Incorporating loss to follow-up in estimates of survival among HIV-infected individuals in sub-saharan Africa enrolled in antiretroviral therapy programs

Journal of Infectious Diseases

Volumn 207, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 72-79

  Verguet, Stéphane ^a   Lim, Stephen S ^a   Murray, Christopher J L ^a   Gakidou, Emmanuela ^a   Salomon, Joshua A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Cost effectiveness; HIV treatment; Loss to follow up; Retention; Sub Saharan Africa; Survival

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; AFRICA; ARTICLE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; POISSON DISTRIBUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADULT; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT STUDIES; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; FEMALE; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LOST TO FOLLOW-UP; MALE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 84872947016     PISSN: 00221899     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis635     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. World Health Organization, UNAIDS, UNICEF. Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access: progress report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011.
2. Braitstein P, Brinkhof MWG, Dabis F, et al. for the ART-LINC Collaboration. Mortality of HIV-1-infected patients in the first year of antiretroviral therapy: comparison between low-income and highincome countries. Lancet 2006; 367:817-24.
3. Lawn SD, Harries AD, Anglaret X, Myer L, Wood R. Early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub- Saharan Africa. AIDS 2008; 22:1897-908.
4. Bisson GP, Gaolathe T, Gross R, et al. Overestimates of survival after HAART: implications for global scale-up efforts. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e1725.
5. Brinkhof MWG, Dabis F, Myer L, et al. Early loss of HIV-infected patients on potent antiretroviral therapy programmes in lower-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:559-67.
6. Yu JK-L, Chen SC-C, Wang K-Y, et al. True outcomes for patients on antiretroviral therapy who are "lost to follow-up" in Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85:550-4.
7. Brinkhof MWG, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Egger M. Mortality of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programmes in resourcelimited settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2009; 4:e5790.
8. Tassié JM, Baijal P, Vitoria MA, et al. Trends in retention on antiretroviral therapy in national programs in low-income and middleincome countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 54:437.
9. Rosen S, Fox MP, Gill CJ. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e298.
10. Fox MP, Rosen S. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs up to three years on treatment in sub-Saharan Africa, 2007-2009: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 15(Suppl 1):1.
11. Stover J, Korenromp EL, Blakley M, et al. Long-term costs and health impact of continued global fund support for antiretroviral therapy. PLoS ONE 2011; 6:e21048.
12. Egger M, Spycher BD, Sidle J, et al. Correcting mortality for loss to follow-up: a nomogram applied to antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1000390.
13. Hochgesang M, Kuyenda A, Hosseinipour M, et al. Active tracing of ART patients lost to follow-up at Lighthouse shows that few 'stopped' treatment for their own reasons, but many have died [abstract TUPE0119]. In: 16th International AIDS Conference, Toronto, Canada, August 13-18, 2006.
14. Ahoua L, Guenther G, Pinoges L, et al. Risk factors for virological failure and subtherapeutic antiretroviral drug concentrations in HIV-positive adults treated in rural northwestern Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:81.
15. Boulle A, Bock P, Osler M, et al. Antiretroviral therapy and early mortality in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 2008; 86:678-87.
16. Collini P, Schwab U, Sarfo S, et al. Sustained immunological responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy at 36 months in a Ghanaian HIV cohort. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:988-91.
17. Nachega JB, Hislop M, Dowdy DW, et al. Efavirenz versus nevirapinebased initial treatment of HIV infection: clinical and virological outcomes of Southern African adults. AIDS 2008; 22:2117-25.
18. Palombi L, Marazzi MC, Guidotti G, et al. Incidence and predictors of death, retention, and switch to second-line regimens in antiretroviraltreated patients in sub-Saharan African sites with comprehensive monitoring availability. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:115-22.
19. Sieleunou I, Souleymanou M, Schonenberger AM, Menten J, Boelaert M. Determinants of survival in AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy in a rural centre in the Far-North Province, Cameroon. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:36-43.
20. Toure S, Kouadiou B, Seyler C, et al. Rapid scaling-up of antiretroviral therapy in 10,000 adults in Côte d'Ivoire: 2-year outcomes and determinants. AIDS 2008; 22:873-82.
21. Egger M, Ekouevi DK, Williams C, et al. Cohort profile: the international epidemiological databases to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) in sub- Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:1-9.
22. Fox MP, Brennan A, Maskew M, MacPhail P, Sanne I. Using vital registration data to update mortality among patients lost to follow-up from ART programmes: evidence from the Themba Lethu Clinic, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2010; 4:405-11.
23. Chi BH, Yiannoutsos CE, Westfall AO, et al. Universal definition of loss to follow-up in HIV treatment programs: a statistical analysis of 111 facilities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. PLoS Med 2011; 8:e1001111.
24. Henriques J, Pujades-Rodriguez M, McGuire M, et al. Comparison of methods to correct survival estimates and survival regression on a large HIV African cohort. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e31706.
25. An M-W, Frangakis CE, Musick BS, Yiannoutsos CT. The need for double-sampling designs in survival studies: an application to monitor PEPFAR. Biometrics 2009; 65:301-6.
26. Geng EH, Emenyonou N, Bwana MB, et al. Sampling-based approach to determine outcomes of patients lost to follow-up in antiretroviral therapy scale-up programs in Africa. JAMA 2008; 300:506-7.
27. Yiannoutsos CT, An M-W, Frangakis CE, et al. Sampling-based approaches to improve estimation of mortality among patient dropouts: experience from a large PEPFAR-funded program in Western Kenya. PLoS ONE 2008; 3:e3843.
28. Geng EH, Nash D, Kambugu A, et al. Retention in care among HIVinfected patients in resource-limited settings: emerging insights and new directions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2010; 7:234-44.
29. Losina E, Touré H, Uhler LM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of preventing loss to follow-up in HIV treatment programs: a Côte d'Ivoire appraisal. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000173.
30. Bussman H, Wester CW, Ndwapi N, et al. Five-year outcomes of initial patients treated in Botswana's national antiretroviral treatment program. AIDS 2008; 22:2303-11.
31. O'Brien DP,Mills C, Hamel C, FordN, Pottie K.Universal access: the benefits and challenges in bringing integrated HIV care to isolated and conflict affected populations in the Republic of Congo. Confl Health 2009; 3:1.
32. Culbert H, Tu D, O'Brien DP, et al. HIV treatment in a conflict setting: outcomes and experiences from Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e129.
33. Gugsa S, O'Malley G, John Stewart G. Determinants of retention and mortality during 6-month follow-up after initiation of HAART in an Ethiopian public HIV treatment program [abstract CDB0246]. In: 17th International AIDS Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, August 3-8, 2008.
34. Unge C, Sodergard B, Ekstrom AM, et al. Challenges for scaling up ART in a resource-limited setting: a retrospective study in Kibera, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:397-402.
35. Auld A, Mobofana F, Sanchez M, et al. Treatment outcomes of HIV-infected adults enrolled in the national antiretroviral therapy program - Mozambique, 2004-2007 [abstract 1608]. In: Program and abstracts of the HIV/AIDS Implementers' Meeting, Windhoek, Namibia, June 10-14, 2009.
36. DeSilva MB, Merry SP, Fischer PR, et al. Youth, unemployment, and male gender predict mortality in AIDS patients started on HAART in Nigeria. AIDS Care 2009; 21:70-7.
37. Lowrance DW, Ndamage F, Kayirangwa E, et al. Adult clinical and immunologic outcome of the national antiretroviral treatment program in Rwanda during 2004-2005. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52:49-55.
38. Dahab M, Charalambous S, Karstaedt A, et al. Off the radar screen: comparing reasons for treatment default in a workplace ART programme and a public sector clinic in South Africa [abstract THPE0123]. In: 17th International AIDS Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, August 3-8, 2008.
39. Barth RE, Tempelman HA, Hoepelman AIM. Long-term follow-up of HIV-infected adults in rural South Africa; good virological results in spite of early mortality [abstract CDB084]. In: 5th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Cape Town, South Africa, July 19-22, 2009.
40. Kahn MSH. Retention and attrition of patients commenced on HAART at Ladysmith Provincial Hospital in South Africa [abstract MO-PEB045]. In: 5th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Cape Town, South Africa, July 19-22, 2009.
41. MacPherson P, Moshabela M, Martinson N, Pronyk P. Mortality and loss to follow-up among HAART initiators in rural South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:588-93.
42. Ojikutu BO, Zheng H, Walensky RP, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Durban, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2008; 98:204-8.
43. Rosen S, Long L, Sanne I. The outcomes and outpatient costs of different models of antiretroviral treatment delivery in South Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13:1005-15.
44. Grimwood A, Magege A, Scheepers E, et al. Public-private partnership achieves long-term ARV adherence in South Africa [abstract CDB0221]. In: 17th International AIDS Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, August 3-8, 2008.
45. Chalamilla G, Mwanyika-Sando M, Hawkins C, et al. Predictors of clinical and immunological outcomes among HIV-infected subjects on ART in Tanzania [abstract 824]. In: 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, MA, February 3-6, 2008.
46. Johannesen A, Naman E, Ngowi BJ, Sandvik L, Matee MI, Aglen HI. Predictors of mortality in HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in a rural hospital in Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:52.
47. Chang LVW, Alamo S, Guma S, et al. Two-year virologic outcomes of an alternative AIDS care model: evaluation of a peer health worker and nurse-staffed community-based program in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:276-82.
48. Martin J. Initial treatment outcomes from a rural-based ART scale-up program in East Africa: The UARTO Cohort [abstract 816]. In: 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, MA, 2008. February 3-6, 2008.
49. Chi B, Cantrell RA, Zulu I, et al. Adherence to first-line antiretroviral therapy affects non-virologic outcomes among patients on treatment for more than 12 months in Lusaka, Zambia. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009; 38:746-56.
50. Marazzi MC, Liotta G, Germano P, et al. Excessive early mortality in the first year of treatment in HIV type 1-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. AIDS Res Hum Retrovirus 2008; 24:555-60.