Recent finding and new technologies in nephrolitiasis: A review of the recent literature

BMC Urology

Volumn 13, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Rosa, Marco ^a   Usai, Paolo ^b   Miano, Roberto ^c   Kim, Fernando J ^d   Agrò, Enrico Finazzi ^c   Bove, Pierluigi ^c   Micali, Salvatore ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

^d DENVER HEALTH AND HOSPITAL AUTHORITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Diagnostic procedures; Nephrolithiasis; New technologies; Risk factors; Robotic assisted surgery; Shock wave lithotripsy; Ureterorenoscopy

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; BICARBONATE; CALCIUM OXALATE; CATECHIN; CHELATING AGENT; CITRATE POTASSIUM; CITRATE POTASSIUM SODIUM; EPICATECHIN; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; POTASSIUM BICARBONATE; POTASSIUM MAGNESIUM CITRATE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIET RESTRICTION; DIGITAL ENDOSCOPE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDOSCOPE; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; FIBEROSCOPE; FLUID INTAKE; GOUT; HEPATITIS; HUMAN; HYPERCALCIURIA; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERURICOSURIA; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LITHOTRIPSY; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; METABOLISM; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NON CONTRAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT POSITIONING; PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PREVALENCE; PYELOGRAPHY; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RASH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; ROBOTICS; SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPTER; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; ULTRASOUND; URETER STONE; URETERORENOSCOPY; URETEROSCOPIC LITHOTRIPSY; UROLITHIASIS; VASCULITIS;

ALLOPURINOL; CITRATES; HUMANS; LITHOTRIPSY; NEPHROLITHIASIS; ROBOTICS; THIAZIDES; URETEROLITHIASIS; URETEROSCOPY; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

EID: 84873742685     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-10     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Trends in urological stone disease. Turney BW, BJU Int 2011 24 6 382 386
2. Correlates of kidney stone disease differ by race in a multi-ethnic middle-aged population: the ARIC study. Akoudad S, Prev Med 2010 51 5 416 420 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.011 20801154
3. Increasing incidence of kidney stones in children evaluated in the emergency department. Sas DJ, J Pediatr 2010 157 1 132 137 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010. 02.004 20362300
4. Increased risk of urinary tract calculi among patients with diabetes mellitus-a population-based cohort study. Chen HS, Urology 2011 42 8 432 435
5. Treatment and prevention of kidney stones: an update. Frassetto L, Am Fam Physician 2011 84 11 1234 1242 22150656
6. Metabolic diagnosis in stone formers in relation to body mass index. Del Valle EE, Urol Res 2011 38 7 123 127
7. Metabolic syndrome and the genesis of uric acid stones. Maalouf NM, J Ren Nutr 2011 21 1 128 131 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.10.015 21195936
8. Hyperuricemia and uro-nephrological disorders. Hurtes X, Presse Med 2011 40 9 Pt 1 865 868 21684106
9. Association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of kidney stones in a screened population. Jeong IG, Am J Kidney Dis 2011 58 3 383 388 10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.03.021 21620546
10. Urinary tract stone occurrence in the Womens health initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trial of calcium and vitamin D supplements. Wallace RB, Am J Clin Nutr 2011 94 1 270 277 10.3945/ajcn.110.003350 21525191
11. Lifestyle recommendations to reduce the risk of kidney stones. Meschi T, Urol Clin North Am 2011 38 3 313 320 10.1016/j.ucl.2011.04.002 21798393
12. Turk C, EAU guidelines on urolithiasis 2011 editon 2011
13. Medical management of urinary stone disease. Park S, Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007 8 8 1117 1125 10.1517/14656566.8.8.1117 17516875 (Pubitemid 46929304)
14. Management of pediatric stone disease. Dogan HS, Curr Urol Rep 2007 8 2 163 173 10.1007/s11934-007-0067-8 17303023 (Pubitemid 46472690)
15. Effect of potassium citrate therapy on stone recurrence and regrowth after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in children. Sarica K, J Endourol 2006 20 11 875 879 10.1089/end.2006.20.875 17144854 (Pubitemid 44907015)
16. Medical therapy of urolithiasis. Micali S, J Endourol 2006 20 11 841 847 Rewiew 10.1089/end.2006.20.841 17144848 (Pubitemid 44907003)
17. Long-term results of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: does prophylactic medical stone management make a difference? Zilberman DE, J Endourol 2009 23 10 1773 1776 10.1089/end.2009.0118 19530951
18. Dietary therapy for patients with hypocitraturic nephrolithiasis. Kurtz MP, Nat Rev Urol 2011 8 3 146 152 10.1038/nrurol.2011.9 21321574
19. Evening primrose oil supplementation increases citraturia and decreases other urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Rodgers A, J Urol 2009 182 6 2957 2963 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.021 19846138
20. Reduction of renal stone risk by potassium-magnesium citrate during 5 weeks of bed rest. Zerwekh JE, Odvina CV, Wuermser LA, Pak CY, J Urol 2007 177 6 2179 2184 10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.156 17509313 (Pubitemid 46726421)
21. Comparative value of orange juice versus lemonade in reducing stone forming risk. Odvina CV, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 1 6 1269 1274 10.2215/CJN.00800306 17699358
22. Long-term lemonade based dietary manipulation in patients with hypocitraturic nephrolithiasis. Kang DE, Sur RL, Haleblian GE, Fitzsimons NJ, Borawski KM, Preminger GM, J Urol 2007 177 4 1358 1362 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11. 058 17382731 (Pubitemid 46436008)
23. Hypocitraturia: pathophysiology and medical management. Zuckerman JM, Rev Urol 2009 11 3 134 144 19918339
24. Urinary citrate and renal stone disease: the preventive role of alkali citrate treatment. Caudarella R, Arch Ital Urol Androl 2009 81 3 182 187 19911682
25. Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Lojanapiwat, Int Braz J Urol 2011 37 5 611 616 10.1590/S1677-55382011000500007 22099273
26. Medical therapy for calculus disease. Singh SKBJU, Int 2011 107 3 356 368
27. Renal calculi. Yendt ER, CMAJ 1970 102 5 479 489
28. Commentary: renal calculi twenty years later. Yendt ER, J Lithotripsy Stone Dis 1990 2 164 172
29. Diuretics and disorders of calcium homeostasis. Grieff M, Semin Nephrol 2011 31 6 535 541 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.09.008 22099510
30. Diagnosis and management of hypercalciuria in children. Srivastava T, Curr Opin Pediatr 2009 21 2 214 219 10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283223db7 19307900
31. Thiazides diuretics in the treatment of nephrolithiasis: are we using them in an evidence-based fashion? Vigen R, Int Urol Nephrol 2011 43 3 813 819 Epub 2010 Aug 25 10.1007/s11255-010-9824-6 20737209
32. The evidence-based use of thiazide diuretics in hypertension and nephrolithiasis. Reilly RF, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 5 10 1893 1903 Epub 2010 Aug 26 10.2215/CJN.04670510 20798254
33. Adverse metabolic side effects of thiazides: implications for patients with calcium nephrolithiasis. Huen SC, Goldfarb DS, J Urol 2007 177 4 1238 1243 10.1016/j.juro.2006.11.040 17382697 (Pubitemid 46435968)
34. British National Formulary UK: BMJ Publication Group London 2004
35. Miano L, Petta S, Galatioto GP, Gallucci M, A placebo controlled double-blind study of allopurinol in severe recurrent idiopathic renal lithiasis New York: Plenum Press Urolithiasis and related clinical research New York. 1985 521 524
36. Potential pharmacologic treatments for cystinuria and for calcium stones associated with hyperuricosuria. Goldfarb DS, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 6 8 2093 2097 Epub 2011 Jul 14 10.2215/CJN.00320111 21757641
37. Phytotherapy in the treatment of ureteral calculi. Tkachuk VN, Urologiia 2009 12 3 13 15
38. Phytotherapy and renal stones: the role of antioxidants. A pilot study in wistar rats. Grases F, Prieto RM, et al. Urol Res 2008 in press
39. Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing phytotherapy with potassium citrate in management of minimal burden (8 mm) nephrolithiasis. Singh I, Urol Ann 2011 3 2 75 81 10.4103/0974-7796.82172 21747596
40. Imaging in diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of stone patients. Dhar M, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2009 16 1 39 47 10.1053/j.ackd.2008.10.005 19095204
41. Renal calculi: emergency department diagnosis and treatment. Carter MR, Emerg Med Pract 2011 13 7 1 17 22232864
42. Imaging evaluation in the patient with renal stone disease. Mandeville JA, Semin Nephrol 2011 31 3 254 258 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.05.006 21784274
43. Urinary calculus: IVU vs CT renal stone? A critically appraised approach. Shine S, Abdom Imaging 2008 33 9 41 43 17786506
44. Usefulness of computed tomography performed immediately after excretory urography in patients with delayed opacification or dilated upper urinary tract of unknown cause. Sebastià C, Abdom Imaging 2011 48 5 81 87
45. Imaging modalities for urolithiasis: impact on management. Potretzke AM, Monga M, Curr Opin Urol 2008 18 199 204 10.1097/MOU.0b013e3282f46b11 18303544 (Pubitemid 351317391)
46. Are stone protocol computed tomography scans mandatory for children with suspected urinary calculi? Wallis MC, Int Braz J Urol 2011 37 5 681 682 Division of Pediatric Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 10.1590/S1677-55382011000500033
47. Plain radiography still is required in the planning of treatment for urolithiasis. Lamb AD, Wines MD, Mousa S, Tolley DA, J Endourol 2008 22 10 2201 2205 10.1089/end.2008.9716 18937584
48. Comparison of kidney-ureter-bladder abdominal radiography and computed tomography scout films for identifying renal calculi. Johnston R, BJU Int 2009 104 5 670 673 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08542.x 19694714
49. Estimation of size of distal ureteral stone: non-contrast CT scan versus actual size. Kishore TA, Urology 2008 72 4 761 764 10.1016/j.urology.2008.05.047 18701151
50. Renal stone assessment with dual-energy multidetector CT and advanced postprocessing techniques: improved characterization of renal stone composition-pilot study. Boll DT, Patil NA, Paulson EK, Merkle EM, Simmons WN, Pierre SA, Preminger GM, Radiology 2009 250 3 813 820 10.1148/radiol.2503080545 19244048
51. Dual-energy computed tomography applications in uroradiology. Park J, Curr Urol Rep 2011 16 3 178 183
52. Transvaginal sonography in the morphological and functional assessment of segmental dilation of the distal ureter. Yang J, Yang S, Hsu H, Huang W, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006 27 449 451 10.1002/uog.2719 16514622 (Pubitemid 43735487)
53. Value of 3-dimensional transrectal/transvaginal sonography in diagnosis of distal ureteral calculi. Mitterberger M, Pinggera G, Maier E, et al. J Ultrasound Med 2007 26 19 27 17182705 (Pubitemid 46080072)
54. Novel ultrasound method to reposition kidney stones. Shah A, Urol Res 2010 38 6 491 495 Epub 2010 Oct 22 10.1007/s00240-010-0319-9 20967437
55. Current status of low dose multi-detector CT in the urinary tract. Sung MK, World J Radiol 2011 3 11 256 265 10.4329/wjr.v3.i11.256 22132296
56. What radiation exposure can a patient expect during a single stone episode? John BS, Patel U, Anson K, J Endourol 2008 22 3 419 422 10.1089/end.2007.0268 18355136 (Pubitemid 351430727)
57. Dual energy computed tomography with advanced postimage acquisition data processing: improved determination of urinary stone composition. Ferrandino MN, Bagrodia A, Pierre SA, Scales CD Jr, Rampersaud E, Pearle MS, J Endourol 2010 24 3 347 54 10.1089/end.2009.0193 20105031
58. Radiation exposure in the acute and short-term management of urolithiasis at two academic centers. Preminger GM, J Urol 2009 181 2 668 672 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.012 19100573
59. Low-dose versus standard-dose CT protocol in patients with clinically suspected renal colic. Poletti P, Platon A, Rutschmann O, AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007 188 927 933 10.2214/AJR.06.0793 17377025 (Pubitemid 46496921)
60. CT dose reduction and dose managementtools: overview of available options. McCollough C, Bruesewitz M, Kofler J, Radiographics 2006 26 503 512 10.1148/rg.262055138 16549613 (Pubitemid 43515321)
61. Unenhanced multidetector row CT in patients suspected of having urinary stone disease: effect of section width on diagnosis. Memarsadeghi M, Heinz-Peer G, Helbich TH, et al. Radiology 2005 235 530 536 10.1148/radiol.2352040448 15758192 (Pubitemid 40571092)
62. Urinary calculi: radiation dose reduction of 50% and 75% at CT-effect on sensitivity. Ciaschini MW, Remer EM, Baker ME, Lieber M, Herts BR, Radiology 2009 251 1 105 111 10.1148/radiol.2511081084 19251939
63. Effect of low dose radiation computerized tomography protocols on distal ureteral calculus detection. Jellison FC, Smith JC, Heldt JP, Spengler NM, Nicolay LI, Ruckle HC, Koning JL, Millard WW, Jin DH, Baldwin DD, J Urol 2009 182 2762 2767 10.1016/j.juro.2009.08.042 19837431
64. Effect of reduced radiation CT protocols on the detection of renal calculi. Jin DH, Radiology 2010 255 1 100 107 10.1148/radiol.09090583 20308448
65. CT with a computer-simulated dose reduction technique for detection of pediatric nephroureterolithiasis: comparison of standard and reduced radiation doses. Karmazyn B, Frush DP, Applegate KE, Maxfield C, Cohen MD, Jones RP, Am J Roentgenol 2009 192 1 143 149 10.2214/AJR.08.1391
66. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension associated with shock wave lithotripsy of renal and proximal ureteral stones at 19 years of follow up. Krambeck AE, J Urol 2006 175 5 1742 1747 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00989-4 16600747
67. Twenty-year prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in patients receiving shock-wave lithotripsy for urolithiasis. Chew BH, BJU Int 2011 22 4 268 274
68. Evaluation of the optimal frequency of and pretreatment with shock waves in patients with renal stones. Lee JY, Korean J Urol 2011 52 11 776 781 10.4111/kju.2011.52.11.776 22195268
69. Comparison between two shock wave regimens using frequencies of 60 and 90 impulses per minute for urinary stones. Mazzucchi E, Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010 65 10 961 965 10.1590/S1807-59322010001000006
70. Does a slower treatment rate impact the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for solitary kidney or ureteral stones? Chacko J, J Urol 2006 175 4 1370 1373 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00683-X 16515999
71. Renal injury during shock wave lithotripsy is significantly reduced by slowing the rate of shock wave delivery. Evan AP, BJU Int 2007 100 3 624 628 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07007.x 17550415
72. Enhanced kidney stone fragmentation by short delay tandem conventional and modified lithotriptor shock waves: a numerical analysis. Tham LM, J Urol 2007 178 1 314 319 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.009 17499770 (Pubitemid 46898461)
73. Progressive increase of lithotripter output produces better in vivo stone comminution. Maloney ME, J Endourol 2006 20 9 603 606 10.1089/end.2006.20.603 16999607 (Pubitemid 46140977)
74. Prevention of lithotripsy- induced renal injury by pretreating kidneys with low -energy shock waves. Willis LR, J Am Soc Nephrol 2006 17 3 663 673 10.1681/ASN.2005060634 16452495
75. Preoperative nomograms for predicting stone-free rate after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Kanao K, j Urol 2006 176 1453 1457 10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.089 16952658 (Pubitemid 44307244)
76. Nakajima Y, Kanao K, Current topics in the management of urinary tract stones; preoperative nomograms for predicting stone-free rate after ESWL Proceedings of 29th annual jackson hole urologic conference.
77. Development of a mathematical model to predict extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy outcome. Vakalopoulos I, J Endourol 2009 23 6 891 897 10.1089/end.2008.0465 19441881
78. A clinical nomogram to predict the successful shock wave lithotripsy of renal and ureteral calculi. Wiesenthal JD, J Urol 2011 186 2 556 562 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.109 21684557
79. Use of ureteral stent in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for upper urinary calculi: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Shen P, J Urol 2011 186 4 1328 1335 10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.073 21855945
80. Impact of the degree of hydronephrosis on the efficacy of in situ extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for proximal ureteral calculi. El-Assmy A, Scand J Urol Nephrol 2007 41 208 213 10.1080/00365590601068892 17469029 (Pubitemid 46676355)
81. New concepts in shock wave lithotripsy. Alon Z, Urol Clin N Am 2007 34 375 382 10.1016/j.ucl.2007.07.002 (Pubitemid 47189603)
82. CT SCAN as a predictor of composition and fragility of urinary lithiasis treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in vitro. García Marchiñena P, Arch Esp Urol 2009 62 3 215 222 discussion 222 19542594
83. Observations on intrarenal geometry of the lower caliceal system in relation to clearance of stone fragments after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Leycamm L, J endourol 2007 21 4 386 392 10.1089/end.2006.0292 17451327 (Pubitemid 46764204)
84. Limitations of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Madaan S, Curr Opin urol 2007 17 2 109 113 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32802b70bc 17285020 (Pubitemid 46220278)
85. A mechanistic analysis of stone fracture in lithotripsy. Sapozhnikov OA, J Acoust Soc Am 2007 121 2 1190 1202 10.1121/1.2404894 17348540 (Pubitemid 46192718)
86. Composition of kidney stone fragments obtained after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. da Silva SF R, Clin Chem Lab Med 2010 48 3 403 404 20113249
87. Medical expulsive therapy as an adjunct to improve shockwave lithotripsy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schuler TD, J Endourol 2009 23 3 387 393 10.1089/end.2008.0216 19245302
88. Can Phyllanthus niruri affect the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones? A randomized, prospective, long term study. Micali S, J Urol 2006 176 3 1020 1022 10.1016/j.juro.2006.04.010 16890682 (Pubitemid 44142563)
89. Efficacy of expulsive therapy using nifedipine or tamsulosin, both associated with ketoprofene, after shock wavw lithotripsy of ureteral stones. Micali S, Micali S, Urol Res 2007 178 43 89 93
90. Tamsulosin as adjunctive treatmen after shockwave lithitripsy in patients with upper urinary tract stones: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Zheng S, et al. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2010 44 425 432 10.3109/00365599.2010.523014 21080841
91. Is there a role for tamsulosin after shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of renal and ureteral calculi? Falahatkar S, J Endourology 2011 25 3 495 498 10.1089/end.2010.0439
92. Sighinolfi MC, Efficacy of tamsulsin treatment after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of stone located in the kidney: a prospective and randomized study on 129 patient 28° World Congress of ndourology and SWL 2010 Abstract
93. Shock wave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy for the management of proximal ureteral calculi: an old discussion revisited. Kijvikai K, Haleblian GE, Preminger GM, de la Rosette J, J Urol 2007
94. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus ureteroscopic management for ureteric calculi. Aboumarzouk OM, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 12 D006029 22161396
95. Management of stone disease in pregnancy. Semins MJ, Curr Opin Urol 2010 20 2 174 177 10.1097/MOU.0b013e3283353a4b 19996751
96. Optimizing shock wave lithotripsy in the 21° century. Athanasios N, Eur Urol 2007 52 344 354 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.04.066 17499914 (Pubitemid 46963470)
97. flexible ureteroscopy: reshaping the upper urinary tract endourology. Geavlete P, Arch Esp Urol 2011 64 1 3 13 21364255
98. New-generation flexible ureterorenoscopes are more durable than previous ones. Traxer O, Dubosg F, Jamali K, Gattegno B, Thibault P, Urology 2006 68 2 276 279 10.1016/j.urology.2006.02.043 16904434 (Pubitemid 44175527)
99. Durability of flexible ureteroscopes: a randomized, prospective study. Monga M, Best S, Venkatesh R, Ames C, Lee C, Kuskowski M, Shwartz S, Vanlangendock R, Skepazy J, Landman J, J Urol 2006 176 1 137 141 10.1016/S0022-5347(06)00575-1 16753388 (Pubitemid 43833177)
100. New technology in the treatment of nephrolithiasis. Canes D, Desai MM, Curr Opin Urol 18 235 240
101. A comparison of the physical properties of four new generation flexible ureteroscopes: (de)flection, flow properties, torsion stiffness, and optical characteristics. Paffen ML, Endourol 2008 22 10 2227 2234 10.1089/end.2008.0371
102. A dual-channel flexible ureteroscope: evaluation of deflection, flow, illumination, and optics. Haberman K, J Endourol 2011 25 9 1411 1414 Epub 2011 Jul 28 10.1089/end.2010.0642 21797758
103. Do new generation flexible ureterorenoscopes offer a higher treatment success than their predecessors? Wendt-Nordahl G, Urol Res 2011 39 3 185 188 10.1007/s00240-010-0331-0 21052986
104. Conventional fiberoptic flexible ureteroscope versus fourth generation digital flexible ureteroscope: a critical comparison. Multescu R, J Endourol 2010 24 1 17 21 10.1089/end.2009.0390 19954350
105. Ureteroscopic treatment of ureteral calculi with holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy. Jiang H, Wu Z, Ding Q, Zhang Y, J Endourol 2007 21 2 151 154 10.1089/end.2006.0209 17338611 (Pubitemid 46446927)
106. Evaluation of pneumatic versus holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy for impacted ureteral stones. Binbay M, Int Urol Nephrol 2011 43 4 989 995 10.1007/s11255-011-9951-8 21479563
107. Flexible ureterorenoscopy and holmium laser lithotripsy for the management of renal stone burdens that measure 2 to 3 cm: a multi-institutional experience. Hyams ES, J Endourol 2010 24 10 1583 1588 10.1089/end.2009.0629 20629566
108. Practical comparison of four nitinol stone baskets. Blew BD, Dagnone AJ, Fazio LM, et al. J Endourol 2007 21 655 658 10.1089/end.2007.9959 17638565 (Pubitemid 47236195)
109. Comparison of small diameter stone baskets in an in vitro caliceal and ureteral model. Korman E, J Endourol 2011 25 1 123 127 10.1089/end.2010.0312 20977371
110. Temporal trends in the use of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Morris DS, Wei JT, Taub DA, et al. J Urol 2006 175 1731 1736 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00994-8 16600744
111. The contemporary management of renal and ureteric calculi. Galvin DJ, Pearle MS, BJU Int 2006 98 6 1283 1288 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06514.x 17125486 (Pubitemid 44721244)
112. Preoperative indications for percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in 2009. Méndez Probst CE, J Endourol 2009 23 10 1557 1561 10.1089/end.2009.1518 19630500
113. Supine versus prone position during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a report from the clinical research office of the endourological society percutaneous nephrolithotomy global study. Valdivia JG, J Endourol 2011 25 10 1619 1625 10.1089/end.2011.0110 21877911
114. The debate over percutaneous nephrolithotomy positioning: a comprehensive review. Duty B, J Urol 2011 186 1 20 25 Epub 2011 May 14 10.1016/j.juro.2011. 02.2693 21571342
115. Supine Valdivia and modified lithotomy position for simultaneous anterograde and retrograde endourological access. Ibarluzea G, BJU Int 2007 100 1 233 236 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06960.x 17552975 (Pubitemid 46878573)
116. ECIRS (endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery) in the galdakao-modified supine valdivia position: a new life for percutaneous surgery? Cracco CM, World J Urol 2011 29 6 821 827 10.1007/s00345-011-0790-0 22057344
117. Ureteroscopy assisted retrograde nephrostomy: a new technique for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Kawahara TB, JU Int 2011 111 67 123 127
118. Single upper-pole percutaneous access for treatment of>or1/45-cm complex branched staghorn calculi: is shockwave lithotripsy necessary? Wong C, Leveillee RJ, J Endourol 2002 16 477 481 10.1089/089277902760367430 12396440
119. Pass the ball! Simultaneous flexible nephroscopy and retrograde intrarenal surgery for large residual upper-pole stag horn stone. Undre S, Olsen S, Mustafa N, Patel A, J Endourol 2004 18 844 847 10.1089/end.2004.18.844 15659916 (Pubitemid 39627561)
120. Multiperc versus single perc with flexible instrumentation for staghorn calculi. Ganpule AP, J Endourol 2009 23 10 1675 1678 10.1089/end.2009.1535 19715481
121. Comparison of outcomes after percutaneous nephrolithotomy of staghorn calculi in those with single and multiple accesses. Akman T, J Endourol 2010 24 6 955 960 10.1089/end.2009.0456 20443700
122. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy through the upper pole calix access for complicated renal calculi: report of 581 cases. Li HL, Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2011 31 12 2079 2081 22200717
123. Efficacy of levobupivacaine infiltration to nephrosthomy tract in combination with intravenous paracetamol on postoperative analgesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy patients. Gokten OE, J Endourol 2011 25 1 35 39 10.1089/end.2010.0346 21067273
124. Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy under peritubal local infiltration anesthesia. Chen Y, World J Urol 2011 29 6 773 777 Epub 2011 Jul 22 10.1007/s00345-011-0730-z 21779834
125. Is telesurgery a new reality? Our experience with laparoscopic and percutaneous procedure. Bove P, J Endourol 2003 17 3 137 142 10.1089/089277903321618699 12803985 (Pubitemid 36529555)
126. From Leonardo to da Vinci: the history of robot-assisted surgery in urology. Yates D, RBJU Int 2011 108 11 1708 1713
127. Flexible robotic retrograde renoscopy: description of novel robotic device and preliminary laboratory experience. Desai MM, Aron M, Gill IS, Pascal-Haber G, Ukimura O, Kaouk JH, Stahler G, Barbagli F, Carlson C, Moll F, Urology 2008 72 1 42 46 10.1016/j.urology.2008.01.076 18372029
128. Robotic flexible ureteroscopy for renal calculi: initial clinical experience. Desai MM, J Urol 2011 186 2 563 568 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.128 21683380
129. Urologic robots and future directions. Mozer P, Troccaz J, Stoianovici D, Curr Opin Urol 2009 19 1 114 119 10.1097/MOU.0b013e32831cc1ba 19057227
130. Ureteroscopic monotherapy of large (>2 cm) renal calculi. Mariani A, J Endourol 2008 22 Suppl 1 202