Dangerous Safe Havens: Institutional Betrayal Exacerbates Sexual Trauma

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 119-124

  Smith, Carly Parnitzke ^a   Freyd, Jennifer J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; DECEPTION; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; HUMAN; INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS; MALE; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; PSYCHOSEXUAL DISORDER; QUESTIONNAIRE; RAPE; RISK FACTOR; SAFETY; SEXUAL CRIME; SLEEP DISORDER; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; STUDENT; TRUST; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COERCION; DANGEROUS BEHAVIOR; DECEPTION; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS; ETHICS, INSTITUTIONAL; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOMETRICS; QUESTIONNAIRES; RAPE; RISK FACTORS; SAFETY; SEX OFFENSES; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SLEEP DISORDERS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STUDENTS; TRUST; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84874008945     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21778     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Baker, R., McNeil, O., & Siryk, B. (1985). Expectation and reality in freshman adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 94-103. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.32.1.94
2. Beck, J., Elzevier, H., Pelger, R., Putter, H., & Voorham-van der Zalm, P. (2009). Multiple pelvic floor complaints are correlated with sexual abuse history. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 193-198. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01045.x
3. Briere, J., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex post-traumatic states. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 401-412. doi:10.1002/jts.20048
4. Campbell, R. (2008). The psychological impact of rape victims' experiences with the legal, medical and mental health systems. American Psychologist, 63, 702-717. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.702
5. Campbell, R., & Raja, S. (2005). The sexual assault and secondary victimization of female veterans: Help-seeking experiences with military and civilian social systems. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 97-106. doi:10.1111j.1471-6402.2005.00171.x
6. Cardador, M., Dane, E., & Pratt, M. (2011). Linking calling orientations to organizational attachment via organizational instrumentality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 367-378. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.009
7. Carney, J. (2008). Perceptions of bullying and associated trauma during adolescence. Professional School Counseling, 11, 179-188. doi:10.5330/PSC.n.2010-11.179
8. Carr, A., Dooley, B., Fitzpatrick, M., Flanagan, E., Flanagan-Howard, R., Tierney, K., ...Egan, J. (2010). Adult adjustment of survivors of institutional child abuse in Ireland. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 477-489. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.11.003
9. Cloitre, M., Stolbach, B., Herman, J., Kolk, B., Pynoos, R., Wang, J., & Petkova, E. (2009). A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 399-408. doi:10.1002/jts.20444
10. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
11. Courtois, C. A. (1997). Healing the incest wound: A treatment with attention to recovered-memory issues. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 51, 464-496.
12. Elliott, D., & Briere, J. (1992). Sexual abuse trauma among professional women: Validating the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40). Child Abuse & Neglect, 16, 391-398. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90048-V
13. Franklin, C. A. (2010). Physically forced, alcohol-induced, and verbally coerced sexual victimization: Assessing risk factors among university women. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 149-159. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.02.004
14. Freyd, J. J. (1994). Betrayal trauma: Traumatic amnesia as an adaptive response to childhood abuse. Ethics & Behavior, 4, 307-329. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1
15. Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Freyd, J. J. (1997). Violations of power, adaptive blindness, and betrayal trauma theory. Feminism and Psychology, 7, 22-32. doi:10.1177/0959353597071004
17. Freyd, J. J., DePrince, A. P., & Gleaves, D. (2007). The State of Betrayal Trauma Theory: Reply to McNally (2007) -Conceptual Issues and Future Directions. Memory, 15, 295-311. doi:10.1080/09658210701256514
18. Gobin, R. L., & Freyd, J. J. (2009). Betrayal and revictimization: Preliminary findings. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1, 242-257. doi:10.1037/a0017469
19. Goldsmith, R. E., Barlow, M. R., & Freyd, J. J. (2004). Knowing and not knowing about trauma: Implications for therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 448-463. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.41.4.448
20. Goldsmith, R., Freyd, J. J., & DePrince, A. P. (2012). Betrayal trauma: Associations with psychological and physical symptoms in young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 547-567. doi: 10.1177/0886260511421672
21. Gray, M. J., Litz, B., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the Life Events Checklist. Assessment, 11, 330-341. doi:10.1177/1073191104269954
22. Herman, J. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377-391. doi:10.1002/jts.2490050305
23. Kaehler, L. A., & Freyd, J. J. (2009). Borderline personality characteristics: A betrayal trauma approach. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1, 261-268. doi:10.1037/a0017833
24. Kimerling, R., Street, A., Pavao, J., Smith, M., Cronkite, R., Holmes, T. H., & Frayne, S. M. (2010). Military-related sexual trauma among veterans' health administration patients returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1409-1412. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171793
25. Koss, M. P., & Oros, C. J. (1982). Sexual Experiences Survey: A research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 50, 455-457.
26. Luterek, J. A., Bittinger, J. N., & Simpson, T. L. (2011). Post-traumatic sequelae associated with military sexual trauma in female veterans enrolled in VA outpatient mental health clinics. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 12, 261-274. doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.551504
27. Martin, P. Y., & Powell, R. M. (1994). Accounting for the "second assault": Legal organizations' framing of rape victims. Law and Social Inquiry, 19, 853-890.
28. Platt, M., Barton, J., & Freyd, J. J. (2009). A betrayal trauma perspective on domestic violence. In E. Stark & E. S. Buzawa, (Eds.), (Violence against Women in Families and Relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 185-207). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
29. Ross, C. (2005). Long term effects of child sexual abuse: Childhood sexual abuse and psychosomatic symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse: Research, Treatment, & Program Innovations for Victims, Survivors, & Offenders, 14, 27-38. doi:10.1300/J070v14n01_02
30. Shipherd, J., Pineles, S., Gradus, J., & Resick, P. (2009). Sexual harassment in the Marines, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and perceived health: Evidence for sex differences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 3-10. doi:10.1002/jts.20386
31. Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2011). Institutional betrayal: Violations of members' trust surrounding incidents of sexual assault. Poster presented at the 28th annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, Montreal, Canada, November 5-7, 2011.
32. Somers, M. (2010). Patterns of attachment to organizations: Commitment profiles and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 83, 443-453. doi:10.1348/096317909x424060
33. Suris, A., & Lind, L. (2008). Military sexual trauma: A review of prevalence and associated health consequences in veterans. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 9, 250-269. doi:10.1177/1524838008324419
34. Suris, A., Lind, L., Kashner, M., & Borman, P. D. (2007). Mental health, quality of life, and health functioning in women veterans: Differential outcomes associated with military and civilian sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 179-197. doi:10.1177/0886260506295347
35. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
36. Trippany, R., Helm, H., & Simpson, L. (2006). Trauma reenactment: Rethinking borderline personality disorder when diagnosing sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28, 95-110.
37. Tremblay, M. (2010). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators on the relationship between leadership style, unit commitment, and turnover intentions of Canadian forces personnel. Military Psychology, 22, 510-523. doi:10.1080/08995605.2010.513271
38. U.S. Department of Defense. (2009). Sexual assault in the military services (OSD12633-05). Washington, DC: Defense Task Force.
39. van der Kolk, B., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 505-525. doi: 10.1007/BF02102887