Spatial sensory organization and body representation in pain perception

Current Biology

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2013, Pages

  Haggard, Patrick ^a   Iannetti, Gian Domenico ^b   Longo, Matthew R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BODY IMAGE; BRAIN; HUMAN; MECHANORECEPTOR; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PAIN RECEPTOR; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; SENSATION; SENSORY NERVE; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX;

AFFERENT PATHWAYS; BODY IMAGE; BRAIN; HUMANS; MECHANORECEPTORS; NOCICEPTION; NOCICEPTORS; PAIN; PAIN PERCEPTION; SENSATION; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX;

EID: 84874599918     PISSN: 09609822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.047     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Pain terms: a list with definitions and notes on usage Pain 3 Suppl 1986 S215 S221
2. W.H.R. Rivers, and H. Head A human experiment in nerve division Brain 31 1908 323 450
3. A.D. Craig How do you feel - now? The anterior insula and human awareness Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10 2009 59 70
4. W. Jänig The integrative action of the autonomic nervous system: Neurobiology of homeostasis 2006 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
5. O. Pollatos, J. Füstös, and H.D. Critchley On the generalised embodiment of pain: How interoceptive sensitivity modulates cutaneous pain perception Pain 153 2012 1680 1686
6. D.F. Cooke, C.S. Taylor, T. Moore, and M.S. Graziano Complex movements evoked by microstimulation of the ventral intraparietal area Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 2003 6163 6168 (Pubitemid 36576948)
7. G.L. Moseley, and H. Flor Targeting cortical representations in the treatment of chronic pain: a review Neurorehab. Neural Re. 26 2012 646 652
8. H. Flor, L. Nikolajsen, and T.S. Jensen Phantom limb pain: a case of maladaptive CNS plasticity? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7 2006 873 881 (Pubitemid 44624179)
9. R.-D. Treede Pain and hyperalgesia: definitions and theories Handbook of Clinical Neurology 81 2006 3 10
10. W.D. Willis, and R.E. Coggeshall Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord 3rd Ed. 2004 Kluwer New York
11. H.E. Torebjörk, and R.G. Hallin Perceptual changes accompanying controlled preferential blocking of A and C fibre responses in intact human skin nerves Exp. Brain Res. 16 1973 321 332
12. H.E. Torebjörk, and J.L. Ochoa Specific sensations evoked by activity in single identified sensory units in man Acta Psychol. Scand. 110 1980 445 447 (Pubitemid 11135996)
13. C.S. Sherrington The integrative action of the nervous system 1906 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
14. J.P. Müller Handbuch der physiologie des menschen 1833 1840 Hölscher Coblenz, Germany
15. V.B. Mountcastle Perceptual neuroscience: The cerebral cortex 1998 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
16. A.D. Craig, M.C. Bushnell, E.T. Zhang, and A. Blomqvist A thalamic nucleus specific for pain and temperature sensation Nature 372 1994 770 773
17. A. Blomqvist, E.T. Zhang, and A.D. Craig Cytoarchitectonic and immunohistochemical characterization of a specific pain and temperature relay, the posterior portion of the ventral medial nucleus, in the human thalamus Brain 123 2000 601 619 (Pubitemid 30099544)
18. A.D. Craig, K. Chen, D. Bandy, and E.M. Reiman Thermosensory activation of insular cortex Nat. Neurosci. 3 2000 184 190 (Pubitemid 30126335)
19. A.D. Craig How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 2002 655 666 (Pubitemid 135706673)
20. A.D. Craig Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence in central processing Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 26 2003 1 30 (Pubitemid 37064926)
21. R.-D. Treede Spinothalamic and thalamocortical nociceptive pathways J. Pain 3 2002 109 112
22. C. Montes, M. Magnin, J. Maarrawi, M. Frot, P. Convers, F. Mauguière, and L. Garcia-Larrea Thalamic thermo-algesic transmission: ventral posterior (VP) complex versus VMpo in the light of a thalamic infarct with central pain Pain 113 2005 223 232 (Pubitemid 40038464)
23. E.R. Kandel, J.R. Schwartz, and T.M. Jessell Principles of neural science 2000 McGraw Hill New York
24. R.D. Treede, R.A. Meyer, and J.N. Campbell Myelinated mechanically insensitive afferents from monkey hair skin: Heat response properties J. Neurophysiol. 80 1998 1082 1093 (Pubitemid 28495711)
25. S.B. McMahon, and S. Gibson Peptide expression is altered when afferent nerves reinnervate inappropriate tissue Neurosci. Lett. 73 1987 9 15 (Pubitemid 17207715)
26. X. Paqueron, M. Leguen, D. Rosenthal, P. Coriat, J.C. Willer, and N. Danziger The phenomenology of body image distortions induced by regional anaesthesia Brain 126 2003 702 712 (Pubitemid 36240870)
27. T. Schlereth, W. Magerl, and R. Treede Spatial discrimination thresholds for pain and touch in human hairy skin Pain 92 2001 187 194 (Pubitemid 32367949)
28. Mancini, F., Iannetti, G.D., and Haggard, P. (submitted).
29. N.K. Logothetis What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI Nature 453 2008 869 878 (Pubitemid 351832564)
30. A. Mouraux, and G.D. Iannetti Across-trial averaging of event-related EEG responses and beyond Magn. Reson. Imaging 26 2008 1041 1054
31. J.D. Talbot, S. Marrett, A.C. Evans, E. Meyer, M.C. Bushnell, and G.H. Duncan Multiple representations of pain in human cerebral cortex Science 251 1991 1355 1358 (Pubitemid 21916918)
32. A. Jones The pain matrix and neuropathic pain Brain 121 1998 783 784 (Pubitemid 28220888)
33. M. Ingvar Pain and functional imaging Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 354 1999 1347 1358 (Pubitemid 29400910)
34. M. Ingvar, and J.-C. Hsieg The image of pain P.D. Wall, R. Melzack, The textbook of pain 4th Ed. 1999 Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh
35. A. Ploghaus, I. Tracey, J.S. Gati, S. Clare, R.S. Menon, P.M. Matthews, and J.N. Rawlins Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain Science 284 1999 1979 1981 (Pubitemid 29309443)
36. A. Carmon, J. Mor, and J. Goldberg Evoked cerebral responses to noxious thermal stimuli in humans Exp. Brain Res. 25 1976 103 107
37. C.R. Chapman, A.C. Chen, Y.M. Colpitts, and R.W. Martin Sensory decision theory describes evoked potentials in pain discrimination Psychophysiology 18 1981 114 120 (Pubitemid 11056811)
38. H. Stowell Spacetime body maps and somatosensory evoked potentials Int. J. Neurosci. 25 1984 47 52 (Pubitemid 15197504)
39. A. Mouraux, and G.D. Iannetti Nociceptive laser-evoked brain potentials do not reflect nociceptive-specific neural activity J. Neurophysiol. 101 2009 3258 3269
40. A. Mouraux, A. Diukova, M.C. Lee, R.G. Wise, and G.D. Iannetti A multisensory investigation of the functional significance of the "pain matrix" NeuroImage 54 2011 2237 2249
41. W.K. Dong, E.H. Chudler, K. Sugiyama, V.J. Roberts, and T. Hayashi Somatosensory, multisensory, and task-related neurons in cortical area 7b (PF) of unanesthetized monkeys J. Neurophysiol. 72 1994 542 564 (Pubitemid 24273563)
42. J.R. Duhamel, C.L. Colby, and M.E. Goldberg Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: congruent visual and somatic response properties J. Neurophysiol. 79 1998 126 136 (Pubitemid 28133805)
43. M.S. Graziano, and C.G. Gross Visual responses with and without fixation: neurons in premotor cortex encode spatial locations independently of eye position Exp. Brain Res. 118 1998 373 380 (Pubitemid 28052343)
44. D.F. Cooke, and M.S. Graziano Super-flinchers and nerves of steel: Defensive movements altered by chemical manipulation of a cortical motor area Neuron 43 2004 585 593 (Pubitemid 39094684)
45. K.J. Friston, L. Harrison, and W. Penny Dynamic causal modelling NeuroImage 19 2003 1273 1302 (Pubitemid 37025831)
46. M. Liang, A. Mouraux, and G.D. Iannetti Parallel processing of nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory information in the human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices: evidence from dynamic causal modeling of functional magnetic resonance imaging data J. Neurosci. 31 2011 8976 8985
47. J.P. Thivierge, and G.F. Marcus The topographic brain: from neural connectivity to cognition Trends Neurosci. 30 2007 251 259 (Pubitemid 46802836)
48. J.E. Swett, and C.J. Woolf The somatotopic organization of primary afferent terminals in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord J. Comp. Neurol. 231 1985 66 77 (Pubitemid 15199486)
49. F.A. Lenz, H.C. Kwan, R. Martin, R. Tasker, R.T. Richardson, and J.O. Dostrovsky Characteristics of somatotopic organization and spontaneous neuronal activity in the region of the thalamic principal sensory nucleus in patients with spinal cord transection J. Neurophysiol. 72 1994 1570 1587 (Pubitemid 24325087)
50. J.L. Andersson, A. Lilja, P. Hartvig, B. Långström, T. Gordh, H. Handwerker, and E. Torebjörk Somatotopic organization along the central sulcus, for pain localization in humans, as revealed by positron emission tomography Exp. Brain Res. 117 1997 192 199 (Pubitemid 27488780)
51. U. Bingel, J. Lorenz, V. Glauche, R. Knab, J. Gläscher, C. Weiller, and C. Büchel Somatotopic organization of human somatosensory cortices for pain: a single trial fMRI study NeuroImage 23 2004 224 232 (Pubitemid 39119452)
52. U. Baumgärtner, G.D. Iannetti, L. Zambreanu, P. Stoeter, R.D. Treede, and I. Tracey Multiple somatotopic representations of heat and mechanical pain in the operculo-insular cortex: a high-resolution fMRI study J. Neurophysiol. 104 2010 2863 2872
53. E. Valentini, L. Hu, B. Chakrabarti, Y. Hu, S.M. Aglioti, and G.D. Iannetti The primary somatosensory cortex largely contributes to the early part of the cortical response elicited by nociceptive stimuli Neuroimage 59 2012 1571 1581
54. D.R. Kenshalo Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of cats to thermal stimuli D.R. Kenshalo, The skin senses 1968 IL Charles C. Thomas Springfield 400 422
55. R.O. Duncan, and G.M. Boynton Tactile hyperacuity thresholds correlate with finger maps in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) Cereb. Cortex 17 2007 2878 2891 (Pubitemid 350129446)
56. R.S. Huang, and M.I. Sereno Dodecapus: an MR-compatible system for somatosensory stimulation NeuroImage 34 2007 1060 1073 (Pubitemid 46394479)
57. G.D. Iannetti, L. Zambreanu, and I. Tracey Similar nociceptive afferents mediate psychophysical and electrophysiological responses to heat stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin in humans J. Physiol. 577 2006 235 248 (Pubitemid 44698252)
58. F. Mancini, P. Haggard, G.D. Iannetti, M.R. Longo, and M.I. Sereno Fine-grained nociceptive maps in primary somatosensory cortex J. Neurosci. 32 2012 17155 17162
59. R.P. Arthur, and W.B. Shelley The innervention of human epidermis J. Invest. Dermatol. 32 1959 397 411
60. E.J. Kelly, G. Terenghi, A. Hazari, and M. Wiberg Nerve fibre and sensory end organ density in the epidermis and papillary dermis of the human hand Brit. J. Plast. Surg. 58 2005 774 779 (Pubitemid 41122311)
61. C.E.G. Moore, and W. Schady Cutaneous localisation of laser induced pain in humans Neurosci. Lett. 193 1995 208 210
62. M. Koltzenburg, H.O. Handwerker, and H.E. Torebjörk The ability of humans to localise noxious stimuli Neurosci. Lett. 150 1993 219 222 (Pubitemid 23153691)
63. J. Trojan, D. Kleinböhl, A.M. Stolle, O.K. Andersen, R. Hölzl, and L. Arendt-Nielsen Psychophysical 'perceptual maps' of heat and pain sensations by direct localization of CO2 laser stimuli on the skin Brain Res. 1120 2006 106 113 (Pubitemid 44648008)
64. R.W. Van Boven, and K.O. Johnson The limit of tactile spatial resolution in humans: grating orientation discrimination at the lip, tongue, and finger Neurology 44 1994 2361 2366 (Pubitemid 24382738)
65. J.M. Loomis An investigation of tactile hyperacuity Sens. Process 3 1979 289 302 (Pubitemid 11081789)
66. K. Ostrowsky, M. Magnin, P. Ryvlin, J. Isnard, M. Guenot, and F. Mauguière Representation of pain and somatic sensation in the human insula: a study of responses to direct electrical cortical stimulation Cereb. Cortex 12 2002 376 385 (Pubitemid 34226062)
67. L. Mazzola, J. Isnard, R. Peyron, M. Guénot, and F. Mauguière Somatotopic organization of pain responses to direct electrical stimulation of the human insular cortex Pain 146 2009 99 104
68. C.A. Porro, M. Martinig, P. Facchin, M. Maieron, A.K. Jones, and L. Fadiga Parietal cortex involvement in the localization of tactile and noxious mechanical stimuli: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study Behav. Brain Res. 178 2007 183 189 (Pubitemid 46341434)
69. Lockwood, P., Iannetti, G.D., and Haggard, P. (in press). Transcranial magnetic stimulation over human secondary somatosensory cortex disrupts perception of pain intensity. Cortex.
70. K. Moriwaki, and O. Yuge Topographical features of cutaneous tactile hypoesthetic and hyperesthetic abnormalities in chronic pain Pain 81 1999 1 6 (Pubitemid 29199895)
71. B. Pleger, P. Ragert, P. Schwenkreis, A.F. Förster, C. Wilimzig, H. Dinse, V. Nicolas, C. Maier, and M. Tegenthoff Patterns of cortical reorganization parallel tactile discrimination and pain intensity in complex regional pain syndrome NeuroImage 32 2006 503 510 (Pubitemid 44149140)
72. M. Ploner, B. Pollok, and A. Schnitzler Pain facilitates tactile processing in human somatosensory cortices J. Neurophysiol. 92 2004 1825 1829 (Pubitemid 39100677)
73. D. Le Bars, A.H. Dickenson, and J.M. Besson Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat Pain 6 1979 283 304 (Pubitemid 9205924)
74. J.C. Willer, T. De Broucker, and D. Le Bars Encoding of nociceptive thermal stimuli by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in humans J. Neurophysiol. 62 1989 1028 1038 (Pubitemid 19278425)
75. D. Le Bars The whole body receptive field of dorsal horn multireceptive neurones Brain Res. Rev. 40 2002 29 44 (Pubitemid 36183156)
76. R. Moont, D. Pud, E. Sprecher, G. Sharvit, and D. Yarnitsky 'Pain inhibits pain' mechanisms: Is pain modulation simply due to distraction? Pain 150 2010 113 120
77. M.O. Ernst, and M.S. Banks Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion Nature 415 2002 429 433 (Pubitemid 34100953)
78. M.O. Ernst, and H.H. Bülthoff Merging the senses into a robust percept Trends Cogn. Sci. 8 2004 162 169 (Pubitemid 38429926)
79. D.R. Kenshalo, and O. Isensee Responses of primate SI cortical neurons to noxious stimuli J. Neurophysiol. 50 1983 1479 1496
80. B.L. Whitsel, O.V. Favorov, Y. Li, M. Quibrera, and M. Tommerdahl Area 3a neuron response to skin nociceptor afferent drive Cereb. Cortex 19 2009 349 366
81. D.R. Kenshalo, E.H. Chudler, F. Anton, and R. Dubner SI nociceptive neurons participate in the encoding process by which monkeys perceive the intensity of noxious thermal stimulation Brain Res. 454 1988 378 382
82. B.E. Stein, and M.A. Meredith The merging of the senses 1993 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
83. U. Baumgärtner, W. Tiede, R.-D. Treede, and A.D. Craig Laser-evoked potentials are graded and somatotopically organized anteroposteriorly in the operculoinsular cortex of anesthetized monkeys J. Neurophysiol. 96 2006 2802 2808 (Pubitemid 44785928)
84. B.E. Stein, D. Burr, C. Constantinidis, P.J. Laurienti, M.A. Meredith, T.J. Perrault, R. Ramachandran, B. Röder, B.A. Rowland, and K. Sathian Semantic confusion regarding the development of multisensory integration: a practical solution Eur. J. Neurosci. 31 2010 1713 1720
85. M. Avillac, S. Ben Hamed, and J.R. Duhamel Multisensory integration in the ventral intraparietal area of the macaque monkey J. Neurosci. 27 2007 1922 1932
86. M.S. Graziano, G.S. Yap, and C.G. Gross Coding of visual space by premotor neurons Science 266 1994 1054 1057 (Pubitemid 24373725)
87. H.-N. Ho, J. Watanabe, H. Ando, and M. Kashino Somatotopic or Spatiotopic? Frame of reference for localizing thermal sensations under thermo-tactile interactions Atten. Percept. Psycho. 72 2010 1666 1675
88. H.-N. Ho, J. Watanabe, H. Ando, and M. Kashino Mechanisms underlying referral of thermal sensations to sites of tactile stimulation J. Neurosci. 31 2011 208 213
89. A.D. Craig, and M.C. Bushnell The thermal grill illusion: unmasking the burn of cold pain Science 265 1994 252 255 (Pubitemid 24259929)
90. A.D. Craig, E.M. Reiman, A. Evans, and M.C. Bushnell Functional imaging of an illusion of pain Nature 384 1996 258 260 (Pubitemid 26396973)
91. R. Defrin, A. Benstein-Sheraizin, A. Bezalel, O. Mantzur, and L. Arendt-Nielsen The spatial characteristics of the painful thermal grill illusion Pain 138 2008 577 586
92. M.P.M. Kammers, F. de Vignemont, and P. Haggard Cooling the thermal grill illusion through self-touch Curr. Biol. 20 2010 1819 1822
93. T. Ohshiro, D.E. Angelaki, and G.C. DeAngelis A normalization model of multisensory integration Nat. Neurosci. 14 2011 775 782
94. E. Azañón, and S. Soto-Faraco Changing reference frames during the encoding of tactile events Curr. Biol. 18 2008 1044 1049
95. E. Azañón, M.R. Longo, S. Soto-Faraco, and P. Haggard The posterior parietal cortex remaps touch into external space Curr. Biol. 20 2010 1304 1309
96. M.S. Graziano, and D.F. Cooke Parieto-frontal interactions, personal space, and defensive behavior Neuropsychologia 44 2006 845 859
97. W.J. Kargo, and S.F. Giszter Individual premotor drive pulses, not time-varying synergies, are the units of adjustment for limb trajectories constructed in spinal cord J. Neurosci. 28 2008 2409 2425 (Pubitemid 351348197)
98. A. Gallace, D.M. Torta, G.L. Moseley, and G.D. Iannetti The analgesic effect of crossing the arms Pain 152 2011 1418 1423
99. M.C. Lee, A. Mouraux, and G.D. Iannetti Characterizing the cortical activity through which pain emerges from nociception J. Neurosci. 29 2009 7909 7916
100. C.F. Sambo, M. Liang, G. Cruccu, and G.D. Iannetti Defensive peripersonal space: the blink reflex evoked by hand stimulation is increased when the hand is near the face J. Neurophysiol. 107 2012 880 889
101. M. Jeannerod The neural and behavioural organization of goal-directed movements 1988 Oxford University Press Oxford
102. R. Melzack, and P.D. Wall Pain mechanisms: a new theory Science 150 1965 971 979
103. B.G. Green, C. Roman, K. Schoen, and H. Collins Nociceptive sensations evoked from 'spots' in the skin by mild cooling and heating Pain 135 2008 196 208
104. B.G. Green, and C. Akirav Threshold and rate sensitivity of low-threshold thermal nociception Euro. J. Neurosci. 31 2010 1637 1645
105. B.G. Green, and J.V. Pope Innocuous cooling can produce nociceptive sensations that are inhibited during dynamic mechanical contact Exp. Brain Res. 148 2003 290 299 (Pubitemid 36216486)
106. B.G. Green Temperature perception on the hand during static versus dynamic contact with a surface Atten. Percept. Psycho. 71 2009 1185 1196
107. K. Inui, T. Tsuji, and R. Kakigi Temporal analysis of cortical mechanisms for pain relief by tactile stimuli in humans Cereb. Cortex 16 2006 355 365 (Pubitemid 43209210)
108. R. Kakigi, and S. Watanabe Pain relief by various kinds of interference stimulation applied to the peripheral skin in humans: pain-related brain potentials following CO2 laser stimulation J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 1 1996 189 198 (Pubitemid 126673772)
109. V.S. Ramachandran, P.D. McGeoch, L. Williams, and G. Arcilla Rapid relief of thalamic pain syndrome induced by vestibular caloric stimulation Neurocase 13 2007 185 188 (Pubitemid 47386778)
110. Ferrè, E.R., Bottini, G., Iannetti, G.D., and Haggard, P. (in press). The balance of feelings: Vestibular modulation of bodily sensations. Cortex.
111. E.R. Ferrè, G. Bottini, and P. Haggard Vestibular inputs modulate somatosensory cortical processing Brain Struct. Funct. 217 2012 859 864
112. M. Frot, L. Garcia-Larrea, M. Guénot, and F. Mauguière Responses of the supra-sylvian (SII) cortex in humans to painful and innocuous stimuli. A study using intra-cerebral recordings Pain 94 2001 65 73 (Pubitemid 32907559)
113. M.R. Longo, E. Azañón, and P. Haggard More than skin deep: body representation beyond primary somatosensory cortex Neuropsychologia 48 2010 655 668
114. M.R. Longo, V. Betti, S.M. Aglioti, and P. Haggard Visually induced analgesia: seeing the body reduces pain J. Neurosci. 30 2009 12125 12130
115. A. Avenanti, D. Bueti, G. Galati, and S.M. Aglioti Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain Nat. Neurosci. 8 2005 955 960
116. C. Lamm, C.D. Batson, and J. Decety The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19 2007 42 58 (Pubitemid 46106022)
117. T. Singer, B. Seymour, J. O'Doherty, H. Kaube, R.J. Dolan, and C.D. Frith Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain Science 303 2004 1157 1162 (Pubitemid 38233574)
118. F. Mancini, M.R. Longo, M.P.M. Kammers, and P. Haggard Visual distortion of body size modulates pain perception Psychol. Sci. 22 2011 325 330
119. A. Hänsel, B. Lenggenhager, R. von Känel, M. Curatolo, and O. Blanke Seeing and identifying with a virtual body decreases pain perception Euro. J. Pain 15 2011 874 879
120. G.L. Moseley, T.J. Parsons, and C. Spence Visual distortion of a limb modulates the pain and swelling evoked by movement Curr. Biol. 18 2008 R1047 R1048
121. C. Preston, and R. Newport Analgesic effects of multisensory illusions in osteoarthritis Rheumatology 50 2011 2314 2315
122. M.R. Longo, G.D. Iannetti, F. Mancini, J. Driver, and P. Haggard Linking pain and the body: neural correlates of visually induced analgesia J. Neurosci. 32 2012 2601 2607
123. G.D. Iannetti, and A. Mouraux From the neuromatrix to the pain matrix (and back) Exp. Brain Res. 205 2010 1 12
124. V. Legrain, G.D. Iannetti, L. Plaghki, and A. Mouraux The pain matrix reloaded: A salience detection system for the body Prog. Neurobiol. 93 2011 111 124
125. P. Schwenkreis, F. Janssen, O. Rommel, B. Pleger, B. Volker, I. Hosbach, R. Dertwinkel, C. Maier, and M. Tegenthoff Bilateral motor cortex disinhibition in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I of the hand Neurology 61 2003 515 519 (Pubitemid 37025369)
126. E. Eisenberg, A.V. Chistyakov, M. Yudashkin, B. Kaplan, H. Hafner, and M. Feinsod Evidence for cortical hyperexcitability of the affected limb representation area in CRPS: a psychophysical and transcranial magnetic stimulation study Pain 113 2005 99 105 (Pubitemid 40038450)
127. M. Lenz, O. Höffken, P. Stude, S. Lissek, P. Schwenkreis, A. Reinersmann, J. Frettlöh, H. Richter, M. Tegenthoff, and C. Maier Bilateral somatosensory cortex disinhibition in complex regional pain syndrome type I Neurology 77 2011 1096 1101
128. S. Canavero, and V. Bonicalzi The neurochemistry of central pain: evidence from clinical studies, hypothesis and therapeutic implications Pain 74 1998 109 114 (Pubitemid 28082717)
129. J.P. Lefaucheur, X. Drouot, I. Menard-Lefaucheur, Y. Keravel, and J.P. Nguyen Motor cortex rTMS restores defective intracortical inhibition in chronic neuropathic pain Neurology 67 2006 1568 1574 (Pubitemid 44747925)
130. S. Kennett, M. Taylor-Clarke, and P. Haggard Noninformative vision improves the spatial resolution of touch in humans Curr. Biol. 11 2001 1188 1191 (Pubitemid 32722572)
131. F. Cardini, M.R. Longo, and P. Haggard Vision of the body modulates somatosensory intracortical inhibition Cereb. Cortex 21 2011 2014 2022
132. R.W. Dykes, P. Landry, R. Metherate, and T.P. Hicks Functional role of GABA in cat primary somatosensory cortex: shaping receptive fields of cortical neurons J. Neurophysiol. 52 1984 1066 1093 (Pubitemid 15190275)
133. G.L. Moseley I can't find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain Pain 140 2008 239 243
134. H. Flor, T. Elbert, S. Knecht, C. Wienbruch, C. Pantev, N. Birbaumer, W. Larbig, and E. Taub Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation Nature 375 1995 482 484
135. S. Knecht, H. Henningsen, T. Elbert, H. Flor, C. Höhling, C. Pantev, N. Birbaumer, and E. Taub Cortical reorganization in human amputees and mislocalization of painful stimuli to the phantom limb Neurosci. Lett. 201 1995 262 264 (Pubitemid 26009991)
136. C. Maihöfner, H.O. Handwerker, B. Neundörfer, and F. Birklein Patterns of cortical reorganization in complex regional pain syndrome Neurology 61 2003 1707 1715 (Pubitemid 38020816)
137. F. Tecchio, L. Padua, I. Aprile, and P.M. Rossini Carpal tunnel syndrome modifies sensory hand cortical somatotopy: A MEG study Hum. Brain Mapp. 17 2008 28 36
138. H. Tsao, L.A. Danneels, and P.W. Hodges Smudging the motor brain in young adults with recurrent low back pain Spine 36 2011 1721 1727
139. C. Maihöfner, B. Neundörfer, F. Birklein, and H.O. Handwerker Mislocalization of tactile stimulation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome J. Neurol. 253 2006 772 779 (Pubitemid 43980149)
140. H. Flor, C. Denke, M. Schaefer, and S. Grüsser Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain Lancet 357 2001 1763 1764 (Pubitemid 32524209)
141. G.L. Moseley, and K. Wiech The effect of tactile discrimination training is enhanced when patients watch the reflected image of their unaffected limb during training Pain 144 2009 314 319
142. R. Melzack, and P.R. Bromage Experimental phantom limbs Exp. Neurol. 39 1973 261 269
143. E. Bors Phantom limbs of patients with spinal cord injury Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 66 1951 610 631
144. J.H. Evans On disturbance of the body image in paraplegia Brain 85 1962 687 700
145. J.P. Conomy Disorders of body image after spinal cord injury Neurology 23 1973 842 850
146. S.C. Gandevia, and C.M.L. Phegan Perceptual distortions of the human body image produced by local anaesthesia, pain and cutaneous stimulation J. Physiol. 514 1999 609 616 (Pubitemid 29055985)
147. K.S. Turker, P.L. Yeo, and S.C. Gandevia Perceptual distortion of face by local anaesthesia of the human lips and teeth Exp. Brain Res. 165 2005 37 43 (Pubitemid 41159802)
148. X. Paqueron, M. Leguen, M.E. Gentili, J.C. Willer, P. Coriat, and B. Riou Influence of sensory and proprioceptive impairment on the development of phantom limb syndrome during regional anaesthesia Anesthesiology 100 2004 979 986 (Pubitemid 38392589)
149. X. Paqueron, M.E. Gentili, J.C. Willer, P. Coriat, and B. Riou Time sequence of sensory changes after upper extremity block: swelling sensation is an early and accurate predictor of success Anesthesiology 101 2004 162 168 (Pubitemid 38833277)
150. M.B. Calford, and R. Tweedale C-fibres provide a source of masking inhibition to the primary somatosensory cortex Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 243 1991 269 275
151. B.S. Galer, S. Butler, and M.P. Jensen A neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome-1) J. Pain Symptom Manag. 10 1995 385 391
152. B.S. Galer, and M. Jensen Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: results of a self-administered survey J. Pain Symptom Manag. 18 1999 213 217 (Pubitemid 29459127)
153. S. Förderreuther, U. Sailer, and A. Straube Impaired self-perception of the hand in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Pain 110 2004 756 761 (Pubitemid 39036808)
154. J.S. Lewis, P. Kersten, C.S. McCabe, K.M. McPherson, and D.R. Blake Body perception disturbance: a contribution to pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Pain 133 2007 111 119 (Pubitemid 350138315)
155. J.S. Lewis, P. Kersten, K.M. McPherson, G.J. Taylor, N. Harris, C.S. McCabe, and D.R. Blake Wherever is my arm? Impaired upper limb position accuracy in complex regional pain syndrome Pain 149 2010 463 469
156. M. Critchley The parietal lobes 1953 Edward Arnold & Co. London
157. J.H. Bultitude, and R.D. Rafal Derangement of body representation in complex regional pain syndrome: report of a case treated with mirror and prisms Exp. Brain Res. 204 2010 409 418
158. P.W. Dielissen, A.T. Claassen, P.H. Veldman, and R.J. Goris Amputation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy J. Bone Joint Surg. 77 1995 270 273
159. C.S. McCabe, R.C. Haigh, P.W. Halligan, and D.R. Blake Referred sensations in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 Rheumatology 42 2003 1067 1073 (Pubitemid 37220995)
160. M. Sumitani, M. Shibata, T. Iwakura, Y. Matsuda, G. Sakaue, T. Inoue, T. Mashimo, and S. Miyauchi Pathologic pain distorts visuospatial perception Neurology 68 2007 152 154 (Pubitemid 46071902)
161. C.C. Liu, D.S. Veldhuijzen, S. Ohara, J. Winberry, J.D. Greenspan, and F.A. Lenz Spatial attention to thermal pain stimuli in subjects with visual spatial hemi-neglect: extinction, mislocalization and misidentification of stimulus modality Pain 152 2011 498 506
162. G.L. Moseley Distorted body image in complex regional pain syndrome Neurology 65 2005 773 (Pubitemid 41285868)
163. E. Peltz, F. Seifert, S. Lanz, R. Müller, and C. Maihöfner Impaired hand size estimation in CRPS J. Pain 12 2011 1095 1101
164. G.K. Haugstad, T.S. Haugstad, U.M. Kirste, S. Leganger, S. Wojniusz, I. Klemmertsen, and U.F. Malt Posture, movements patterns, and body awareness in women with chronic pelvic pain J. Psychosomat. Res. 61 2006 637 644 (Pubitemid 44647266)
165. F. Birklein Complex regional pain syndrome F. Cervero, T.S. Jensen, Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2006 Elsevier Amsterdam
166. S.A. Schug, and E.M. Pogatzki-Zahn Chronic pain after surgery or injury Pain-Clinical Updates 19 2011 1 5
167. V.S. Ramachandran, and E.L. Altschuler The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function Brain 132 2009 1693 1710
168. G.L. Moseley, A. Gallace, and C. Spence Is mirror therapy all it is cracked up to be? Current evidence and future directions Pain 138 2008 7 10