Atmospheric mercury observations from Antarctica: Seasonal variation and source and sink region calculations

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2012, Pages 3241-3251

  Pfaffhuber, K A ^a   Berg, T ^a,b   Hirdman, D ^a,c   Stohl, A ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^c LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; LAGRANGIAN ANALYSIS; MERCURY (ELEMENT); SEASONAL VARIATION; SOURCE-SINK DYNAMICS; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE;

ANTARCTICA;

EID: 84859329657     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-3241-2012     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ashbaugh, L. L.: A statistical trajectory technique for determining air pollution source regions, J. Air Poll. Contr. Ass., 33, 1096-1098, 1983. (Pubitemid 14222794)
2. Ashbaugh, L. L., Malm, W. C.and Sadeh, W. Z.: A residence time probability analysis of sulphur concentrations at Grand Canyon National Park, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1263-1270, 1985.
3. Aspmo, K., Gauchard, P. A., Steffen, A., Temme, C., Berg, T., Bahlmann, E., Banic, C., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Ferrari, C., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., and Wibetoe, G.: Measurements of atmospheric mercury species during an international study of mercury depletion events at Ny-A? lesund, Svalbard, spring 2003. How reproducible are our present methods?, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7607-619, 2005. (Pubitemid 41633944)
4. Bargagli, R., Agnorelli, C., Borghini F., and Monaci, F.: Enhanced deposition and bioaccumulation of mercury in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems facing a coastal polynya, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 8150-8155, 2005. (Pubitemid 41572396)
5. Berg, T., Sekkesaeter, S., Steinnes, E., Valdal, A. K., and Wibetoe, G.: Springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard, Sci. Total Environ., 304, 43-51, 2003. (Pubitemid 36344080)
6. Berg, T., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Cole, A., and Steffen, A.: Long-term atmospheric mercury measurements in the Norwegian Arctic: trend analysis, in preparation, 2011.
7. Bergstrom, D. M., Convey, P. and Huiskes, A. H. L.: Trends in Antarctic Terrestrial and Limnetic Ecosystems, 369 pp., Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2006.
8. Bloss, W. J., Lee, J. D., Heard, D. E., Salmon, R. A., Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Roscoe, H. K., and Jones, A. E.: Observations of OH and HO2 radicals in coastal Antarctica, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4171-4185, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4171- 2007, 2007.
9. Brooks, S., Lindberg, S., Southworth, G. and Arimoto, R.: Springtime atmospheric mercury speciation in the McMurdo, Antarctica coastal region, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2885-2893, 2008a. (Pubitemid 351389359)
10. Brooks, S., Arimoto, R., Lindberg, S., and Southworth, G.: Antarctic polar plateau snow surface conversion of deposited oxidized mercury to gaseous elemental mercury with fractional long-term burial, Atmos. Environ., 42, 2877-2884, 2008b. (Pubitemid 351389357)
11. Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., and Slemr, F.: Gaseous elemental mercury depletion events observed at Cape Point during 2007-2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1121-1131, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1121-2010, 2010.
12. Cole, A., Steffen, A., Poissant, L., Pilote, M., Pfaffhuber, K. A., and Berg, T.: Trends in atmospheric mercury concentrations in the northern hemisphere: Why is the arctic different?, Abstract submitted to the 10th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, 7 Halifax, Canada, 24-29 July 2011, RS4-P5, 2011.
13. Crawford, J. H., Davis, D. D., Chen, G., Buhr, M., Oltmans, S., Weller, R., Mauldin, L., Eisele, F., Shetter, R., Lefer, B., Ari-moto, R., and Hogan A.: Evidence for photochemical production of ozone at the South Pole surface, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3641-3644, doi:10.1029/2001GL013055, 2001. (Pubitemid 32997222)
14. Davis, D., Chen, G., Buhr, M., Crawford, J., Lenschow, D., Lefer, B., Shetter, R., Eisele, F., Mauldin, L. and Hogan, A.: South Pole NOx Chemistry: an assessment of factors controlling variability and absolute levels, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5375-5388, 2004. (Pubitemid 39178646)
15. Davis, D. D., Seelig, J., Huey, G., Crawford, J., Chen, G., Wang, Y., Buhr, M., Helmig, D., Neff, W., Blake, D., Arimoto, R., and Eisele, F.: A reassessment of Antarctic Plateau reactive nitrogen based on ANTCI 2003 airborne ground based measurements, At-mos. Environ., 42, 2831-2848, 2008. (Pubitemid 351389360)
16. Dommergue, A., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Ebinghaus, R., Brooks, S., Courteaud, J., and Ferrari, C. P.: Overview of mercury measurements in the Antarctic troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3309-3319, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 3309-2010, 2010.
17. Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H. H., Temme, C., Einax, J. W., Lowe, A. G., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., and Schroeder, W. H.: Antarctic springtime depletion of atmospheric mercury, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1238-1244, 2002. (Pubitemid 34225947)
18. Hansen, G., Aspmo. K., Berg, T., Edvardsen, K., Fiebig, M., Kallenborn, R., Krognes, T., Lunder, C., Stebel., K., Schmid-bauer, N., Solberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Atmospheric monitoring at the Norwegian Antarctic Station Troll: Measurement programme and first results, Polar Res., 28, 353-363, 2009.
19. Hirdman, D., Aspmo, K., Burkhart, J.F., Eckhardt, S., Sodemann, H., and Stohl, A.: Transport of mercury in the Arctic atmosphere: Evidence of a spring-time sink and summer-time source, Geo-phys. Res. Lett., 36, L12814, doi:10.1029/2009GL038345, 2009.
20. Hirdman, D., Sodemann, H., Eckhardt, S., Burkhart, J. F., Jefferson, A., Mefford, T., Quinn, P. K., Sharma, S., Ström, J., and Stohl, A.: Source identification of short-lived air pollutants in the Arctic using statistical analysis of measurement data and particle dispersion model output, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 669-693, doi:10.5194/acp-10-669-2010, 2010.
21. Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Tal-bot, R., and Slemr, F.: Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037-12057, doi:10.5194/acp-10-12037- 2010, 2010.
22. Kaleschke, L., Richter, A., Burrows, J., Afe, O., Heygster, G., Notholt, J., Rankin, A. M., Roscoe, H. K., Hollwedel, J. Wagner, T., and Jacobi, H.-W.: Frost flowers on sea ice as a source of sea salt and their influence on tropospheric halogen chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16114, doi:10.1029/2004GL020655, 2004. (Pubitemid 39428463)
23. Lindberg, S. E., Brooks, S., Lin, C. J., Scott, K. J., Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Goodsite, M., and Richter, A.: Dynamic oxidation of gaseous mercury in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1245-1256, 2002. (Pubitemid 34225948)
24. Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Steenhuisen, F., and Wilson, S.: Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000, At-mos. Environ., 40, 4048-4063, 2006. (Pubitemid 43903339)
25. Pacyna, E. G., Pacyna, J. M., Sundseth, K., Munthe, J., Kindbom, K., Wilson, S., Steenhuisen, F., and Maxon, P.: Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources and projection to 2020, Atmos. Environ., 44, 2487-2499, 2010.
26. Priddle, J. (Ed).: Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances-Antarctica regional report, United Nations Environmental Programme-Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, 76 pp., 2002.
27. Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric mercury-an overview, Atmos. Environ., 32, 809-822, 1995.
28. Schroeder, W. H., Anlauf, K. G., Barrie, L. A., Lu, J. Y., Steffen, A., Schneeberger, D. R., and Berg, T.: Arctic springtime depletion of mercury, Nature, 394, 331-332, 1998.
29. Simpson, W. R., Carlson, D., Hönninger, G., Douglas, T. A., Sturm, M., Perovich, D., and Platt, U.: First-year sea-ice contact predicts bromine monoxide (BrO) levels at Barrow, Alaska better than potential frost flower contact, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 621-627, doi:10.5194/acp-7-621-2007, 2007.
30. Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Ebinghaus, R., Temme, C., Munthe, J., Wangberg, I., Schroeder, W., Steffen, A., and Berg, T.: Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1977, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1516, doi:10.1029/2003GL016954, 2003.
31. Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., and Ebinghaus, R.: Total gaseous mercury concentration at the Cape Point GAW stations and their seasonality, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11807, doi:10.1029/2008GL033741, 2008.
32. Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Ebinghaus, R., and Kuss, J.: Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 1995, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4779-4787, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4779-2011, 2011.
33. Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Hedgecock, I. M., Landis, M. S. and Stevens, R. K.: Intensive atmospheric mercury measurements at Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica during November and December 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4722, doi:10.1029/2002JD002057, 2002.
34. Steffen, A., Douglas, T., Amyot, M., Ariya, P., Aspmo, K., Berg, T., Bottenheim, J., Brooks, S., Cobbett, F., Dastoor, A., Dom-mergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Ferrari, C., Gardfeldt, K., Goodsite, M. E., Lean, D., Poulain, A. J., Scherz, C., Skov, H., Sommar, J., and Temme, C.: A synthesis of atmospheric mercury depletion event chemistry in the atmosphere and snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1445-1482, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1445-2008, 2008.
35. Stohl, A. and Sodemann, H.: characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Antarctic troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02305, dio:10.1029/ 2009JD012536, 2010.
36. Stohl, A., Hittenberger, M., and Wotawa, G.: Validation of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART against large scale tracer experiment data, Atmos. Environ., 32, 4245-4264, 1998. (Pubitemid 28540961)
37. Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461-2474, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 41479781)
38. Temme, C., Einax, J. W., Ebinghaus, R., and Schroeder, W. H.: Measurements of atmospheric mercury species at a coastal site in the Antarctic and over the South Atlantic Ocean during polar summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 22-31, 2003a. (Pubitemid 36043495)
39. Temme, C., Slemr, F., Ebinghaus, R. and Einax, J.W.: Distribution of mercury over the Atlantic Ocean in 1996 and 1999-2001, At-mos. Environ., 37, 1889-1897, 2003b. (Pubitemid 36379145)
40. Xia, C., Xie, Z., and Sun, L: Atmospheric mercury in the marine boundary layer along a cruise path from Shanghai, China to Prydz Bay, Antarctica, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1815-1821, 2010.