메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 34-43

Humoral-Targeted Immunotherapies in Multiple Sclerosis

Author keywords

B cell; Humoral therapies; Monoclonal antibodies; Novel therapeutics; Progressive; Relapsing remitting

Indexed keywords

ATACICEPT; ECULIZUMAB; OCRELIZUMAB; OFATUMUMAB; RITUXIMAB;

EID: 84873117834     PISSN: 19337213     EISSN: 18787479     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0164-3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (17)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 33947509525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview
    • Lassmann H, Bruck W, Lucchinetti CF. The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview. Brain Pathol 2007; 17: 210-218.
    • (2007) Brain Pathol , vol.17 , pp. 210-218
    • Lassmann, H.1    Bruck, W.2    Lucchinetti, C.F.3
  • 2
    • 77953394241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways
    • Ramagopalan SV, Dobson R, Meier UC, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 727-739.
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol , vol.9 , pp. 727-739
    • Ramagopalan, S.V.1    Dobson, R.2    Meier, U.C.3    Giovannoni, G.4
  • 3
    • 78650996077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case for regulatory B cells in controlling the severity of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis
    • Ray A, Mann MK, Basu S, Dittel BN. A case for regulatory B cells in controlling the severity of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 230: 1-9.
    • (2011) J Neuroimmunol , vol.230 , pp. 1-9
    • Ray, A.1    Mann, M.K.2    Basu, S.3    Dittel, B.N.4
  • 4
    • 2442708947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Magliozzi R, Stigliano E, Aloisi F. Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2004; 14: 164-167.
    • (2004) Brain Pathol , vol.14 , pp. 164-167
    • Serafini, B.1    Rosicarelli, B.2    Magliozzi, R.3    Stigliano, E.4    Aloisi, F.5
  • 5
    • 34249700046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology
    • Magliozzi R, Howell O, Vora A, et al. Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. Brain 2007; 130: 1089-1104.
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 1089-1104
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.2    Vora, A.3
  • 6
    • 0018324814 scopus 로고
    • Isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing of CSF immunoglobulins in MS
    • Siden A. Isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing of CSF immunoglobulins in MS. J Neurol 1979; 221: 39-51.
    • (1979) J Neurol , vol.221 , pp. 39-51
    • Siden, A.1
  • 7
    • 0036195918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal IgG synthesis: marker of progression in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Izquierdo G, Angulo S, Garcia-Moreno JM, et al. Intrathecal IgG synthesis: marker of progression in multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105: 158-163.
    • (2002) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.105 , pp. 158-163
    • Izquierdo, G.1    Angulo, S.2    Garcia-Moreno, J.M.3
  • 8
    • 0037310781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrathecal IgM synthesis is a prognostic factor in multiple sclerosis
    • Villar LM, Masjuan J, Gonzalez-Porque P, et al. Intrathecal IgM synthesis is a prognostic factor in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 222-226.
    • (2003) Ann Neurol , vol.53 , pp. 222-226
    • Villar, L.M.1    Masjuan, J.2    Gonzalez-Porque, P.3
  • 9
    • 33751085414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients
    • Cross AH, Stark JL, Lauber J, Ramsbottom MJ, Lyons JA. Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 180: 63-70.
    • (2006) J Neuroimmunol , vol.180 , pp. 63-70
    • Cross, A.H.1    Stark, J.L.2    Lauber, J.3    Ramsbottom, M.J.4    Lyons, J.A.5
  • 10
    • 13444274684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of rituximab on the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid B cells in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis
    • Monson NL, Cravens PD, Frohman EM, Hawker K, Racke MK. Effect of rituximab on the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid B cells in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 258-264.
    • (2005) Arch Neurol , vol.62 , pp. 258-264
    • Monson, N.L.1    Cravens, P.D.2    Frohman, E.M.3    Hawker, K.4    Racke, M.K.5
  • 11
    • 34248230257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis
    • Duddy M, Niino M, Adatia F, et al. Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 2007; 178: 6092-6099.
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.178 , pp. 6092-6099
    • Duddy, M.1    Niino, M.2    Adatia, F.3
  • 12
    • 1542514778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct profiles of human B cell effector cytokines: a role in immune regulation?
    • Duddy ME, Alter A, Bar-Or A. Distinct profiles of human B cell effector cytokines: a role in immune regulation? J Immunol 2004; 172: 3422-3427.
    • (2004) J Immunol , vol.172 , pp. 3422-3427
    • Duddy, M.E.1    Alter, A.2    Bar-Or, A.3
  • 13
    • 0030456897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically B cell-deficient mice
    • Wolf SD, Dittel BN, Hardardottir F, Janeway CA Jr. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in genetically B cell-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1996; 184: 2271-2278.
    • (1996) J Exp Med , vol.184 , pp. 2271-2278
    • Wolf, S.D.1    Dittel, B.N.2    Hardardottir, F.3    Janeway Jr., C.A.4
  • 15
    • 54949141219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression
    • Matsushita T, Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression. J Clin Invest 2008; 118: 3420-3423.
    • (2008) J Clin Invest , vol.118 , pp. 3420-3423
    • Matsushita, T.1    Yanaba, K.2    Bouaziz, J.D.3    Fujimoto, M.4    Tedder, T.F.5
  • 16
    • 77951757865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS?
    • Bar-Or A, Fawaz L, Fan B, et al. Abnormal B-cell cytokine responses a trigger of T-cell-mediated disease in MS? Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 452-461.
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.67 , pp. 452-461
    • Bar-Or, A.1    Fawaz, L.2    Fan, B.3
  • 17
    • 0016756272 scopus 로고
    • Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity
    • Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975; 256: 495-497.
    • (1975) Nature , vol.256 , pp. 495-497
    • Kohler, G.1    Milstein, C.2
  • 18
    • 83455186144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant immunoglobulins for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Gensicke H, Leppert D, Yaldizli O, et al. Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant immunoglobulins for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2012; 26: 11-37.
    • (2012) CNS Drugs , vol.26 , pp. 11-37
    • Gensicke, H.1    Leppert, D.2    Yaldizli, O.3
  • 19
    • 0023690162 scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppression with monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis
    • Hafler DA, Weiner HL. Immunosuppression with monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1988; 38: 42-47.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 42-47
    • Hafler, D.A.1    Weiner, H.L.2
  • 21
    • 0018949401 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a human B lymphocyte-specific antigen
    • Stashenko P, Nadler LM, Hardy R, Schlossman SF. Characterization of a human B lymphocyte-specific antigen. J Immunol 1980; 125: 1678-1685.
    • (1980) J Immunol , vol.125 , pp. 1678-1685
    • Stashenko, P.1    Nadler, L.M.2    Hardy, R.3    Schlossman, S.F.4
  • 22
    • 0034076307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytotoxicity against tumor targets
    • Clynes RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, Ravetch JV. Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytotoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med 2000; 6: 443-446.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 443-446
    • Clynes, R.A.1    Towers, T.L.2    Presta, L.G.3    Ravetch, J.V.4
  • 23
    • 33847068351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug insight: the mechanism of action of rituximab in autoimmune disease - the immune complex decoy hypothesis
    • Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Drug insight: the mechanism of action of rituximab in autoimmune disease - the immune complex decoy hypothesis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007; 3: 86-95.
    • (2007) Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol , vol.3 , pp. 86-95
    • Taylor, R.P.1    Lindorfer, M.A.2
  • 24
    • 77953335494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab add-on therapy for breakthrough relapsing multiple sclerosis: a 52-week phase II trial
    • Naismith RT, Piccio L, Lyons JA, et al. Rituximab add-on therapy for breakthrough relapsing multiple sclerosis: a 52-week phase II trial. Neurology 2010; 74: 1860-1867.
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 1860-1867
    • Naismith, R.T.1    Piccio, L.2    Lyons, J.A.3
  • 25
    • 41849116363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a 72-week, open-label, phase I trial
    • Bar-Or A, Calabresi PA, Arnold D, et al. Rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a 72-week, open-label, phase I trial. Ann Neurol 2008; 63: 395-400.
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.63 , pp. 395-400
    • Bar-Or, A.1    Calabresi, P.A.2    Arnold, D.3
  • 26
    • 39049142995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Hauser SL, Waubant E, Arnold DL, et al. B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 676-688.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 676-688
    • Hauser, S.L.1    Waubant, E.2    Arnold, D.L.3
  • 27
    • 70449418132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial
    • Hawker K, O'Connor P, Freedman MS, et al. Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 460-471.
    • (2009) Ann Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 460-471
    • Hawker, K.1    O'Connor, P.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 28
    • 0032530342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) for the treatment of patients with relapsing or refractory aggressive lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study
    • Coiffier B, Haioun C, Ketterer N, et al. Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) for the treatment of patients with relapsing or refractory aggressive lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study. Blood 1998; 92: 1927-1932.
    • (1998) Blood , vol.92 , pp. 1927-1932
    • Coiffier, B.1    Haioun, C.2    Ketterer, N.3
  • 29
    • 0038811776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single-agent rituximab as first-line and maintenance treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network
    • Hainsworth JD, Litchy S, Barton JH, et al. Single-agent rituximab as first-line and maintenance treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma: a phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1746-1751.
    • (2003) J Clin Oncol , vol.21 , pp. 1746-1751
    • Hainsworth, J.D.1    Litchy, S.2    Barton, J.H.3
  • 30
    • 0037297390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-line and maintenance treatment with rituximab for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
    • Hainsworth JD. First-line and maintenance treatment with rituximab for patients with indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Semin Oncol 2003; 30: 9-15.
    • (2003) Semin Oncol , vol.30 , pp. 9-15
    • Hainsworth, J.D.1
  • 31
    • 33746961890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks
    • Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 2793-2806.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.54 , pp. 2793-2806
    • Cohen, S.B.1    Emery, P.2    Greenwald, M.W.3
  • 32
    • 33646483031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial
    • Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1390-1340.
    • (2006) Arthritis Rheum , vol.54 , pp. 1340-1390
    • Emery, P.1    Fleischmann, R.2    Filipowicz-Sosnowska, A.3
  • 33
    • 39049095216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: B-cell levels do not correlate with clinical response
    • Breedveld F, Agarwal S, Yin M, et al. Rituximab pharmacokinetics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: B-cell levels do not correlate with clinical response. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47: 1119-1128.
    • (2007) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.47 , pp. 1119-1128
    • Breedveld, F.1    Agarwal, S.2    Yin, M.3
  • 34
    • 84859402731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exhaustion of cytotoxic effector systems may limit monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy in cancer patients
    • Beurskens FJ, Lindorfer MA, Farooqui M, et al. Exhaustion of cytotoxic effector systems may limit monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy in cancer patients. J Immunol 2012; 188: 3532-3541.
    • (2012) J Immunol , vol.188 , pp. 3532-3541
    • Beurskens, F.J.1    Lindorfer, M.A.2    Farooqui, M.3
  • 35
    • 77950328482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic modulation and rituximab resistance
    • Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Antigenic modulation and rituximab resistance. Semin Hematol 2010; 47: 124-132.
    • (2010) Semin Hematol , vol.47 , pp. 124-132
    • Taylor, R.P.1    Lindorfer, M.A.2
  • 36
  • 37
    • 51849148443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study
    • Genovese MC, Kaine JL, Lowenstein MB, et al. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58: 2652-2661.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.58 , pp. 2652-2661
    • Genovese, M.C.1    Kaine, J.L.2    Lowenstein, M.B.3
  • 38
    • 81555202418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial
    • Kappos L, Li D, Calabresi PA, et al. Ocrelizumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 1779-1787.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 1779-1787
    • Kappos, L.1    Li, D.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 41
    • 84873126306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Neurology, 63rd Annual Meeting. Abstract S41. 001. April 9-16 2011
    • American Academy of Neurology, 63rd Annual Meeting. Abstract S41. 001. April 9-16 2011.
  • 42
    • 84873124112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Neurology, 63rd Annual Meeting. Abstract PO4. 186. April 9-16 2011
    • American Academy of Neurology, 63rd Annual Meeting. Abstract PO4. 186. April 9-16 2011.
  • 44
    • 77955300283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ofatumumab, a novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of B-cell malignancies
    • Cheson BD. Ofatumumab, a novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 3525-3530.
    • (2010) J Clin Oncol , vol.28 , pp. 3525-3530
    • Cheson, B.D.1
  • 45
    • 77955386129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ofatumumab, a human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I/II study
    • Ostergaard M, Baslund B, Rigby W, et al. Ofatumumab, a human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to one or more disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I/II study. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 2227-2238.
    • (2010) Arthritis Rheum , vol.62 , pp. 2227-2238
    • Ostergaard, M.1    Baslund, B.2    Rigby, W.3
  • 47
    • 84873135835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ofatumumab Subcutaneous Administration in Subjects With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (MIRROR). Accessed August 2012
    • Ofatumumab Subcutaneous Administration in Subjects With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (MIRROR). http://centerwatch. com/clinical-trials/listings/externalstudydetails. aspx. Accessed August 2012.
  • 48
    • 0030441149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of complement activity by humanized anti-C5 antibody and single-chain Fv
    • Thomas TC, Rollins SA, Rother RP, et al. Inhibition of complement activity by humanized anti-C5 antibody and single-chain Fv. Mol Immunol 1996; 33: 1389-1401.
    • (1996) Mol Immunol , vol.33 , pp. 1389-1401
    • Thomas, T.C.1    Rollins, S.A.2    Rother, R.P.3
  • 49
    • 0029083084 scopus 로고
    • Complement-specific antibodies: designing novel anti-inflammatories
    • Matis LA, Rollins SA. Complement-specific antibodies: designing novel anti-inflammatories. Nat Med 1995; 1: 839-842.
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 839-842
    • Matis, L.A.1    Rollins, S.A.2
  • 50
    • 10344250945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis
    • Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ, et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 2106-2112.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 2106-2112
    • Lennon, V.A.1    Wingerchuk, D.M.2    Kryzer, T.J.3
  • 51
    • 37349002428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica
    • Hinson SR, Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, et al. Pathogenic potential of IgG binding to water channel extracellular domain in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2007; 69: 2221-2223.
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.69 , pp. 2221-2223
    • Hinson, S.R.1    Pittock, S.J.2    Lucchinetti, C.F.3
  • 52
    • 34249650146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis
    • Roemer SF, Parisi JE, Lennon VA, et al. Pattern-specific loss of aquaporin-4 immunoreactivity distinguishes neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Brain 2007; 130: 1194-1205.
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , pp. 1194-1205
    • Roemer, S.F.1    Parisi, J.E.2    Lennon, V.A.3
  • 53
    • 35948959015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery and development of the complement inhibitor eculizumab for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
    • Rother RP, Rollins SA, Mojcik CF, Brodsky RA, Bell L. Discovery and development of the complement inhibitor eculizumab for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25: 1256-1264.
    • (2007) Nat Biotechnol , vol.25 , pp. 1256-1264
    • Rother, R.P.1    Rollins, S.A.2    Mojcik, C.F.3    Brodsky, R.A.4    Bell, L.5
  • 54
    • 59449088846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eculizumab for congenital atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome
    • Gruppo RA, Rother RP. Eculizumab for congenital atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 544-546.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 544-546
    • Gruppo, R.A.1    Rother, R.P.2
  • 55
    • 60649118722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eculizumab for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
    • Parker C. Eculizumab for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Lancet 2009; 373: 759-767.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 759-767
    • Parker, C.1
  • 56
    • 70349907791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
    • Mache CJ, Acham-Roschitz B, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, et al. Complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1312-1316.
    • (2009) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.4 , pp. 1312-1316
    • Mache, C.J.1    Acham-Roschitz, B.2    Fremeaux-Bacchi, V.3
  • 57
    • 59449107473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome
    • Nurnberger J, Philipp T, Witzke O, et al. Eculizumab for atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 542-544.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 542-544
    • Nurnberger, J.1    Philipp, T.2    Witzke, O.3
  • 58
    • 70349087378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of neuromyelitis optica attack severity by quantitation of complement-mediated injury to aquaporin-4-expressing cells
    • Hinson SR, McKeon A, Fryer JP, Apiwattanakul M, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ. Prediction of neuromyelitis optica attack severity by quantitation of complement-mediated injury to aquaporin-4-expressing cells. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1164-1167.
    • (2009) Arch Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 1164-1167
    • Hinson, S.R.1    McKeon, A.2    Fryer, J.P.3    Apiwattanakul, M.4    Lennon, V.A.5    Pittock, S.J.6
  • 60
    • 84873146553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eculizumab Shows Promise for Preventing NMO Attacks, Accessed November 2012
    • Eculizumab Shows Promise for Preventing NMO Attacks, Keeping Disease in Check. http://journals. lww. com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2012/11010/NEWS_FROM_THE_AMERICAN_NEUROLOGICAL_ASSOCIATION. 3. aspx. Accessed November 2012.
    • Keeping Disease in Check
  • 61
    • 33748904355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The complement inhibitor eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
    • Hillmen P, Young NS, Schubert J, et al. The complement inhibitor eculizumab in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1233-1234.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 1233-1234
    • Hillmen, P.1    Young, N.S.2    Schubert, J.3
  • 64
    • 20244384231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BAFF is produced by astrocytes and up-regulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma
    • Krumbholz M, Theil D, Derfuss T, et al. BAFF is produced by astrocytes and up-regulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 195-200.
    • (2005) J Exp Med , vol.201 , pp. 195-200
    • Krumbholz, M.1    Theil, D.2    Derfuss, T.3
  • 65
    • 33845710885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) is expressed by astrocytes and is increased in multiple sclerosis
    • Thangarajh M, Masterman T, Hillert J, Moerk S, Jonsson R. A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) is expressed by astrocytes and is increased in multiple sclerosis. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65: 92-98.
    • (2007) Scand J Immunol , vol.65 , pp. 92-98
    • Thangarajh, M.1    Masterman, T.2    Hillert, J.3    Moerk, S.4    Jonsson, R.5
  • 66
    • 17944375043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TACI-Ig neutralizes molecules critical for B cell development and autoimmune disease. Impaired B cell maturation in mice lacking BLyS
    • Gross JA, Dillon SR, Mudri S, et al. TACI-Ig neutralizes molecules critical for B cell development and autoimmune disease. Impaired B cell maturation in mice lacking BLyS. Immunity 2001; 15: 289-302.
    • (2001) Immunity , vol.15 , pp. 289-302
    • Gross, J.A.1    Dillon, S.R.2    Mudri, S.3
  • 67
    • 77954950402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atacicept: targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis
    • Hartung HP, Kieseier BC. Atacicept: targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2010; 3: 205-216.
    • (2010) Ther Adv Neurol Disord , vol.3 , pp. 205-216
    • Hartung, H.P.1    Kieseier, B.C.2
  • 68
    • 70349378241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at. Accessed July 2012
    • Atacicept in multiple sclerosis, phase II. Available at: http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00642902. Accessed July 2012.
    • Atacicept in multiple sclerosis, phase II
  • 69
    • 84873120974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at. Accessed July 2012
    • Atacicept in optic neuritis, phase II. Available at: http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00624468. Accessed July 2012.
    • Atacicept in optic neuritis, phase II
  • 70
    • 0029751983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody cA2
    • van Oosten BW, Barkhof F, Truyen L, et al. Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody cA2. Neurology 1996; 47: 1531-1534.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 1531-1534
    • van Oosten, B.W.1    Barkhof, F.2    Truyen, L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.