Vertebrate diversity across the end-Permian mass extinction - Separating biological and geological signals

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 372, Issue , 2013, Pages 50-61

  Fröbisch, Jörg ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Diversity; Extinction; Permian; Sampling; Triassic; Vertebrata

Indexed keywords

HETEROGENEITY; MASS EXTINCTION; OUTCROP; PERMIAN; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; SAMPLING; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TAXONOMY; VERTEBRATE;

KAROO; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SOUTH AFRICA;

SYNAPSIDA; TETRAPODA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84873749046     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.036     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Abdala F., Ribeiro A.M. Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2010, 286(3-4):202-217.
2. Alroy J. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 2000, 26(4):707-733.
3. Alroy J., et al. Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98(11):6261-6266.
4. Alroy J., et al. Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates. Science 2008, 321(5885):97-100.
5. Angielczyk K.D., Roopnarine P.D., Wang S.C. Modeling the Role of Primary Productivity Disruption in End-Permian Extinctions, Karoo Basin, South Africa. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 2005, 30:16-23.
6. Bakker R.T. Tetrapod mass extinctions - a model of the regulation of speciation rates and immigration by cycles of topographic diversity. Patterns of Evolution as Illustrated by the Fossil Record 1977, 439-468. Elsevier, Amsterdam. A. Hallam (Ed.).
7. Barrett P.M., McGowan A.J., Page V. Dinosaur diversity and the rock record. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009, 276:2667-2674.
8. Benson R.B.J., Butler R.J. Uncovering the Diversification History of Marine Tetrapods: Ecology Influences the Effect of Geological Sampling Biases. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2011, 358:191-208. A.J. McGowan, A.B. Smith (Eds.).
9. Benson R.B.J., Mannion P.D. Multi-variate models are essential for understanding vertebrate diversification in deep time. Biology Letters 2012, 8(1):127-130.
10. Benson R.B.J., Butler R.J., Lindgren J., Smith A.S. Mesozoic marine tetrapod diversity: mass extinctions and temporal heterogeneity in geological megabiases affecting vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2010, 277(1683):829-834.
11. Benton M.J. Mass extinction among non-marine tetrapods. Nature 1985, 316(6031):811-814.
12. Benton M.J. Patterns in the Diversification of Mesozoic Nonmarine Tetrapods and Problems in Historical Diversity Analysis. Special Papers in Palaeontology 1985, (33):185-202.
13. Benton M.J. Mass extinctions among tetrapods and the quality of the fossil record. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1989, 325(1228):369-386.
14. Benton M.J. Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 1995, 268(5207):52-58.
15. Benton M.J. When Life Nearly Died 2003, Thames & Hudson, London, (336 pp.).
16. Benton M.J. The fossil record: biological or geological signal?. The Paleobiological Revolution: essays on the growth of modern paleontology 2009, 43-59. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. D. Sepkoski, M. Ruse (Eds.).
17. Benton M.J. No gap in the Middle Permian record of terrestrial vertebrates. Geology 2012, 40(4):339-342.
18. Benton M.J., Emerson B.C. How did life become so diverse? The dynamics of diversification according to the fossil record and molecular phylogenetics. Palaeontology 2007, 50(1):23-40.
19. Benton M.J., Tverdokhlebov V.P., Surkov M.V. Ecosystem remodelling among vertebrates at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Russia. Nature 2004, 432:97-100.
20. Benton M.J., Dunhill A.M., Lloyd G.T., Marx F.G. Assessing the Quality of the Fossil Record: Insights from Vertebrates. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2011, 358:63-94. A.J. McGowan, A.B. Smith (Eds.).
21. Bernard E.L., Ruta M., Tarver J.E., Benton M.J. The fossil record of early tetrapods: worker effort and the end-Permian mass extinction. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2010, 55(2):229-239.
22. Botha J., Smith R.M.H. Rapid vertebrate recuperation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa following the End-Permian extinction. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2006, 45:502-514.
23. Botha J., Smith R.M.H. Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Lethaia 2007, 40:125-137.
24. Butler R.J., Barrett P.M., Nowbath S., Upchurch P. Estimating the effects of sampling biases on pterosaur diversity patterns: implications for hypotheses of bird/pterosaur competitive replacement. Paleobiology 2009, 35(3):432-446.
25. Butler R.J., Benson R.B.J., Carrano M.T., Mannion P.D., Upchurch P. Sea level, dinosaur diversity and sampling biases: investigating the 'common cause' hypothesis in the terrestrial realm. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2011, 278(1709):1165-1170.
26. Crampton J.S., et al. Estimating the rock volume bias in paleobiodiversity studies. Science 2003, 301(5631):358-360.
27. Dilkes D.W. The early Triassic rhynchosaurs Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 1998, 353:501-541.
28. Dunhill A.M. Using remote sensing and a geographic information system to quantify rock exposure area in England and Wales: implications for paleodiversity studies. Geology 2011, 39(2):111-114.
29. Dunhill A.M. Problems with using rock outcrop area as a paleontological sampling proxy: rock outcrop and exposure area compared with coastal proximity, topography, land use, and lithology. Paleobiology 2012, 38(1):126-143.
30. Erwin D.H. Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago 2006, Princeton University Press, Princeton, (306 pp.).
31. Fara E. Sea-level variations and the quality of the continental fossil record. Journal of the Geological Society 2002, 159:489-491.
32. Fröbisch J. The cranial anatomy of Kombuisia frerensis Hotton (Synapsida, Dicynodontia) and a new phylogeny of anomodont therapsids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2007, 150(1):117-144.
33. Fröbisch J. Global taxonomic diversity of anomodonts (Tetrapoda, Therapsida) and the terrestrial rock record across the Permian-Triassic boundary. PLoS One 2008, 3(11):e3733. 10.1371/journal.pone.0003733.
34. Fröbisch J. Composition and similarity of global anomodont-bearing tetrapod faunas. Earth-Science Reviews 2009, 95(3-4):119-157.
35. Fröbisch, J., in press. Synapsid diversity and the rock record in the Permian-Triassic Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa, in: Kammerer, C.F., Angielczyk, K.D., Fröbisch, J. (Eds.), Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida. Springer, Dordrecht.
36. Fröbisch J., Angielczyk K.D., Sidor C.A. The Triassic dicynodont Kombuisia (Synapsida, Anomodontia) from Antarctica, a refuge from the terrestrial Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Naturwissenschaften 2010, 97:187-196.
37. Hammer Ø., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 2001, 4(1):1-9.
38. Hannisdal B., Peters S.E. Phanerozoic earth system evolution and marine biodiversity. Science 2011, 334(6059):1121-1124.
39. Huttenlocker A. An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009, 157:865-891.
40. Huttenlocker A.K., Sidor C.A., Smith R.M.H. A new specimen of Promoschorhynchus (Therapsida: Therocephalia: Akidnognathidae) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa and its implications for theriodont survivorship across the Permo-Triassic boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2011, 31(2):405-421.
41. Irmis R.B., Whiteside J.H. Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2012, 279:1310-1318.
42. Ivakhnenko M.F., et al. Permian and Triassic tetrapods of Eastern Europe. GEOS 1997, 268:1-216. (in Russian).
43. King G.M. Terrestrial tetrapods and the end Permian event: a comparison of analyses. Historical Biology 1991, 5:239-255.
44. Lloyd G.T. A refined modelling approach to assess the influence of sampling on palaeobiodiversity curves: new support for declining Cretaceous dinosaur richness. Biology Letters 2012, 8(1):123-126.
45. Lloyd G.T., et al. Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2008, 275(1650):2483-2490.
46. Lucas S.G. Timing and magnitude of tetrapod extinctions across the Permo-Triassic boundary. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2009, 36:491-502.
47. Mannion P.D., Upchurch P., Carrano M.T., Barrett P.M. Testing the effect of the rock record on diversity: a multidisciplinary approach to elucidating the generic richness of sauropodomorph dinosaurs through time. Biological Reviews 2011, 86(1):157-181.
48. Marx F.G. Marine mammals through time: when less is more in studying palaeodiversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009, 276(1658):887-892.
49. Marx F.G., Uhen M.D. Climate, critters, and cetaceans: Cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales. Science 2010, 327(5968):993-996.
50. Maxwell D. Permian and Early Triassic extinction of non-marine tetrapods. Palaeontology 1992, 35(3):571-583.
51. McGowan A.J., Smith A.B. Are global Phanerozoic marine diversity curves truly global? A study of the relationship between regional rock records and global Phanerozoic marine diversity. Paleobiology 2008, 34(1):80-103.
52. McKinney M.L. Classifying and analyzing evolutionary trends. Evolutionary Trends 1990, 28-58. University of Arizona Press, Tuscon. K.J. McNamara (Ed.).
53. Modesto S.P., Sues H.-D., Damiani R.J. A new Triassic procolophonoid reptile and its implications for procolophonoid survivorship during the Permo-Triassic extinction event. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 2001, 268:2047-2052.
54. Modesto S.P., Damiani R.J., Neveling J., Yates A.M. A new Triassic owenettid parareptile and the mother of mass extinctions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2003, 23:716-719.
55. Nicolas M., Rubidge B.S. Assessing content and bias in South African Permo-Triassic Karoo tetrapod fossil collections. Palaeontologia Africana 2009, 44:13-20.
56. Nicolas M., Rubidge B.S. Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Lethaia 2010, 43:45-59.
57. Olson E.C. Extinction of Permian and Triassic nonmarine vertebrates. Geological Society of America Special Paper 1982, 190:501-511.
58. Olson E.C. Problems of Permo-Triassic terrestrial vertebrate extinctions. Historical Biology 1989, 2:17-35.
59. Padian K., Clemens W.A. Terretrial vertebrate diversity: episodes and insights. Phanerozoic Diversity Patterns - Profiles in Macroevolution 1985, 41-96. Princeton University Press, Princeton. J.W. Valentine (Ed.).
60. Peters S.E. Geologic constraints on the macroevolutionary history of marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:12326-12331.
61. Peters S.E. Genus extinction, origination, and the durations of sedimentary hiatuses. Paleobiology 2006, 32:387-407.
62. Peters S.E., Foote M. Biodiversity in the Phanerozoic: a reinterpretation. Paleobiology 2001, 27(4):583-601.
63. Peters S.E., Foote M. Determinants of extinction in the fossil record. Nature 2002, 416(6879):420-424.
64. Pitrat C.W. Vertebrates and the Permo-Triassic extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1973, 14(4):249-264.
65. Quinn G.P., Keough M.J. Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists 2002, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (556 pp.).
66. R Development Core Team R: a language and environment for statistical computing 2012, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
67. Raup D.M. Taxonomic diversity during the Phanerozoic. Science 1972, 177(4054):1065-1071.
68. Raup D.M. Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: an interpretation. Paleobiology 1976, 2(4):289-297.
69. Raup D.M., Sepkoski J.J. Periodicity of extinctions in the geologic past. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1984, 81:801-805.
70. Retallack G.J., et al. Middle-Late Permian mass extinction on land. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2006, 118(11-12):1398-1411.
71. Roopnarine P.D., Angielczyk K.D. The evolutionary palaeoecology of species and the tragedy of the commons. Biology Letters 2012, 8(1):147-150.
72. Roopnarine P.D., Angielczyk K.D., Wang S.C., Hertog R. Trophic network models explain instability of Early Triassic terrestrial communities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2007, 274(1622):2077-2086.
73. Rubidge B.S. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee for Stratigraphy Biostratigraphic Series 1995, 1:1-46.
74. Rubidge B.S. Re-uniting lost continents - fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust. South African Journal of Geology 2005, 108:135-172.
75. Ruta M., Benton M.J. Calibrated diversity, tree topology and the mother of mass extinctions: the lessons of temnospondyls. Palaeontology 2008, 51:1261-1288.
76. Ruta M., Cisneros J.C., Liebrecht T., Tsuji L.A., Müller J. Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeontology 2011, 54(5):1117-1137.
77. Sahney S., Benton M.J. Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2008, 275(1636):759-765.
78. Sahney S., Benton M.J., Ferry P.A. Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land. Biology Letters 2010, 6:544-547.
79. Sepkoski J.J. Species diversity in the Phanerozoic: species-area effects. Paleobiology 1976, 2:298-303.
80. Sepkoski J.J. A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record. Paleobiology 1981, 7(1):36-53.
81. Sepkoski J.J., Bambach R.K., Raup D.M., Valentine J.W. Phanerozoic marine diversity and the fossil record. Nature 1981, 293:435-437.
82. Sidor C.A., Smith R.M.H. A new galesaurid (Therapsida: Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 2004, 47(3):535-556.
83. Smith A.B. Large-scale heterogeneity of the fossil record: implications for Phanerozoic biodiversity studies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2001, 356(1407):351-367.
84. Smith A.B. Marine diversity through the Phanerozoic: problems and prospects. Journal of the Geological Society 2007, 164:731-745.
85. Smith R.M.H., Botha J. The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2005, 4(6-7):555-568.
86. Smith A.B., McGowan A.J. Cyclicity in the fossil record mirrors rock outcrop area. Biology Letters 2005, 1(4):443-445.
87. Smith A.B., McGowan A.J. The shape of the Phanerozoic marine palaeodiversity curve: how much can be predicted from the sedimentary rock record of western Europe?. Palaeontology 2007, 50:765-774.
88. Smith R.M.H., Ward P.D. Pattern of vertebrate extinction across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Geology 2001, 29(12):1147-1150.
89. Smith A.B., Gale A.S., Monks N.E.A. Sea-level change and rock record bias in the Cretaceous: a problem for extinction and biodiversity studies. Paleobiology 2001, 27:241-253.
90. Smith R., Rubidge B., van der Walt M. Therapsid biodiversity patterns and paleoenvironments of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Forerunners of mammals: radiation, histology, biology 2012, 30-62. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. A. Chinsamy-Turan (Ed.).
91. Upchurch P., Barrett P.M. A phylogenetic perspective on sauropod diversity. The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology 2005, 104-124. University of California Press, Berkeley. K.A. Curry-Rogers, J.A. Wilson (Eds.).
92. Upchurch P., Mannion P.D., Benson R.B.J., Butler R.J., Carrano M.T. Geological and Anthropogenic Controls on the Sampling of the Terrestrial Fossil Record: A Case Study from the Dinosauria. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2011, 358:209-240. A.J. McGowan, A.B. Smith (Eds.).
93. Wall P.D., Ivany L.C., Wilkinson B.H. Impact of Outcrop Area on Estimates of Phanerozoic Terrestrial Biodiversity Trends. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2011, 358:53-62. A.J. McGowan, A.B. Smith (Eds.).
94. Ward P.D., et al. Abrupt and gradual extinction among Late Permian land vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Science 2005, 307:709-714.