Regulation of gap junctional coupling in photoreceptors

Photoreceptors: Physiology, Types and Abnormalities

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 99-112

  Li, Hongyan ^a   O'Brien, John ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84873634862     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Abdel-Majid, R. M., Tremblay, F., and Baldridge, W. H. (2002). Localization of adenylyl cyclase proteins in the rodent retina. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 101, 62-70.
2. Al-Ubaidi, M. R., White, T. W., Ripps, H., Poras, I., Avner, P., Gomes, D., and Bruzzone, R. (2000). Functional properties, developmental regulation, and chromosomal localization of murine connexin36, a gap-junctional protein expressed preferentially in retina and brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 59, 813-826.
3. Alev, C., Urschel, S., Sonntag, S., Zoidl, G., Fort, A. G., Hoher, T., Matsubara, M., Willecke, K., Spray, D. C., and Dermietzel, R. (2008). The neuronal connexin36 interacts with and is phosphorylated by CaMKII in a way similar to CaMKII interaction with glutamate receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 20964-20969.
4. Anderson, J. M., and Van Itallie, C. M. (2009). Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 1, a002584.
5. Attwell, D., Wilson, M., and Wu, S. M. (1984). A quantitative analysis of interactions between photoreceptors in the salamander (Ambystoma) retina. J. Physiol. 352, 703-737.
6. Basinger, S., Hoffman, R., and Matthes, M. (1976). Photoreceptor shedding is initiated by light in the frog retina. Science. 194, 1074-1076.
7. Baylor, D. A., Fuortes, M. G., and O'Bryan, P. M. (1971). Receptive fields of cones in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. 214, 265-294.
8. Baylor, D. A., and Hodgkin, A. L. (1973). Detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors. J. Physiol. 234, 163-198.
9. Benedetti, E. L., and Emmelot, P. (1965). Electron microscopic observations on negatively stained plasma membranes isolated from rat liver. J. Cell Biol. 26, 299-305.
10. Besharse, J. C., Dunis, D. A., and Burnside, B. (1982). Effects of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on photoreceptor disc shedding and retinomotor movement. Inhibition of rod shedding and stimulation of cone elongation. J. Gen. Physiol. 79, 775-790.
11. Blazynski, C. (1990). Discrete distributions of adenosine receptors in mammalian retina. J. Neurochem. 54, 648-655.
12. Blazynski, C., Mosinger, J. L., and Cohen, A. I. (1989). Comparison of adenosine uptake and endogenous adenosine-containing cells in mammalian retina. Vis. Neurosci. 2, 109-116.
13. Blazynski, C., and Perez, M. T. (1991). Adenosine in vertebrate retina: localization, receptor characterization, and function. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 11, 463-484.
14. Braas, K. M., Zarbin, M. A., and Snyder, S. H. (1987). Endogenous adenosine and adenosine receptors localized to ganglion cells of the retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 3906-3910.
15. Cohen, A. I. (1989). Interphotoreceptor contacts at the inner segment level in primate retinas. Brain Res. 490, 200-203.
16. Cohen, A. I., and Blazynski, C. (1990). Dopamine and its agonists reduce a light-sensitive pool of cyclic AMP in mouse photoreceptors. Vis. Neurosci. 4, 43-52.
17. Cohen, A. I., Todd, R. D., Harmon, S., and O'Malley, K. L. (1992). Photoreceptors of mouse retinas possess D4 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 12093-12097.
18. Condorelli, D. F., Parenti, R., Spinella, F., Salinaro, A. T., Belluardo, N., Cardile, V., and Cicirata, F. (1998). Cloning of a new gap junction gene (Cx36) highly expressed in mammalian brain neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1202-1208.
19. Cooper, N. G., and McLaughlin, B. J. (1981). Gap junctions in the outer plexiform layer of the chick retina: thin section and freeze-fracture studies. J. Neurocytol. 10, 515-529.
20. Copenhagen, D. R., and Owen, W. G. (1976). Coupling between rod photoreceptors in a vertebrate retina. Nature. 260, 57-59.
21. Cusato, K., Bosco, A., Rozental, R., Guimaraes, C. A., Reese, B. E., Linden, R., and Spray, D. C. (2003). Gap junctions mediate bystander cell death in developing retina. J. Neurosci. 23, 6413-6422.
22. Dacey, D. M. (1990). The dopaminergic amacrine cell. J. Comp. Neurol. 301, 461-489.
23. Dang, L., Pulukuri, S., Mears, A. J., Swaroop, A., Reese, B. E., and Sitaramayya, A. (2004). Connexin 36 in photoreceptor cells: studies on transgenic rod-less and cone-less mouse retinas. Mol. Vis. 10, 323-327.
24. Deans, M. R., Volgyi, B., Goodenough, D. A., Bloomfield, S. A., and Paul, D. L. (2002). Connexin36 is essential for transmission of rod-mediated visual signals in the mammalian retina. Neuron. 36, 703-712.
25. Decrock, E., Vinken, M., De Vuyst, E., Krysko, D. V., D'Herde, K., Vanhaecke, T., Vandenabeele, P., Rogiers, V., and Leybaert, L. (2009). Connexin-related signaling in cell death: to live or let die? Cell Death Differ. 16, 524-536.
26. Degen, J., Meier, C., Van Der Giessen, R. S., Sohl, G., Petrasch-Parwez, E., Urschel, S., Dermietzel, R., Schilling, K., De Zeeuw, C. I., and Willecke, K. (2004). Expression pattern of lacZ reporter gene representing connexin36 in transgenic mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 473, 511-525.
27. Delva, E., Tucker, D. K., and Kowalczyk, A. P. (2009). The desmosome. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 1, a002543.
28. Detwiler, P. B., and Hodgkin, A. L. (1979). Electrical coupling between cones in turtle retina. J. Physiol. (Lond) 291, 75-100.
29. DeVries, S. H., and Baylor, D. A. (1995). An alternative pathway for signal flow from rod photoreceptors to ganglion cells in mammalian retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 10658-10662.
30. DeVries, S. H., Qi, X., Smith, R., Makous, W., and Sterling, P. (2002). Electrical Coupling between Mammalian Cones. Current Biology. 12, 1900-1907.
31. Djamgoz, M. B., and Wagner, H. J. (1992). Localization and function of dopamine in the adult vertebrate retina. Neurochem. Int. 20, 139-191.
32. Duncan, T. E., and O'Steen, W. K. (1985). The diurnal susceptibility of rat retinal photoreceptors to light-induced damage. Exp. Eye Res. 41, 497-507.
33. Estin, D., Li, M., Spray, D., and Wu, J. K. (1999). Connexins are expressed in primary brain tumors and enhance the bystander effect in gene therapy. Neurosurgery. 44, 361-368; discussion 368-369.
34. Evans, W. H., and Martin, P. E. (2002). Gap junctions: structure and function (Review). Mol. Membr Biol. 19, 121-136.
35. Feigenspan, A., Janssen-Bienhold, U., Hormuzdi, S., Monyer, H., Degen, J., Sohl, G., Willecke, K., Ammermuller, J., and Weiler, R. (2004). Expression of Connexin36 in Cone Pedicles and OFF-Cone Bipolar Cells of the Mouse Retina. J. Neurosci. 24, 3325-3334.
36. Feigenspan, A., Teubner, B., Willecke, K., and Weiler, R. (2001). Expression of Neuronal Connexin36 in AII Amacrine Cells of the Mammalian Retina. J. Neurosci. 21, 230-239.
37. Fick, J., Barker, F. G., 2nd, Dazin, P., Westphale, E. M., Beyer, E. C., and Israel, M. A. (1995). The extent of heterocellular communication mediated by gap junctions is predictive of bystander tumor cytotoxicity in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 11071-11075.
38. Fishman, G. I. (1992). Connexins and the heart. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2, 50-55.
39. Franke, W. W. (2009). Discovering the molecular components of intercellular junctions--a historical view. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 1, a003061.
40. Friedman, Z., Hackett, S. F., Linden, J., and Campochiaro, P. A. (1989). Human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture possess A2-adenosine receptors. Brain Res. 492, 29-35.
41. Gold, G. H., and Dowling, J. E. (1979). Photoreceptor coupling in retina of the toad, Bufo marinus. I. Anatomy. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 292-310.
42. Guldenagel, M., Ammermuller, J., Feigenspan, A., Teubner, B., Degen, J., Sohl, G., Willecke, K., and Weiler, R. (2001). Visual transmission deficits in mice with targeted disruption of the gap junction gene connexin36. J. Neurosci. 21, 6036-6044.
43. Hillman, D. W., Lin, D., and Burnside, B. (1995). Evidence for D4 receptor regulation of retinomotor movement in isolated teleost cone inner-outer segments. J. Neurochem. 64, 1326-1335.
44. Hornstein, E. P., Verweij, J., Li, P. H., and Schnapf, J. L. (2005). Gap-junctional coupling and absolute sensitivity of photoreceptors in macaque retina. J. Neurosci. 25, 11201-11209.
45. Iuvone, P. M., Galli, C. L., Garrison-Gund, C. K., and Neff, N. H. (1978). Light stimulates tyrosine hydroxylase activity and dopamine synthesis in retinal amacrine neurons. Science. 202, 901-902.
46. Jackson, C. R., Chaurasia, S. S., Zhou, H., Haque, R., Storm, D. R., and Iuvone, P. M. (2009). Essential roles of dopamine D4 receptors and the type 1 adenylyl cyclase in photic control of cyclic AMP in photoreceptor cells. J. Neurochem. 109, 148-157.
47. Kedzierski, W., Bok, D., and Travis, G. H. (1998). Non-cell-autonomous photoreceptor degeneration in rds mutant mice mosaic for expression of a rescue transgene. J. Neurosci. 18, 4076-4082.
48. Klitten, L. L., Rath, M. F., Coon, S. L., Kim, J. S., Klein, D. C., and Moller, M. (2008). Localization and regulation of dopamine receptor D4 expression in the adult and developing rat retina. Exp. Eye Res. 87, 471-477.
49. Kolb, H. (1977). The organization of the outer plexiform layer in the retina of the cat: electron microscopic observations. J. Neurocytol. 6, 131-153.
50. Kothmann, W. W., Li, X., Burr, G. S., and O'Brien, J. (2007). Connexin 35/36 is phosphorylated at regulatory sites in the retina. Vis. Neurosci. 24, 363-375.
51. Kothmann, W. W., Massey, S. C., and O'Brien, J. (2009). Dopamine-stimulated dephosphorylation of connexin 36 mediates AII amacrine cell uncoupling. J. Neurosci. 29, 14903-14911.
52. Krebs, M. P., White, D. A., and Kaushal, S. (2009). Biphasic photoreceptor degeneration induced by light in a T17M rhodopsin mouse model of cone bystander damage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 2956-2965.
53. Krizaj, D. (2000). Mesopic state: cellular mechanisms involved in pre- and post-synaptic mixing of rod and cone signals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 50, 347-359.
54. Krizaj, D., Gabriel, R., Owen, W. G., and Witkovsky, P. (1998). Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated modulation of rod-cone coupling in the Xenopus retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 398, 529-538.
55. Kvanta, A., Seregard, S., Sejersen, S., Kull, B., and Fredholm, B. B. (1997). Localization of adenosine receptor messenger RNAs in the rat eye. Exp. Eye Res. 65, 595-602.
56. Lamb, T. D., and Simon, E. J. (1976). The relation between intercellular coupling and electrical noise in turtle photoreceptors. J. Physiol. (Lond) 263, 257-286.
57. Lampe, P. D., and Lau, A. F. (2000). Regulation of gap junctions by phosphorylation of connexins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 384, 205-215.
58. Lasansky, A. (1972). Cell junctions at the outer synaptic layer of the retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. 11, 265-275.
59. Lebedev, D. S., Byzov, A. L., and Govardovskii, V. I. (1998). Photoreceptor coupling and boundary detection. Vision Res. 38, 3161-3169.
60. Lee, E. J., Han, J. W., Kim, H. J., Kim, I. B., Lee, M. Y., Oh, S. J., Chung, J. W., and Chun, M. H. (2003). The immunocytochemical localization of connexin 36 at rod and cone gap junctions in the guinea pig retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2925-2934.
61. Lewis, A., Williams, P., Lawrence, O., Wong, R. O., and Brockerhoff, S. E. (2010). Wild-type cone photoreceptors persist despite neighboring mutant cone degeneration. J. Neurosci. 30, 382-389.
62. Li, H., Chuang, A. Z., and O'Brien, J. (2009). Photoreceptor coupling is controlled by connexin 35 phosphorylation in zebrafish retina. J. Neurosci. 29, 15178-15186.
63. Li, W., and DeVries, S. H. (2004). Separate blue and green cone networks in the mammalian retina. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 751-756.
64. Li, H., Kothmann, W. W., Shiraz, O., and O'Brien, J. (2008). Light Adaptation Alters the Phosphorylation State of Photoreceptor Gap Junctions in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Retina. ARVO Meeting Abstracts 49:3053.
65. Li, H., Wang, S. W., Ribelayga, C., and O'Brien, J. (2010). Connexin36 Phosphorylation is Regulated by Dopamine and Adenosine in Mouse Photoreceptors. ARVO Meeting Abstracts 51:6427.
66. Londos, C., Cooper, D. M., and Wolff, J. (1980). Subclasses of external adenosine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad .Sci. U. S. A. 77, 2551-2554.
67. Matono, S., Tanaka, T., Sueyoshi, S., Yamana, H., Fujita, H., and Shirouzu, K. (2003). Bystander effect in suicide gene therapy is directly proportional to the degree of gap junctional intercellular communication in esophageal cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 23, 1309-1315.
68. McLachlan, E., White, T. W., Ugonabo, C., Olson, C., Nagy, J. I., and Valdimarsson, G. (2003). Zebrafish Cx35: cloning and characterization of a gap junction gene highly expressed in the retina. J. Neurosci. Res. 73, 753-764.
69. Meng, W., and Takeichi, M. (2009). Adherens junction: molecular architecture and regulation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 1, a002899.
70. Mese, G., Richard, G., and White, T. W. (2007). Gap junctions: basic structure and function. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 2516-2524.
71. Mesnil, M., Piccoli, C., Tiraby, G., Willecke, K., and Yamasaki, H. (1996). Bystander killing of cancer cells by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene is mediated by connexins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 1831-1835.
72. Mills, S. L., O'Brien, J. J., Li, W., O'Brien, J., and Massey, S. C. (2001). Rod pathways in the mammalian retina use connexin36. J. Comp. Neurol. 436, 336-350.
73. Mitropoulou, G., and Bruzzone, R. (2003). Modulation of perch connexin35 hemi-channels by cyclic AMP requires a protein kinase A phosphorylation site. J. Neurosci. Res. 72, 147-157.
74. Naash, M. I., Hollyfield, J. G., al-Ubaidi, M. R., and Baehr, W. (1993). Simulation of human autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in transgenic mice expressing a mutated murine opsin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 5499-5503.
75. Nelson, R. (1977). Cat cones have rod input: a comparison of the response properties of cones and horizontal cell bodies in the retina of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 172, 109-135.
76. Nicholas, T. W., Read, S. B., Burrows, F. J., and Kruse, C. A. (2003). Suicide gene therapy with Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and ganciclovir is enhanced with connexins to improve gap junctions and bystander effects. Histol. Histopathol. 18, 495-507.
77. Nir, I., Harrison, J. M., Haque, R., Low, M. J., Grandy, D. K., Rubinstein, M., and Iuvone, P. M. (2002). Dysfunctional light-evoked regulation of cAMP in photoreceptors and abnormal retinal adaptation in mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors. J. Neurosci. 22, 2063-2073.
78. O'Brien, J., Al-Ubaidi, M. R., and Ripps, H. (1996). Connexin 35: a gap-junctional protein expressed preferentially in the skate retina. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 7, 233-243.
79. O'Brien, J., Bruzzone, R., White, T. W., Al-Ubaidi, M. R., and Ripps, H. (1998). Cloning and expression of two related connexins from the perch retina define a distinct subgroup of the connexin family. J. Neurosci. 18, 7625-7637.
80. O'Brien, J., Nguyen, H. B., and Mills, S. L. (2004). Cone photoreceptors in bass retina use two connexins to mediate electrical coupling. J. Neurosci. 24, 5632-5642.
81. Organisciak, D. T., Darrow, R. M., Barsalou, L., Kutty, R. K., and Wiggert, B. (2000). Circadian-dependent retinal light damage in rats. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 3694-3701.
82. Ouyang, X., Winbow, V. M., Patel, L. S., Burr, G. S., Mitchell, C. K., and O'Brien, J. (2005). Protein kinase A mediates regulation of gap junctions containing connexin35 through a complex pathway. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 135, 1-11.
83. Owen, W. G. (1985). Chemical and electrical synapses between photoreceptors in the retina of the turtle, Chelydra serpentina. J. Comp. Neurol. 240, 423-433.
84. Paes de Carvalho, R., Braas, K. M., Snyder, S. H., and Adler, R. (1990). Analysis of adenosine immunoreactivity, uptake, and release in purified cultures of developing chick embryo retinal neurons and photoreceptors. J. Neurochem. 55, 1603-1611.
85. Pan, F., Paul, D. L., Bloomfield, S. A., and Volgyi, B. (2010). Connexin36 is required for gap junctional coupling of most ganglion cell subtypes in the mouse retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 911-927.
86. Perez Velazquez, J. L., Frantseva, M. V., and Naus, C. C. (2003). Gap junctions and neuronal injury: protectants or executioners? Neuroscientist. 9, 5-9.
87. Phillis, J. W., and Wu, P. H. (1981). The role of adenosine and its nucleotides in central synaptic transmission. Prog. Neurobiol. 16, 187-239.
88. Punzo, C., Kornacker, K., and Cepko, C. L. (2009). Stimulation of the insulin/mTOR pathway delays cone death in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 44-52.
89. Raviola, E., and Gilula, N. B. (1973). Gap junctions between photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 70, 1677-1681.
90. Revel, J. P., and Karnovsky, M. J. (1967). Hexagonal array of subunits in intercellular junctions of the mouse heart and liver. J. Cell Biol. 33, C7-C12.
91. Rey, H. L., and Burnside, B. (1999). Adenosine stimulates cone photoreceptor myoid elongation via an adenosine A2-like receptor. J. Neurochem. 72, 2345-2355.
92. Ribelayga, C., Cao, Y., and Mangel, S. C. (2008). The circadian clock in the retina controls rod-cone coupling. Neuron. 59, 790-801.
93. Ribelayga, C., and Mangel, S. C. (2005). A circadian clock and light/dark adaptation differentially regulate adenosine in the mammalian retina. J. Neurosci. 25, 215-222.
94. Ribelayga, C., Wang, Y., and Mangel, S. C. (2002). Dopamine mediates circadian clock regulation of rod and cone input to fish retinal horizontal cells. J. Physiol. 544, 801-816.
95. Ribelayga, C., Wang, Y., and Mangel, S. C. (2004). A circadian clock in the fish retina regulates dopamine release via activation of melatonin receptors. J. Physiol. 554, 467-482.
96. Ripps, H., Qian, H., and Zakevicius, J. (2002). Pharmacological enhancement of hemi-gap-junctional currents in Xenopus oocytes. J. Neurosci. Methods. 121, 81.
97. Robertson, J. D., Bodenheimer, T. S., and Stage, D. E. (1963). The Ultrastructure of Mauthner Cell Synapses and Nodes in Goldfish Brains. J. Cell Biol. 19, 159-199.
98. Rozental, R., Giaume, C., and Spray, D. C. (2000). Gap junctions in the nervous system. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 32, 11-15.
99. Sadana, R., and Dessauer, C. W. (2009). Physiological roles for G protein-regulated adenylyl cyclase isoforms: insights from knockout and overexpression studies. Neurosignals. 17, 5-22.
100. Sampath, A. P., and Rieke, F. (2004). Selective transmission of single photon responses by saturation at the rod-to-rod bipolar synapse. Neuron. 41, 431-443.
101. Schneeweis, D. M., and Schnapf, J. L. (1999). The Photovoltage of Macaque Cone Photoreceptors: Adaptation, Noise, and Kinetics. J. Neurosci. 19, 1203-1216.
102. Schwartz, E. A. (1975a). Cones excite rods in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. 246, 639-651.
103. Schwartz, E. A. (1975b). Rod-rod interaction in the retina of the turtle. J. Physiol. 246, 617-638.
104. Smith, R. G., Freed, M. A., and Sterling, P. (1986). Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: functional architecture of the rod-cone network. J. Neurosci. 6, 3505-3517.
105. Sohl, G., Degen, J., Teubner, B., and Willecke, K. (1998). The murine gap junction gene connexin36 is highly expressed in mouse retina and regulated during brain development. FEBS Lett. 428, 27-31.
106. Sohl, G., Odermatt, B., Maxeiner, S., Degen, J., and Willecke, K. (2004). New insights into the expression and function of neural connexins with transgenic mouse mutants. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 47, 245-259.
107. Sohl, G., and Willecke, K. (2003). An update on connexin genes and their nomenclature in mouse and man. Cell communication and adhesion. 10, 173-180.
108. Srinivas, M., Rozental, R., Kojima, T., Dermietzel, R., Mehler, M., Condorelli, D. F., Kessler, J. A., and Spray, D. C. (1999). Functional properties of channels formed by the neuronal gap junction protein connexin36. J. Neurosci. 19, 9848-9855.
109. Steinberg, R. H. (1969). Rod-cone interaction in S-potentials from the cat retina. Vision Res. 9, 1331-1344.
110. Stella, S. L., Jr., Bryson, E. J., Cadetti, L., and Thoreson, W. B. (2003). Endogenous Adenosine Reduces Glutamatergic Output From Rods Through Activation of A2-Like Adenosine Receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 165-174.
111. Stella, S. L., Jr., Bryson, E. J., and Thoreson, W. B. (2002). A2 adenosine receptors inhibit calcium influx through L-type calcium channels in rod photoreceptors of the salamander retina. J. Neurophysiol. 87, 351-360.
112. Teubner, B., Degen, J., Sohl, G., Guldenagel, M., Bukauskas, F. F., Trexler, E. B., Verselis, V. K., De Zeeuw, C. I., Lee, C. G., Kozak, C. A., et al. (2000). Functional expression of the murine connexin 36 gene coding for a neuron-specific gap junctional protein. J. Membr. Biol. 176, 249-262.
113. Tsukamoto, Y., Masarachia, P., Schein, S. J., and Sterling, P. (1992). Gap junctions between the pedicles of macaque foveal cones. Vision Res. 32, 1809-1815.
114. Urschel, S., Hoher, T., Schubert, T., Alev, C., Sohl, G., Worsdorfer, P., Asahara, T., Dermietzel, R., Weiler, R., and Willecke, K. (2006). Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of connexin36 in mouse retina results in decreased gap junctional communication between AII amacrine cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 33163-33171.
115. Vaughan, D. K., Nemke, J. L., Fliesler, S. J., Darrow, R. M., and Organisciak, D. T. (2002). Evidence for a circadian rhythm of susceptibility to retinal light damage. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 547-553.
116. Volgyi, B., Chheda, S., and Bloomfield, S. A. (2009). Tracer coupling patterns of the ganglion cell subtypes in the mouse retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 512, 664-687.
117. Wang, Y., Denisova, J. V., Kang, K. S., Fontes, J. D., Zhu, B. T., and Belousov, A. B. (2010). Neuronal gap junctions are required for NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity: implications in ischemic stroke. J. Neurophysiol. 104, 3551-3556.
118. Wang, Y., and Mangel, S. C. (1996). A circadian clock regulates rod and cone input to fish retinal cone horizontal cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 4655-4660.
119. Weiler, R., Baldridge, W. H., Mangel, S. C., and Dowling, J. E. (1997). Modulation of endogenous dopamine release in the fish retina by light and prolonged darkness. Vis. Neurosci. 14, 351-356.
120. White, T. W., Deans, M. R., O'Brien, J., Al-Ubaidi, M. R., Goodenough, D. A., Ripps, H., and Bruzzone, R. (1999). Functional characteristics of skate connexin35, a member of the γ subfamily of connexins expressed in the vertebrate retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1883-1890.
121. Willecke, K., Eiberger, J., Degen, J., Eckardt, D., Romualdi, A., Guldenagel, M., Deutsch, U., and Sohl, G. (2002). Structural and functional diversity of connexin genes in the mouse and human genome. Biol. Chem. 383, 725-737.
122. Wirz-Justice, A., Da Prada, M., and Reme, C. (1984). Circadian rhythm in rat retinal dopamine. Neurosci. Lett. 45, 21-25.
123. Witkovsky, P. (2004). Dopamine and retinal function. Doc. Ophthalmol. 108, 17-40.
124. Witkovsky, P., Shakib, M., and Ripps, H. (1974). Interreceptoral junctions in the teleost retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. 13, 996-1009.
125. Yang, X. L., and Wu, S. M. (1989). Modulation of rod-cone coupling by light. Science. 244, 352-354.
126. Zhang, J., and Wu, S. M. (2004). Connexin35/36 gap junction proteins are expressed in photoreceptors of the tiger salamander retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 470, 1-12.
127. Zimmermann, H. (1996). Biochemistry, localization and functional roles of ecto-nucleotidases in the nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 49, 589-618.