Ten-year trends of atmospheric mercury in the high Arctic compared to Canadian sub-Arctic and mid-latitude sites

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 1535-1545

  Cole, A S ^a   Steffen, A ^a   Pfaffhuber, K A ^b   Berg, T ^c   Pilote, M ^a   Poissant, L ^a   Tordon, R ^a   Hung, H ^a  

^a ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); MERCURY (ELEMENT); TREND ANALYSIS;

ARCTIC;

EID: 84873633030     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-1535-2013     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. AMAP/Wilson, S., Munthe, J., Sundseth, K., Kindbom, K., Max-son, P., Pacyna, J., and Steenhuisen, F.: Updating historical global inventories of anthropogenic mercury emissions to air, AMAP Technical Report No. 3 (2010), Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, Norway, 2010.
2. Andersson, M. E., Sommar, J., Gardfeldt, K., and Lindqvist, O.: Enhanced concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury in the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean, Mar. Chem., 110, 190-194, 2008.
3. Aspmo, K., Gauchard, P.-A., Steffen, A., Temme, C., Berg, T., Bahlmann, E., Banic, C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Fer-rari, C., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., and Wibetoe, G.: Measure-ments of atmospheric mercury species during an international study of mercury depletion events at Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, spring 2003. How reproducible are our present methods?, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7607-7619,2005.
4. Berg, T., Sekkesæter, S., Steinnes, E., Valdal, A. K., and Wibetoe, G.: Springtime depletion ofmercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 43-51, 2003.
5. Cole, A. S. and Steffen, A.: Trends in long-term gaseous mercury observations in the Arctic and effects of temperature and other atmospheric conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4661-4672, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4661-2010, 2010.
6. Dietz, R., Outridge, P. M., and Hobson, K. A.: Anthropogenic con-tributions to mercury levels in present-day Arctic animals - A review, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 6120-6131, 2009.
7. Durnford, D., Dastoor, A., Figueras-Nieto, D., and Ryjkov, A.: Long range transport ofmercury to the Arctic and across Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6063-6086, doi:10.5194/acp-10-6063-2010,2010.
8. Durnford, D., Dastoor, A., Ryzhkov, A., Poissant, L., Pilote, M., and Figueras-Nieto, D.: How relevant is the deposition ofmer-cury onto snowpacks? - Part 2: A modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9251-9274, doi:10.5194/acp-12-9251-2012, 2012.
9. Ebinghaus, R., Jennings, S. G., Schroeder, W. H., Berg, T., Don-aghy, T., Ferrara, R., Guentzel, J., Kenny, D., Kock, H. H., Kvietkus, K., Landing, W., Mazzolai, B., Mühleck, Munthe, J., Prestbo, E. M., Schneeberger, D., F., S., Sommar, J., Urba, A., Wallschläger, D., and Xiao, Z.: International field intercom-parison measurements of atmospheric mercury species at Mace Head, Ireland, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3063-3073, 1999.
10. Ebinghaus, R., Jennings, S. G., Kock, H. H., Derwant, R. G., Man-ning, A. J., and Spain, T. G.: Decreasing trends in total gaseous mercury in baseline air at Mace Head, Ireland from 1996-2009, Atmos. Environ., 159, 1577-1583,2011.
11. Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W., and Savoie, M.: Sea Ice In-dex, http://nsidc.org/data/seaice-index/ (last access: 2012), Na-tional Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, 2002, updated 2009.
12. Fisher, J. A., Jacob, D. J., Soerensen, A. L., Amos, H. M., Steffen, A., and Sunderland, E. M.: Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mer-cury inferred from atmospheric observations, Nature Geosci., 5, 499-504, doi:10.1038/ngeo1478,2012.
13. Gilbert, R. O.: Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 204-240, 1987.
14. Hirdman, D., Aspmo, K., Burkhart, J. F., Eckhardt, S., Sodemann, H., and Stohl,A.: Transport ofmercury intheArctic atmosphere: Evidence for a springtime net sink and summer-time source, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12814, doi:10.1029/2009gl038345, 2009.
15. Hirdman, D., Burkhart, J. F., Sodemann, H., Eckhardt, S., Jeffer-son, A., Quinn, P. K., Sharma, S., Ström, J., and Stohl, A.: Long-term trends of black carbon and sulphate aerosol in the Arctic: changes in atmospheric transport and source region emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9351-9368, doi:10.5194/acp-10-9351-2010,2010.
16. Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Tal-bot, R., and Slemr, F.: Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms,Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037-12057, doi:10.5194/acp-10-12037- 2010,2010.
17. Kellerhals, M., Beauchamp, S., Belzer, W., Blanchard, P., Froude, F., Harvey, B., McDonald, K., Pilote, M., Poissant, L., Puckett, K., Schroeder, W. H., Steffen, A., and Tordon, R.: Temporal and spatial variability of total gaseous mercury in Canada: Results from the CanadianAtmospheric Mercury Measurement Network (CAMNet), Atmos. Environ., 37, 1003-1011, 2003.
18. Landis, M., Stevens, R. K., Schaedlich, F., and Prestbo, E. M.: De-velopment and characterization of an annular denuder methodol-ogy for the measurement of divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3000-3009, 2002.
19. Lindberg, S. E., Brooks, S., Lin, C.-J., Scott, K. J., Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Goodsite, M., and Richter,A.: Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1245-1256, 2002.
20. Ma, J., Hung, H., Tian, C., and Kallenborn, R.: Revolatilization Of persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic induced by climate change, Nature Clim. Change, 1,255-260, 2011.
21. Macdonald, R. W., Harner, T., and Fyfe, J.: Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and inter-pretation oftemporal trend data, Sci. Total Environ., 342, 5-86, 2005.
22. McMillan, A. C., MacIver, D., and Sukloff, W. B.: Atmospheric en-vironmental information - an overview with Canadian examples, Environ. Modell. Softw., 15,245-248, 2000.
23. Muir, D. C. G., Wang, X., Yang, F., Nguyen, N., Jackson, T. A., Evans, M. S., Douglas, M., Kock, G., Lamoureaux, S., Pienitz, R., Smol, J. P., Vincent, W. F., and Dastoor, A.: Spatial trends and historical deposition of mercury in eastern and northern Canada inferred from lake sediment cores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4802-4809,2009.
24. Munthe, J., Wangberg, I., Pirrone, N., Iverfeldt, A., Ferrara, R., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X., Gardfeldt, K., Keeler, G., Lanzillotta, E., Liundberg, S. E., Lu, J., Mamane, Y., Prestbo, E., Schmolke, S., Schroeder, W. H., Sommar, J., Sprovieri, F., Stevens, R. K., Stratton, W., Tuncel, G., and Urba, A.: Intercomparison Of methods for sampling and analysis of atmospheric mercury species, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3007-3017, 2001. NAPS: National Air Pollution Surveillance Network, http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/napsdata/Default.aspx, last access: Jan-uary 2013.
25. NPRI: Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants (Na-tional: 1990-2010), http://www.ec.gc.ca/inrp-npri/default.asp?lang=en\&n=0EC58C98-, last access: June 2012.
26. Outridge, P. M.,Macdonald, R. W.,Wang, F., Stern, G. A., and Dastoor, A. P.: A mass balance inventory ofmercury in the Arctic Ocean, Environ. Chem., 5, 89-111, doi:10.1071/en08002, 2008.
27. Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Steenhuisen, F., and Wilson, S.: Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000, Atmos. Environ., 40,4048-4063,2006.
28. Pfaffhuber, K. A., Berg, T., Hirdman, D., and Stohl, A.: Atmospheric mercury observations from Antarctica: seasonal variation and source and sink region calculations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3241-3251, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3241- 2012,2012.
29. Pirrone, N., Cinnirella, S., Feng, X., Finkelman, R. B., Friedli, H. R., Leaner, J., Mason, R., Mukherjee, A. B., Stracher, G. B., Streets, D. G., and Telmer, K.: Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5951-5964, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5951- 2010,2010.
30. Poissant, L.: Field observation of total gaseous mercury behaviour: Interactions with ozone concentration and water vapour mixing ratio in air at a rural site, Water Air Soil Pollut., 97, 341-353, 1997.
31. Poissant, L.: Potential sources of atmospheric total gaseous mercury in the St. Lawrence River valley, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2537-2547, 1999.
32. Poissant, L.: Total gaseous mercury in Quebec (Canada) in 1998, Sci. Total Environ., 259, 191-201, 2000.
33. Poissant, L. and Casimir, A.: Water-air and soil-air exchange rate of total gaseous mercury measured at background sites, Atmos. Environ., 32, 883-893, 1998.
34. Poissant, L. and Pilote, M.: Time series analysis of atmospheric mercury in Kuujjuarapik/Whapmagoostui (Quebec), Journal de Physique IV, 107, 1079-1082, 2003.
35. Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury - An overview, Atmos. Environ., 32, 809-822, 1998.
36. Schroeder, W. H., Anlauf, K. G., Barrie, L. A., Lu, J. Y., Steffen, A., Schneeberger, D. R., and Berg, T.: Arctic springtime depletion of mercury, Nature, 394, 331-332, 1998.
37. Schuster, P. F., Striegl, R. G., Aiken, G. R., Krabbenhoft, D. P., Dewild, J. F., Butler, K., Kamark, B., and Dornblaser, M.: Mercury export from the Yukon River basin and potential response to a changing climate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9262-9267, 2011.
38. Selin, N. E.: Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury: A review, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34,43-63,2009.
39. Simpson, W. R., von Glasow, R., Riedel, K., Anderson, P., Ariya, P., Bottenheim, J., Burrows, J., Carpenter, L. J., Frieß, U., Goodsite, M. E., Heard, D., Hutterli, M., Jacobi, H.-W., Kaleschke, L., Neff, B., Plane, J., Platt, U., Richter, A., Roscoe, H., Sander, R., Shepson, P., Sodeau, J., Steffen, A., Wagner, T., and Wolff, E.: Halogens and their role in polar boundary-layer ozone depletion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4375-4418, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4375-2007,2007.
40. Slemr, F., Brunke, E., Ebinghaus, R., Temme, C., Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Schroeder, W. H., Steffen, A., and Berg, T.: World-wide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30,23-21,2003.
41. Slemr, F., Ebinghaus, R., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Hermann, M., Kock, H. H., Martinsson, B. G., Schuck, T., Sprung, D., van Velthoven, P., Zahn, A., and Ziereis, H.: Gaseous mercury distri-bution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1957-1969, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1957-2009,2009.
42. Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Ebinghaus, R., and Kuss, J.: Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1995,Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11,4779-4787, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4779-2011,2011.
43. Soerensen, A. L., Sunderland, E. M., Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Skov, H., Christensen, J. H., Strode, S. A., and Mason, R. P.: An improved global model for air-sea exchange of mercury: High concentrations over the North Atlantic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8574-8580,2010.
44. Soerensen, A. L., Jacob, D. J., Streets, D. G., Witt, M. L. I., Ebinghaus, R., Mason, R. P., Andersson, M., and Sun-derland, E. M.: Multi-decadal decline of mercury in the North Atlantic atmosphere explained by changing subsurface seawater concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L21810, doi:10.1029/2012GL053736,2012.
45. Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H., and Dommer-gue, A.: A review of world wide atmospheric mercury measure-ments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8245-8265, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8245-2010,2010.
46. Steffen,A. and Schroeder,W.: Standard Operating Procedures Manual for Total Gaseous Mercury Measurements Toronto, 1999.
47. Steffen,A., Schroeder, W., Bottenheim, J., Narayan, J., and Fuentes, J.: Atmospheric mercury concentrations: measurements and pro-files near snow and ice surfaces in the Canadian Arctic during Alert 2000, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2653-2661, 2002.
48. Steffen,A.,Douglas, T.,Amyot,M.,Ariya,P.,Aspmo,K.,Berg, T., Bottenheim, J., Brooks, S., Cobbett,F., Dastoor, A., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Ferrari, C., Gardfeldt, K., Goodsite, M. E., Lean, D., Poulain, A. J., Scherz, C., Skov, H., Sommar, J., and Temme, C.: A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1445-1482, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1445-2008,2008.
49. Steffen, A., Scherz, T., Olson, M. L., Gay, D. A., and Blanchard, P.: A comparison of data quality control protocols for atmospheric mercury speciation measurements, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 752-765, doi:10.1039/c2em10735j, 2012.
50. Streets, D. G., Devane, M. K., Lu, Z., Sunderland, E. M., and Jacob, D. J.: All-time releases of mercury to the atmosphere from human activities, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45,10485-10491, doi:10.1021/es202765m, 2011.
51. Swartzendruber, P. C.,Chand, D., Jaffe, D. A., Smith, J.,Reidmiller, D., Gratz, L., Keeler, J., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., and Talbot, R.: Vertical distribution ofmercury, CO, ozone, and aerosol scatter-ing coefficient in the Pacific Northwest during the spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D10305, doi:10.1029/2007JD009579,2008.
52. Tait, E., Steffen, A., and Blanchard, P.: Canadian Atmospheric Mer-cury Network (CAMNet) Audit Report October to December 1999, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada, 2000.
53. Temme, C., Einax, J. W., Ebinghaus, R., and Schroeder, W. H.: Measurements of Atmospheric Mercury Species at a Coastal Site in the Antarctic and over the South Atlantic Ocean during Polar Summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37,22-31, 2003.
54. Temme, C., Blanchard, P., Steffen, A., Beauchamp, S. T., Poissant, L., Tordon, R. J., and Weins, B.: Trend, seasonal and multivari-ate analysis study of total gaseous mercury data from the Cana-dian Atmospheric Mercury Measurement Network (CAMNet), Atmos. Environ., 41, 5423-5441, 2007.
55. Van Belle, G. and Hughes, J. P.: Nonparametric tests for trend in water quality, WaterResour. Res., 20, 127-136, 1984.