmer.
45. Quinn, K. (1979). Explaining the terror. In K. Jackson (Ed.), Cambodia 1975-1978: Rendezvous with death (pp. 215-240). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
46. Rogoff, B. (1991). Apprenticeship in thinking, cognitive development in social context. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
47. Schieffelin, B. (1990). The give and take of everyday life: Language socialization of Kaluli children. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
48. Schweder, R. (1991). Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
49. Schweder, R., & Miller, J. (1991). The social construction of a person: How is it possible? In R. Schweder (Ed.), Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
50. Schweder, R., & Much, N. (1991). Determinations of meaning: Discourse and moral socialization. In R. Schweder (Ed.), Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
51. Siegler, R. (2001). Foreword. In M. Gauvin (Ed.), The social context of cognitive development. London: Guildford.
52. Straker, G., Moosa, F., Becker, R., & Nkwale, M. (1992). Faces in the revolution: The psychological effects of violence on township youth in Smith Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: David Phillip.
53. Turner, E. B., Turner, I. F., & Reid, A. (1980). Religious attitudes in two types of urban secondary schools: A decade of change. The Irish Journal of Education, 2, 53-61.
54. Turton, R., Straker, G., & Moosa, F. (1991). Experiences of violence in the lives of township youths in "unrest" and "normal" conditions. South African Journal of Psychology, 21, 77-84.
55. Whyte, S. R. (1997). Questioning misfortune. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
56. Woodhead, M. (1999). Reconstructing developmental psychology-some first steps. Children and Society, 13, 3-19.
57. Wright, D., & Cox, E. (1971). Changes in moral belief among sixth-form boys and girls over a seven-year period in relation to religious belief, age and sex differences. The British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 332-341.
58. Youniss, J. (1987). Social construction and moral development: Update and expansion of an idea. In W. M. Kurtines & J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Moral development through social interaction (pp. 131-148). New York: Wiley.
59. Youniss, J., & Yates, M. (Eds.). (1999). Introduction: International perspectives on the roots of civic identity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.