Nerve repair by means of tubulization: Past, present, future

Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 149-163

  Konofaos, P ^a   Ver Halen, J P ^a  

^a University of Tennessee Campbell Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

nerve gap; nerve guides; nerve repair; neurotrophic factors

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; CHITOSAN; COLLAGEN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; GLIAL CELL DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEURITE PROMOTING FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN 3; POLYESTER; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; SILICONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLOGRAFT; ARTERY; ARTICLE; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MUSCLE; NERVE ALLOGRAFT; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NERVE REGENERATION; NERVE SURGERY; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TENDON; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TUBE; TUBULIZATION TECHNIQUE; VEIN;

ABSORBABLE IMPLANTS; ARTERIES; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; CHITOSAN; COLLAGEN; GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION; HUMANS; MICROSURGERY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES; POLYESTERS; POLYGLYCOLIC ACID; POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; PROSTHESIS DESIGN; SILICONES; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VEINS;

EID: 84874108274     PISSN: 0743684X     EISSN: 10988947     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1333316     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Paulus Aegineta. De re medica. Paulou Aiginetou iatrou aristou, biblia hepta. En arche hekastou ton biblion deiknytai ta en ekeino pereichomena. Pavli Aeginetae medici optimi, libri septem. In principio singvlorvm librorvm omnia indicantvr, qvae in eo libro continentvr [title Romanized; text in Greek]. Venetiis: In aedibvs Aldi, 1528
2. Narakas A. The surgical management of brachial plexus injuries. In: Daniel R. K., Terzis J. K., eds. Reconstructive Microsurgery, vol 1. Boston Little Brown: 1977
3. Terzis J. K., Faibisoff B., Williams B. The nerve gap: suture under tension vs. graft. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1975; 56 166 170
4. Terzis J. K., Konofaos P. Radial nerve injuries and outcomes: our experience. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2011; 127 739 751
5. Kim D. H., Han K., Tiel R. L., Murovic J. A., Kline D. G. Surgical outcomes of 654 ulnar nerve lesions. J Neurosurg: 2003; 98 993 1004
6. Pabari A., Yang S. Y., Seifalian A. M., Mosahebi A. Modern surgicalmanagement of peripheral nerve gap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg: 2010; 63 1941 1948
7. Mackinnon S. E., Doolabh V. B., Novak C. B., Trulock E. P. Clinical outcome following nerve allograft transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2001; 107 1419 1429
8. Dellon A. L., Mackinnon S. E. An alternative to the classical nerve graft for the management of the short nerve gap. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1988; 82 849 856
9. Fields R. D., Le Beau J. M., Longo F. M., Ellisman M. H. Nerve regeneration through artificial tubular implants. Prog Neurobiol: 1989; 33 87 134
10. Lundborg G., Rosén B., Dahlin L., Danielsen N., Holmberg J. Tubular versus conventional repair of median and ulnar nerves in the human forearm: early results from a prospective, randomized, clinical study. J Hand Surg Am: 1997; 22 99 106
11. Mackinnon S. E., Dellon A. L. Clinical nerve reconstruction with a bioabsorbable polyglycolic acid tube. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1990; 85 419 424
12. Bertleff M. J., Meek M. F., Nicolai J. P. A prospective clinical evaluation of biodegradable neurolac nerve guides for sensory nerve repair in the hand. J Hand Surg Am: 2005; 30 513 518
13. Schlosshauer B., Dreesmann L., Schaller H. E., Sinis N. Synthetic nerve guide implants in humans: a comprehensive survey. Neurosurgery: 2006; 59 740 747, discussion 747-748
14. Weber R. A., Breidenbach W. C., Brown R. E., Jabaley M. E., Mass D. P. A randomized prospective study of polyglycolic acid conduits for digital nerve reconstruction in humans. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2000; 106 1036 1045, discussion 1046-1048
15. Rosson G. D., Williams E. H., Dellon A. L. Motor nerve regeneration across a conduit. Microsurgery: 2009; 29 107 114
16. Glück T. Ueber Neuroplastic Auf dem Wege de Transplantation. Arch Klin Chir: 1880; 25 606 616
17. Vanlair C. De la régénération des nerfs périphériques par le procédé de la suture tubulaire. Arch. Biol. [Paris]: 1882; 3 379 496
18. Vanlair C. Nouvelles recherches expérimentales sur la regeneration des nerfs. Arch. Biol. [Paris]: 1885; 6 127 235
19. Bünger O. V. Degenerations-und regeneration-vorgänge am nerven nach verletzungen. Beitr Pathol Anat: 1891; 10 312 393
20. Notthaft V. Neu untersuchungen über den verlawf der degener- ations und regeneration processe an verletzten peripheren nerven. Z Wiss Zool: 1893; 1 134
21. Willard M. Nerve suturing, (neurorrhaphy); degeneration and regeneration following section; microscopical appearances. Med News 1894 (citation from Huber, 1895)
22. Foramitti C. Zur Technik der Nervennaht. Arch Klin Chir.: 1904; 73 643 648
23. Nageotte J. Le processus de la cicatrisation des nerfs. CR Soc Biol (Paris): 1915; 78 249
24. Wrede L. Uberbruckung eines nervendefektes mittels seidennhat und lebenden venenstuckes. Dtsch Med Wochenschr: 1909; 35 1125
25. Weiss P., Taylor A. C. Further evidence against "neurotropismo" in nerve regeneration. J Exp Zool: 1944; 95 233 257
26. Weiss P., Taylor A. C. Guides for nerve regeneration across gaps. J Neurosurg: 1946; 3 375 389
27. Dellon A. L., Mackinnon S. E. An alternative to the classical nerve graft for the management of the short nerve gap. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1988; 82 849 856
28. Mackinnon S. E., Dellon A. L. A study of nerve regeneration across synthetic (Maxon) and biologic (collagen) nerve conduits for nerve gaps up to 5 cm in the primate. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1990; 6 117 121
29. Waller A. Experiments on the section of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves of the frog, and observations of the alterations produced thereby in the structure of their primitive fibres. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.: 1850; 140 423 429
30. Bray G. M., Villegas-Pérez M. P., Vidal-Sanz M., Aguayo A. J. The use of peripheral nerve grafts to enhance neuronal survival, promote growth and permit terminal reconnections in the central nervous system of adult rats. J Exp Biol: 1987; 132 5 19
31. Aguayo A. J. Peripheral nerve transplantation techniques to study axonal regeneration from the CNS of adult mammals. In: Stenevi U., ed. Neural Grafting in the Mammalian CNS. Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers: 1985; 61 69
32. David S., Aguayo A. J. Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous system "bridgeso" after central nervous system injury in adult rats. Science: 1981; 214 931 933
33. Richardson P. M., McGuinness U. M., Aguayo A. J. Axons from CNS neurons regenerate into PNS grafts. Nature: 1980; 284 264 265
34. Richardson P. M., McGuinness U. M., Aguayo A. J. Peripheral nerve autografts to the rat spinal cord: studies with axonal tracing methods. Brain Res: 1982; 237 147 162
35. Richardson P. M., Issa V. M., Aguayo A. J. Regeneration of long spinal axons in the rat. J Neurocytol: 1984; 13 165 182
36. Young W. Secondary CNS injury. J Neurotrauma: 1988; 5 219 221
37. Sandvig A., Berry M., Barrett L. B., Butt A., Logan A. Myelin-, reactive glia-, and scar-derived CNS axon growth inhibitors: expression, receptor signaling, and correlation with axon regeneration. Glia: 2004; 46 225 251
38. Huebner E. A., Strittmatter S. M. Axon regeneration in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Results Probl Cell Differ: 2009; 48 339 351
39. Lundborg G., Longo F. M., Varon S. Nerve regeneration model and trophic factors in vivo. Brain Res: 1982; 232 157 161
40. Lundborg G. A 25-year perspective of peripheral nerve surgery: evolving neuroscientific concepts and clinical significance. J Hand Surg Am: 2000; 25 391 414
41. Bora F. W. Jr, Bednar J. M., Osterman A. L., Brown M. J., Sumner A. J. Prosthetic nerve grafts: a resorbable tube as an alternative to autogenous nerve grafting. J Hand Surg Am: 1987; 12 5 Pt 1 685 692
42. den Dunnen W. FA, Van der Lei B., Schakenraad J. M., et al. Long-term evaluation of nerve regeneration in a biodegradable nerve guide. Microsurgery: 1993; 14 508 515
43. Evans G. R., Brandt K., Widmer M. S., et al. In vivo evaluation of poly(L-lactic acid) porous conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials: 1999; 20 1109 1115
44. Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N., et al. Nerve regeneration in silicone chambers: influence of gap length and of distal stump components. Exp Neurol: 1982; 76 361 375
45. Molander H., Engkvist O., Hägglund J., Olsson Y., Torebjörk E. Nerve repair using a polyglactin tube and nerve graft: an experimental study in the rabbit. Biomaterials: 1983; 4 276 280
46. Seckel B. R., Chiu T. H., Nyilas E., Sidman R. L. Nerve regeneration through synthetic biodegradable nerve guides: regulation by the target organ. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1984; 74 173 181
47. Sinis N., Schaller H. E., Becker S. T., et al. Long nerve gaps limit the regenerative potential of bioartificial nerve conduits filled with Schwann cells. Restor Neurol Neurosci: 2007; 25 131 141
48. Matsumoto K., Ohnishi K., Kiyotani T., et al. Peripheral nerve regeneration across an 80-mm gap bridged by a polyglycolic acid (PGA)-collagen tube filled with laminin-coated collagen fibers: a histological and electrophysiological evaluation of regenerated nerves. Brain Res: 2000; 868 315 328
49. Brown R. E., Erdmann D., Lyons S. F., Suchy H. The use of cultured Schwann cells in nerve repair in a rabbit hind-limb model. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1996; 12 149 152
50. Kiyotani T., Teramachi M., Takimoto Y., Nakamura T., Shimizu Y., Endo K. Nerve regeneration across a 25mm gap bridged by a polyglycolic acid collagen tube: a histological and electrophysiological evaluation of regenerated nerves. Brain Res: 1996; 740 12 66 74
51. Terzis J. K., Konofaos P. Low-dose FK506 after contralateral C7 transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve using two different tubes: a study in rats. Ann Plast Surg: 2010; 64 622 631
52. Suzuki Y., Tanihara M., Ohnishi K., Suzuki K., Endo K., Nishimura Y. Cat peripheral nerve regeneration across 50 mm gap repaired with a novel nerve guide composed of freeze-dried alginate gel. Neurosci Lett: 1999; 259 75 78
53. Madison R. D., Archibald S. J., Lacin R., Krarup C. Factors contributing to preferential motor reinnervation in the primate peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci: 1999; 19 11007 11016
54. Kakinoki R., Nishijima N., Ueba Y., Oka M., Yamamuro T., Nakamura T. Nerve regeneration over a 25 mm gap in rat sciatic nerves using tubes containing blood vessels: the possibility of clinical application. Int Orthop: 1997; 21 332 336
55. Williams L. R., Longo F. M., Powell H. C., Lundborg G., Varon S. Spatial-temporal progress of peripheral nerve regeneration within a silicone chamber: parameters for a bioassay. J Comp Neurol: 1983; 218 460 470
56. Rodríguez F. J., Verdú E., Ceballos D., Navarro X. Nerve guides seeded with autologous schwann cells improve nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol: 2000; 161 571 584
57. Hudson T. W., Evans G. R., Schmidt C. E. Engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair. Clin Plast Surg: 1999; 26 617 628, ix
58. Doolabh V. B., Hertl M. C., Mackinnon S. E. The role of conduits in nerve repair: a review. Rev Neurosci: 1996; 7 47 84
59. Griffith L. G. Emerging design principles in biomaterials and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Ann N Y Acad Sci: 2002; 961 83 95
60. Stanec S., Stanec Z. Reconstruction of upper-extremity peripheral-nerve injuries with ePTFE conduits. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1998; 14 227 232
61. Lundborg G., Rosén B., Abrahamson S. O., Dahlin L., Danielsen N. Tubular repair of the median nerve in the human forearm. Preliminary findings. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1994; 19 273 276
62. Braga-Silva J. The use of silicone tubing in the late repair of the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1999; 24 703 706
63. Wen X., Tresco P. A. Fabrication and characterization of permeable degradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) hollow fiber phase inversion membranes for use as nerve tract guidance channels. Biomaterials: 2006; 27 3800 3809
64. Kim J., Dellon A. L. Reconstruction of a painful post-traumatic medial plantar neuroma with a bioabsorbable nerve conduit: a case report. J Foot Ankle Surg: 2001; 40 318 323
65. Inada Y., Morimoto S., Takakura Y., Nakamura T. Regeneration of peripheral nerve gaps with a polyglycolic acid-collagen tube. Neurosurgery: 2004; 55 640 646, discussion 646-648
66. Pabari A., Yang S. Y., Seifalian A. M., Mosahebi A. Modern surgical management of peripheral nerve gap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg: 2010; 63 1941 1948
67. Aebischer P., Guénard V., Winn S. R., Valentini R. F., Galletti P. M. Blind-ended semipermeable guidance channels support peripheral nerve regeneration in the absence of a distal nerve stump. Brain Res: 1988; 454 179 187
68. Busscher H., van Pelt A. WJ, de Jong H. P., Arends J. Effect of spreading pressure on surface free energy determinations by means of contact angle measurements. J Colloid Interface Sci: 1983; 95 23 27
69. Lad S. P., Santarelli J. G., Patil C. G., Steinberg G. K., Boakye M. National trends in spinal arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus: 2009; 26 1 5
70. Den Dunnen W. F., Meek M. F., Robinson P. H., Schakernraad J. M. Peripheral nerve regeneration through P(DLLA-epsilon-CL) nerve guides. J Mater Sci Mater Med: 1998; 9 811 814
71. Strauch B., Ferder M., Lovelle-Allen S., Moore K., Kim D. J., Llena J. Determining the maximal length of a vein conduit used as an interposition graft for nerve regeneration. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1996; 12 521 527
72. Chiu D. TW, Strauch B. A prospective clinical evaluation of autogenous vein grafts used as a nerve conduit for distal sensory nerve defects of 3 cm or less. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1990; 86 928 934
73. Chiu D. T. Autogenous venous nerve conduits. A review. Hand Clin: 1999; 15 667 671, ix
74. Walton R. L., Brown R. E., Matory W. E. Jr, Borah G. L., Dolph J. L. Autogenous vein graft repair of digital nerve defects in the finger: a retrospective clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1989; 84 944 949, discussion 950-952
75. Tang J. B., Gu Y. Q., Song Y. S. Repair of digital nerve defect with autogenous vein graft during flexor tendon surgery in zone 2. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1993; 18 449 453
76. Tang J. B. Vein conduits with interposition of nerve tissue for peripheral nerve defects. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1995; 11 21 26
77. Tseng C. Y., Hu G., Ambron R. T., Chiu D. T. Histologic analysis of Schwann cell migration and peripheral nerve regeneration in the autogenous venous nerve conduit (AVNC). J Reconstr Microsurg: 2003; 19 331 340
78. Lundborg G., Dahlin L., Danielsen N., Zhao Q. Trophism, tropism, and specificity in nerve regeneration. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1994; 10 345 354
79. Edgar D., Timpl R., Thoenen H. The heparin-binding domain of laminin is responsible for its effects on neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. EMBO J: 1984; 3 1463 1468
80. Meek M. F., Varejão A. S., Geuna S. Use of skeletal muscle tissue in peripheral nerve repair: review of the literature. Tissue Eng: 2004; 10 1027 1036
81. Kraus H., Reisner H. Behandlungsergenisse von Verletungen pripherer Nerven mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schussverletzungen del Jahre 1919, 1927, und 1934. Arch Klin Chir: 1940; 199 318 336
82. Glasby M. A., Gschmeissner S. E., Huang C. L., De Souza B. A. Degenerated muscle grafts used for peripheral nerve repair in primates. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1986; 11 347 351
83. Norris R. W., Glasby M. A., Gattuso J. M., Bowden R. E. Peripheral nerve repair in humans using muscle autografts. A new technique. J Bone Joint Surg Br: 1988; 70 530 533
84. Pereira J. H., Palande D. D., Subramanian A., Narayanakumar T. S., Curtis J., Turk J. L. Denatured autologous muscle graft in leprosy. Lancet: 1991; 338 1239 1240
85. Pereira J. H., Bowden R. E., Gattuso J. M., Norris R. W. Comparison of results of repair of digital nerves by denatured muscle grafts and end-to-end sutures. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1991; 16 519 523
86. Brandt J., Dahlin L. B., Lundborg G. Autologous tendons used as grafts for bridging peripheral nerve defects. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1999; 24 284 290
87. Brandt J., Dahlin L. B., Kanje M., Lundborg G. Spatiotemporal progress of nerve regeneration in a tendon autograft used for bridging a peripheral nerve defect. Exp Neurol: 1999; 160 386 393
88. Brandt J., Dahlin L. B., Kanje M., Lundborg G. Functional recovery in a tendon autograft used to bridge a peripheral nerve defect. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg: 2002; 36 2 8
89. Nishiura Y., Brandt J., Nilsson A., Kanje M., Dahlin L. B. Addition of cultured Schwann cells to tendon autografts and freeze-thawed muscle grafts improves peripheral nerve regeneration. Tissue Eng: 2004; 10 157 164
90. Kitahara A. K., Suzuki Y., Qi P., et al. Facial nerve repair using a collagen conduit in cats. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg: 1999; 33 187 193
91. Li S. T., Archibald S. J., Krarup C., Madison R. D. Peripheral nerve repair with collagen conduits. Clin Mater: 1992; 9 195 200
92. Archibald S. J., Shefner J., Krarup C., Madison R. D. Monkey median nerve repaired by nerve graft or collagen nerve guide tube. J Neurosci: 1995; 15 5 Pt 2 4109 4123
93. Bailey S. B., Eichler M. E., Villadiego A., Rich K. M. The influence of fibronectin and laminin during Schwann cell migration and peripheral nerve regeneration through silicon chambers. J Neurocytol: 1993; 22 176 184
94. Keilhoff G., Stang F., Wolf G., Fansa H. Bio-compatibility of type I/III collagen matrix for peripheral nerve reconstruction. Biomaterials: 2003; 24 2779 2787
95. Ashley W. W. Jr, Weatherly T., Park T. S. Collagen nerve guides for surgical repair of brachial plexus birth injury. J Neurosurg: 2006; 105 6, Suppl 452 456
96. Albert E. Einige Operationen an Nerven. Wien Med. Presse: 1885; 26 1285 1289
97. Myckatyn T. M., Mackinnon S. E. A review of research endeavors to optimize peripheral nerve reconstruction. Neurol Res: 2004; 26 124 138
98. Mackinnon S. E., Hudson A. R. Clinical application of peripheral nerve transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg: 1992; 90 695 699
99. Porayko M. K., Textor S. C., Krom R. A., et al. Nephrotoxic effects of primary immunosuppression with FK-506 and cyclosporine regimens after liver transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc: 1994; 69 105 111
100. Brenner M. J., Tung T. H., Jensen J. N., Mackinnon S. E. The spectrum of complications of immunosuppression: is the time right for hand transplantation? J Bone Joint Surg Am: 2002; 84-A 1861 1870
101. Ramasamy I., Law M., Collins S., Brooke F. Organ distribution of prion proteins in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Lancet Infect Dis: 2003; 3 214 222
102. Mackinnon S., Hudson A., Falk R., Bilbao J., Kline D., Hunter D. Nerve allograft response: a quantitative immunological study. Neurosurgery: 1982; 10 61 69
103. Trumble T. E., Shon F. G. The physiology of nerve transplantation. Hand Clin: 2000; 16 105 122
104. Midha R., Munro C. A., Mackinnon S. E., Ang L. C. Motor and sensory specificity of host nerve axons influence nerve allograft rejection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol: 1997; 56 421 434
105. Atchabahian A., Doolabh V. B., Mackinnon S. E., Yu S., Hunter D. A., Flye M. W. Indefinite survival of peripheral nerve allografts after temporary Cyclosporine A immunosuppression. Restor Neurol Neurosci: 1998; 13 129 139
106. Midha R., Mackinnon S. E., Evans P. J., Hunter D. A., Becker L. E. Rejection and regeneration through peripheral nerve allografts: immunoperoxidase studies with laminin, S100 protein and neurofilament antisera. Restor Neurol Neurosci: 1994; 7 45 57
107. Midha R., Evans P. J., Mackinnon S. E., Wade J. A. Temporary immunosuppression for peripheral nerve allografts. Transplant Proc: 1993; 25 1 Pt 1 532 536
108. Midha R., Mackinnon S. E., Becker L. E. The fate of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve allografts. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol: 1994; 53 316 322
109. Mackinnon S. E., Doolabh V. B., Novak C. B., Trulock E. P. Clinical outcome following nerve allograft transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg: 2001; 107 1419 1429
110. Elkwood A. I., Holland N. R., Arbes S. M., et al. Nerve allograft transplantation for functional restoration of the upper extremity: case series. J Spinal Cord Med: 2011; 34 241 247
111. Fields R. D., Le Beau J. M., Longo F. M., Ellisman M. H. Nerve regeneration through artificial tubular implants. Prog Neurobiol: 1989; 33 87 134
112. Garrity R. W. The use of plastic and rubber tubing in the management of irreparable nerve injuries. Surg Forum: 1956; 6 517 520
113. Ducker T. B., Hayes G. J. Experimental improvements in the use of Silastic cuff for peripheral nerve repair. J Neurosurg: 1968; 28 582 587
114. Mackinnon S. E., Dellon A. L., Hudson A. R., Hunter D. A. Chronic nerve compression-an experimental model in the rat. Ann Plast Surg: 1984; 13 112 120
115. Merle M., Dellon A. L., Campbell J. N., Chang P. S. Complications from silicon-polymer intubulation of nerves. Microsurgery: 1989; 10 130 133
116. Chen Y. S., Hsieh C. L., Tsai C. C., et al. Peripheral nerve regeneration using silicone rubber chambers filled with collagen, laminin and fibronectin. Biomaterials: 2000; 21 1541 1547
117. Lundborg G., Dahlin L. B., Danielsen N. Ulnar nerve repair by the silicone chamber technique. Case report. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg: 1991; 25 79 82
118. Braga-Silva J. The use of silicone tubing in the late repair of the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm. J Hand Surg [Br]: 1999; 24 703 706
119. Stanec S., Stanec Z. Reconstruction of upper-extremity peripheral-nerve injuries with ePTFE conduits. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1998; 14 227 232
120. Pitta M. C., Wolford L. M., Mehra P., Hopkin J. Use of Gore-Tex tubing as a conduit for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve repair: experience with 6 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg: 2001; 59 493 496, discussion 497
121. Nakamura T., Inada Y., Fukuda S., et al. Experimental study on the regeneration of peripheral nerve gaps through a polyglycolic acid-collagen (PGA-collagen) tube. Brain Res: 2004; 1027 18 29
122. Yang F., Murugan R., Ramakrishna S., Wang X., Ma Y. X., Wang S. Fabrication of nano-structured porous PLLA scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials: 2004; 25 1891 1900
123. Perego G., Cella G. D., Aldini N. N., Fini M., Giardino R. Preparation of a new nerve guide from a poly(L-lactide-co-6-caprolactone). Biomaterials: 1994; 15 189 193
124. Siemionow M., Bozkurt M., Zor F. Regeneration and repair of peripheral nerves with different biomaterials: review. review Microsurgery: 2010; 30 574 588
125. Pêgo A. P., Poot A. A., Grijpma D. W., Feijen J. Copolymers of trimethylene carbonate and epsilon-caprolactone for porous nerve guides: synthesis and properties. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed: 2001; 12 35 53
126. den Dunnen W. F., Meek M. F. Sensory nerve function and auto-mutilation after reconstruction of various gap lengths with nerve guides and autologous nerve grafts. Biomaterials: 2001; 22 1171 1176
127. den Dunnen W. F., van der Lei B., Schakenraad J. M., et al. Poly(DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) nerve guides perform better than autologous nerve grafts. Microsurgery: 1996; 17 348 357
128. Meek M. F., Van Der Werff J. F., Nicolai J. P., Gramsbergen A. Biodegradable p(DLLA-epsilon-CL) nerve guides versus autologous nerve grafts: electromyographic and video analysis. Muscle Nerve: 2001; 24 753 759
129. Hsu S. H., Lu P. S., Ni H. C., Su C. H. Fabrication and evaluation of microgrooved polymers as peripheral nerve conduits. Biomed Microdevices: 2007; 9 665 674
130. Dillon G. P., Yu X., Sridharan A., Ranieri J. P., Bellamkonda R. V. The influence of physical structure and charge on neurite extension in a 3D hydrogel scaffold. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed: 1998; 9 1049 1069
131. Feneley M. R., Fawcett J. W., Keynes R. J. The role of Schwann cells in the regeneration of peripheral nerve axons through muscle basal lamina grafts. Exp Neurol: 1991; 114 275 285
132. Fine E. G., Decosterd I., Papaloïzos M., Zurn A. D., Aebischer P. GDNF and NGF released by synthetic guidance channels support sciatic nerve regeneration across a long gap. Eur J Neurosci: 2002; 15 589 601
133. Freier T., Montenegro R., Shan Koh H., Shoichet M. S. Chitin-based tubes for tissue engineering in the nervous system. Biomaterials: 2005; 26 4624 4632
134. Wang X., Hu W., Cao Y., Yao J., Wu J., Gu X. Dog sciatic nerve regeneration across a 30-mm defect bridged by a chitosan/PGA artificial nerve graft. Brain: 2005; 128 Pt 8 1897 1910
135. Chávez-Delgado M. E., Mora-Galindo J., Gómez-Pinedo U., et al. Facial nerve regeneration through progesterone-loaded chitosan prosthesis. A preliminary report. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater: 2003; 67 702 711
136. Zhang P., Xue F., Kou Y., et al. The experimental study of absorbable chitin conduit for bridging peripheral nerve defect with nerve fasciculu in rats. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol: 2008; 36 360 371
137. Tang J. B. Group fascicular vein grafts with interposition of nerve slices for long ulnar nerve defects: report of three cases. Microsurgery: 1993; 14 404 408
138. Meek M. F., Den Dunnen W. F., Schakenraad J. M., Robinson P. H. Evaluation of functional nerve recovery after reconstruction with a poly (DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) nerve guide, filled with modified denatured muscle tissue. Microsurgery: 1996; 17 555 561
139. Meek M. F., den Dunnen W. F., Schakenraad J. M., Robinson P. H. Evaluation of several techniques to modify denatured muscle tissue to obtain a scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials: 1999; 20 401 408
140. Meek M. F., Robinson P. H., Stokroos I., Blaauw E. H., Kors G., den Dunnen W. F. Electronmicroscopical evaluation of short-term nerve regeneration through a thin-walled biodegradable poly(DLLA-epsilon-CL) nerve guide filled with modified denatured muscle tissue. Biomaterials: 2001; 22 1177 1185
141. Brunelli G. A., Battiston B., Vigasio A., Brunelli G., Marocolo D. Bridging nerve defects with combined skeletal muscle and vein conduits. Microsurgery: 1993; 14 247 251
142. Battiston B., Tos P., Cushway T. R., Geuna S. Nerve repair by means of vein filled with muscle grafts I. Clinical results. Microsurgery: 2000; 20 32 36
143. Battiston B., Tos P., Geuna S., Giacobini-Robecchi M. G., Guglielmone R. Nerve repair by means of vein filled with muscle grafts. II. Morphological analysis of regeneration. Microsurgery: 2000; 20 37 41
144. Desai T. A. Micro- and nanoscale structures for tissue engineering constructs. Med Eng Phys: 2000; 22 595 606
145. Huang Y. C., Huang Y. Y. Biomaterials and strategies for nerve regeneration. Artif Organs: 2006; 30 514 522
146. Mikos A. G., Temenoff J. S. Formation of highly porous biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Electron J Biotechnol: 2000; 3 115 119
147. Hadlock T., Elisseeff J., Langer R., Vacanti J., Cheney M. A tissue-engineered conduit for peripheral nerve repair. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1998; 124 1081 1086
148. Ma P. X., Zhang R. Microtubular architecture of biodegradable polymer scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res: 2001; 56 469 477
149. McCaig C. D. Nerve branching is induced and oriented by a small applied electric field. J Cell Sci: 1990; 95 Pt 4 605 615
150. Geller H. M., Fawcett J. W. Building a bridge: engineering spinal cord repair. Exp Neurol: 2002; 174 125 136
151. Thanos P. K., Okajima S., Terzis J. K. Ultrastructure and cellular biology of nerve regeneration. J Reconstr Microsurg: 1998; 14 423 436
152. Bunge M. B. Bridging areas of injury in the spinal cord. Neuroscientist: 2001; 7 325 339
153. Zhang F., Blain B., Beck J., et al. Autogenous venous graft with one-stage prepared Schwann cells as a conduit for repair of long segmental nerve defects. J Reconstr Microsurg: 2002; 18 295 300
154. Strauch B., Rodriguez D. M., Diaz J., Yu H. L., Kaplan G., Weinstein D. E. Autologous Schwann cells drive regeneration through a 6-cm autogenous venous nerve conduit. J Reconstr Microsurg: 2001; 17 589 595, discussion 596-597
155. Jones L. L., Oudega M., Bunge M. B., Tuszynski M. H. Neurotrophic factors, cellular bridges and gene therapy for spinal cord injury. J Physiol: 2001; 533 Pt 1 83 89
156. Tatard V. M., Venier-Julienne M. C., Saulnier P., et al. Pharmacologically active microcarriers: a tool for cell therapy. Biomaterials: 2005; 26 3727 3737
157. Sterne G. D., Brown R. A., Green C. J., Terenghi G. Neurotrophin-3 delivered locally via fibronectin mats enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. Eur J Neurosci: 1997; 9 1388 1396
158. Cao X., Schoichet M. S. Delivering neuroactive molecules from biodegradable microspheres for application in central nervous system disorders. Biomaterials: 1999; 20 329 339
159. Maysinger D., Krieglstein K., Filipovic-Grcic J., Sendtner M., Unsicker K., Richardson P. Microencapsulated ciliary neurotrophic factor: physical properties and biological activities. Exp Neurol: 1996; 138 177 188
160. Berry M., Barrett L., Seymour L., Baird A., Logan A. Gene therapy for central nervous system repair. Curr Opin Mol Ther: 2001; 3 338 349
161. Hermens W. T., Verhaagen J. Viral vectors, tools for gene transfer in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol: 1998; 55 399 432
162. Smith G. M., Romero M. I. Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to enhance neuronal survival, growth, and regeneration. J Neurosci Res: 1999; 55 147 157
163. Rich K. M., Alexander T. D., Pryor J. C., Hollowell J. P. Nerve growth factor enhances regeneration through silicone chambers. Exp Neurol: 1989; 105 162 170
164. Evans G. R. Peripheral nerve injury: a review and approach to tissue engineered constructs. Anat Rec: 2001; 263 396 404
165. Yannas I. V. Tissue regeneration templates based on collagen- glycosaminoglycan copolymers. Biopolymers II Adv Polym Sci: 1995; 122 219 244
166. Labrador R. O., Butí M., Navarro X. Influence of collagen and laminin gels concentration on nerve regeneration after resection and tube repair. Exp Neurol: 1998; 149 243 252
167. Hudson T. W., Evans G. R., Schmidt C. E. Engineering strategies for peripheral nerve repair. Orthop Clin North Am: 2000; 31 485 498
168. Doolabh V. B., Hertl M. C., Mackinnon S. E. The role of conduits in nerve repair: a review. Rev Neurosci: 1996; 7 47 84
169. Chen M. B., Zhang F., Lineaweaver W. C. Luminal fillers in nerve conduits for peripheral nerve repair. Ann Plast Surg: 2006; 57 462 471
170. Lindsay R. M. Role of neurotrophins and trk receptors in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci: 1996; 351 365 373 [Biological Sciences]
171. Oppenheim R. W. Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci: 1991; 14 453 501
172. Purves D. The trophic theory of neural connections. Trends Neurosci: 1986; 9 486 489
173. Fine E. G., Decosterd I., Papaloïzos M., Zurn A. D., Aebischer P. GDNF and NGF released by synthetic guidance channels support sciatic nerve regeneration across a long gap. Eur J Neurosci: 2002; 15 589 601
174. Lee A. C., Yu V. M., Lowe J. B. III., et al. Controlled release of nerve growth factor enhances sciatic nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol: 2003; 184 295 303
175. Midha R., Munro C. A., Dalton P. D., Tator C. H., Shoichet M. S. Growth factor enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration through a novel synthetic hydrogel tube. J Neurosurg: 2003; 99 555 565
176. Sterne G. D., Brown R. A., Green C. J., Terenghi G. Neurotrophin-3 delivered locally via fibronectin mats enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. Eur J Neurosci: 1997; 9 1388 1396
177. Xu X., Yee W. C., Hwang P. Y., et al. Peripheral nerve regeneration with sustained release of poly(phosphoester) microencapsulated nerve growth factor within nerve guide conduits. Biomaterials: 2003; 24 2405 2412
178. Saika T., Senba E., Noguchi K., et al. Effects of nerve crush and transection on mRNA levels for nerve growth factor receptor in the rat facial motoneurons. Brain Res Mol Brain Res: 1991; 9 157 160
179. Ciardelli G., Chiono V. Materials for peripheral nerve regeneration. Macromol Biosci: 2006; 6 13 26
180. Braun S., Croizat B., Lagrange M. C., Warter J. M., Poindron P. Neurotrophins increase motoneurons' ability to innervate skeletal muscle fibers in rat spinal cord-human muscle cocultures. J Neurol Sci: 1996; 136 17 23 Erratum in: J Neurol Sci 1996;144(1-2):233
181. He C. L., Chen Z. W., Chen Z. R. Enhancement of motor nerve regeneration by nerve growth factor. Microsurgery: 1992; 13 151 154
182. Rich K. M., Alexander T. D., Pryor J. C., Hollowell J. P. Nerve growth factor enhances regeneration through silicone chambers. Exp Neurol: 1989; 105 162 170
183. Spector J. G., Lee P., Derby A., Roufa D. G. Comparison of rabbit facial nerve regeneration in nerve growth factor-containing silicone tubes to that in autologous neural grafts. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol: 1995; 104 875 885
184. Terenghi G. Peripheral nerve regeneration and neurotrophic factors. J Anat: 1999; 194 Pt 1 1 14
185. Mahanthappa N. K., Anton E. S., Matthew W. D. Glial growth factor 2, a soluble neuregulin, directly increases Schwann cell motility and indirectly promotes neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci: 1996; 16 4673 4683
186. Mohanna P. N., Young R. C., Wiberg M., Terenghi G. A composite polyhydroxybutyrateglial growth factor conduit for long nerve gap repairs. J Anat: 2003; 203 553 565
187. Mohanna P. N., Terenghi G., Wiberg M. Composite PHB-GGF conduit for long nerve gap repair: a long-term evaluation. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg: 2005; 39 129 137
188. Richardson P. M. Neurotrophic factors in regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol: 1991; 1 401 406
189. Ball R. A., Lipton S. A., Dreyer E. B., Richie J. P., Vickers M. A. Entubulization repair of severed cavernous nerves in the rat resulting in return of erectile function. J Urol: 1992; 148 211 215
190. Walter M. A., Kurouglu R., Caulfield J. B., Vasconez L. O., Thompson J. A. Enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration by acidic fibroblast growth factor. Lymphokine Cytokine Res: 1993; 12 135 141
191. Midha R., Munro C. A., Dalton P. D., Tator C. H., Shoichet M. S. Growth factor enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration through a novel synthetic hydrogel tube. J Neurosurg: 2003; 99 555 565
192. Wang S. G., Cai Q., Hou J. W., et al. Acceleration effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the regeneration of peripheral nerve through a 15-mm gap. J Biomed Mater Res A: 2003; 66 522 531
193. Airaksinen M. S., Saarma M. The GDNF family: signalling, biological functions and therapeutic value. Nat Rev Neurosci: 2002; 3 383 394
194. Naveilhan P., ElShamy W. M., Ernfors P. Differential regulation of mRNAs for GDNF and its receptors Ret and GDNFR alpha after sciatic nerve lesion in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci: 1997; 9 1450 1460
195. Munson J. B., McMahon S. B. Effects of GDNF on axotomized sensory and motor neurons in adult rats. Eur J Neurosci: 1997; 9 1126 1129
196. Bennett D. L., Michael G. J., Ramachandran N., et al. A distinct subgroup of small DRG cells express GDNF receptor components and GDNF is protective for these neurons after nerve injury. J Neurosci: 1998; 18 3059 3072
197. Chew S. Y., Mi R., Hoke A., Leong K. W. Aligned protein-polymer composite fibers enhance nerve regeneration: a potential tissue-engineering platform. Adv Funct Mater: 2007; 17 1288 1296
198. Helgren M. E., Cliffer K. D., Torrento K., et al. Neurotrophin-3 administration attenuates deficits of pyridoxine-induced large-fiber sensory neuropathy. J Neurosci: 1997; 17 372 382
199. Oakley R. A., Lefcort F. B., Clary D. O., et al. Neurotrophin-3 promotes the differentiation of muscle spindle afferents in the absence of peripheral targets. J Neurosci: 1997; 17 4262 4274
200. Sterne G. D., Coulton G. R., Brown R. A., Green C. J., Terenghi G. Neurotrophin-3-enhanced nerve regeneration selectively improves recovery of muscle fibers expressing myosin heavy chains 2b. J Cell Biol: 1997; b; 139 709 715
201. Sterne G. D., Brown R. A., Green C. J., Terenghi G. Neurotrophin-3 delivered locally via fibronectin mats enhances peripheral nerve regeneration. Eur J Neurosci: 1997; 9 1388 1396
202. Zhang J., Lineaweaver W. C., Oswald T., Chen Z. R., Chen Z. W., Zhang F. Ciliary neurotrophic factor for acceleration of peripheral nerve regeneration: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg: 2004; 20 323 327
203. Hobson M. I., Green C. J., Terenghi G. VEGF enhances intraneural angiogenesis and improves nerve regeneration after axotomy. J Anat: 2000; 197 Pt 4 591 605
204. McKay Hart A., Wiberg M., Terenghi G. Exogenous leukaemia inhibitory factor enhances nerve regeneration after late secondary repair using a bioartificial nerve conduit. Br J Plast Surg: 2003; 56 444 450
205. Fansa H., Schneider W., Wolf G., Keilhoff G. Influence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on nerve autografts and tissue-engineered nerve grafts. Muscle Nerve: 2002; 26 87 93
206. Wells M. R., Kraus K., Batter D. K., et al. Gel matrix vehicles for growth factor application in nerve gap injuries repaired with tubes: a comparison of biomatrix, collagen, and methylcellulose. Exp Neurol: 1997; 146 395 402