The impact of statin and macrolide use on early survival in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia

American Journal of the Medical Sciences

Volumn 345, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 173-177

  Doshi, Simit M ^a,b   Kulkarni, Prathit A ^b,c   Liao, Joshua M ^b,c   Rueda, Adriana M ^b,c   Musher, Daniel M ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b MICHAEL E DEBAKEY VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Immune modulation; Macrolides; Pneumococcus; Pneumonia; Statins

Indexed keywords

HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MACROLIDE;

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMAN; LIVER DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POST TREATMENT SURVIVAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA;

EID: 84874664114     PISSN: 00029629     EISSN: 15382990     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3182639c26     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, et al. Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax 2001;56:296-301.
2. Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, et al. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:202-9.
3. Snijders D, Daniels JM, de Graaff CS, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:975-82.
4. Musher DM, Montoya R, Wanahita A. Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:165-9.
5. Musher DM, Alexandraki I, Graviss EA, et al. Bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. A prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000;79:210-21.
6. Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C, et al. International pneumococcal study group. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:230-7.
7. Austrian R, Gold J. Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1964;60:759-76.
8. Mortensen EM, Coley CM, Singer DE, et al. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1059-64.
9. Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, et al; Gen IMS Investigators. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis: results of the Genetic and Inflammatory Markers of Sepsis (Gen IMS) Study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1655-63.
10. Bozza FA, Salluh JI, Japiassu AM, et al. Cytokine profiles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: a multiplex analysis. Crit Care 2007;11: R49.
11. Musher DM. New modalities in treating pneumococcal pneumonia. Hosp Pract (Minneap) 2011;39:89-96.
12. Almog Y, Terblanche M. Pleiotropic effect of statins: implications for critical care. Crit Care 2008;5:1-11.
13. Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics-part 1: biological mechanisms. Respiration 2011;81:67-74.
14. Corrales-Medina V, Musher DM. Immunomodulatory agents in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review. J Infect 2011;63:187-99.
15. Danesh FR, Anel RL, Zeng L, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2003;51:139-48.
16. Takemoto M, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21: 1712-9.
17. Terblanche M, Almog Y, Rosenson RS, et al. Statins and sepsis: multiple modifications at multiple levels. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7:358-68.
18. Paumelle R, Blanquart C, Briand O, et al. Acute antiinflammatory properties of statins involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptoralpha via inhibition of the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Circ Res 2006;98:361-9.
19. Altenburg J, de Graaff CS, van der Werf TS, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics-part 2: advantages and disadvantages of long-term, low-dose macrolide therapy. Respiration 2011; 81:75-87.
20. Friedlander AL, Albert RK. Chronic macrolide therapy in inflammatory airways diseases. Chest 2010;138:1202-12.
21. Chalmers JD, Singanayagam A, Murray MP, et al. Prior statin use is associated with improved outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2008;121:1002-7.
22. Mortensen EM, Restrepo MI, Anzueto A, et al. The effect of prior statin use on 30-day mortality for patients hospitalized with communityacquired pneumonia. Respir Res 2005;6:82.
23. Thomsen RW, Riis A, Kornum JB, et al. Preadmission use of statins and outcomes after hospitalization with pneumonia: population-based cohort study of 29,900 patients. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:2081-7.
24. Musher DM, Rueda-Jaimes AM, Graviss EA, et al. Effect of pneumococcal vaccination: a comparison of vaccination rates in patients with bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1004-8.
25. Fine MJ, Stone RA, Singer DE, et al. Processes and outcomes of care for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) cohort study. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:970-80.
26. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243-50.
27. Janda S, Young A, Fitzgerald JM, et al. The effect of statins on mortality from severe infections and sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care 2010;25:656-22.
28. Rothberg MB, Bigelow C, Pekow PS, et al. Association between statins given in hospital and mortality in pneumonia patients. J Gen Intern Med 2012;27:280-6.
29. Yende S, Milbrandt EB, Kellum JA, et al. Understanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis. Crit Care Med 2011;39: 1871-8.
30. Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, Eurich DT, et al. Statins and outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia: population based prospective cohort study. BMJ 2006;333:999.
31. Douglas I, Evans S, Smeeth L. Effect of statin treatment on short term mortality after pneumonia episode: cohort study. BMJ 2011;342:d1642.
32. Mortensen EM, Pugh MJ, Copeland LA, et al. Impact of statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality of subjects hospitalised with pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2008;31:611-7.
33. Corrales-Medina VF, Serpa J, Rueda AM, et al. Acute bacterial pneumonia is associated with the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2009;88:154-9.
34. Musher DM, Rueda AM, Kaka AS, et al. The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac events. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:158-65.
35. Mufson MA, Stanek RJ. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American city: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. Am J Med 1999;107:34S-43S.
36. Dwyer R, Ortqvist A, Aufwerber E, et al. Addition of a macrolide to a ss-lactam in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:518-21.