Attrition of women in the biological sciences: Workload, motherhood, and other explanations revisited

BioScience

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 43-48

  Adamo, Shelley A ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

career choice; gender; medicine; science; student

Indexed keywords

EID: 84872859170     PISSN: 00063568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.1.9     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. [AAMC] Association of American Medical Colleges. 2011. 2011 State Physician Workforce Data Book. Center for Workforce Studies. (22 October 2012; www. aamc. org/download/263512/data/statedata2011. pdf
2. Anspach D. 2011. How much money to retire? Calculate the gap. About. com. (22 October 2012; http://moneyover55. about. com/od/preretirementplanning/a/ calculate-gap. htm
3. [BMA] British Medical Association 2004. Career barriers in medicine: Doctors' experiences. (2 November 2012) www. hscbusiness. hscni. net/pdf/BMA-Career-Barriers-in-Medicine-2004-pdf. pdf)
4. [CAPS] Canadian Association of Postdoctoral Scholars. 2009. A Postdoctoral Crisis in Canada: From the "Ivory Tower" to the Academic "Parking Lot." CAPS. (22 October 2012; http://sites. google. com/site/canadapostdoc/Home/CAPSSurvey2009Final. pdf?attredirects=0
5. [CAUT] Canadian Association of University Teachers. 2008. Narrowing the gender gap: Women academics in Canadian universities. CAUT Equity Review March 2008. (22 October 2012; www. caut. ca/uploads/EquityReview2-en. pdf
6. -. 2012. CAUT Almanac of Post-Secondary Education in Canada 2012-2013. CAUT. (22 October 2012; www. caut. ca/pages. asp?page=442
7. Ceci SJ, Williams WM. 2011. Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 3157-3162.
8. Clayton J. 2011. Fix the system, not the women. Science 331. (22 October 2012; http://sciencecareers. sciencemag. org/career-magazine/previous-issues/ articles/2011-01-21/science. opms. r1100099
9. [CMA] Canadian Medical Association 2012 Canadian Physician Resources: 2012 Basic Facts. CMA. (22 October 2012 www. cma. ca/multimedia/CMA/Content- Images/Policy-Advocacy/Policy-Research/19-PhysFacts2012-E. pdf)
10. Comeau M. 2010. Annotated Bibliography of Recent Specialty-Specific Physician Human Resources Studies. Canadian Collaborative Centre for Physician Resources, Canadian Medical Association. (23 October 2012; www. cma. ca/multimedia/CMA/Content-Images/Policy-Advocacy/Policy-Research/Spec-papers/ AnnotatedBibliographyasofDec2010. pdf
11. [DFA] Dalhousie Faculty Association 2012 Article 15: DFA-Board of Governors Collective Agreement 2007-2011). DFA. (23 October 2012) http://dfa. ns. ca/collective-agreement/article-15)
12. Fang FC, Casadevall A. 2012. Reforming science: Structural reforms. Infection and Immunity 80: 897-901.
13. Ferris LE, Mackinnon SE, Mizgala CL, McNeill I. 1996. Do Canadian female surgeons feel discriminated against as women? Canadian Medical Association Journal 154: 21-27. (Pubitemid 26057658)
14. Gartke K, Dollin J. 2010. FMWC Report to the House of Commons Standing Committee on the Status of Women (Women in non-traditional careers). Federation of Medical Women of Canada (FMWC). (23 October 2012; www. fmwc. ca/docs/FMWC-Report-to-the-House-of-Commons-Standing-Committee-on-the-Status-of- Women-final. pdf
15. Goulden M, Mason MA, Frasch K. 2011. Keeping women in the science pipeline. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 638: 141-162.
16. Grandin K, ed. 2009. Carol W. Greider: Bibliographical. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009: Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak. Nobel Foundation. (23 October 2012; www. nobelprize. org/nobel-prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/greider. html
17. Harth SC, Biggs JSG, Thong YH. 1990. Mature-age entrants to medical school: A controlled study of sociodemographic characteristics, career choice and job satisfaction. Medical Education 24: 488-498.
18. Kaminski D, Geisler C. 2012. Survival analysis of faculty retention in science and engineering by gender. Science 335: 864-866.
19. Kaplan K. 2012. Postgraduate options: Academia misses the mark. Nature 485: 535-536.
20. Kennedy D, Austin J, Urquhart K, Taylor C. 2004. Supply without demand. Science 303: 1105. (Pubitemid 38233542)
21. Martinson BC. 2011. The academic birth rate. EMBO Reports 12: 758-762.
22. McGuire KL, Primack RB, Losos EC. 2012. Dramatic improvements and persistent challenges for women ecologists. BioScience 62: 189-196.
23. Mobilos S, Chan M, Brown JB. 2008. Women in medicine: The challenge of finding balance. Canadian Family Physician 54: 1285-1286.
24. Myers M. 2003. Getting better at getting well. Pages 3-4 in Myers M, ed. CMA Guide to Physician Health and Well-being: Facts, Advice, and Resources for Canadian Doctors. Canadian Medical Association.
25. [NPS] National Physician Survey. 2004. National Physician Survey Results. NPS. (5 November 2012; http://nationalphysiciansurvey. ca/surveys/2004-survey/
26. -. 2007. National Physician Survey Results. NPS. (5 November 2012; http://nationalphysiciansurvey. ca/surveys/2007-survey/
27. -. 2010. National Physician Survey Results. NPS. (5 November 2012; http://nationalphysiciansurvey. ca/surveys/2010-survey/
28. [NSERC] Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. 2010. Women in Science and Engineering in Canada. NSERC. (23 October 2012; www. nserc-crsng. gc. ca/-doc/Reports-Rapports/Women-Science-Engineering-e. pdf
29. -. 2011. Women in Science and Engineering. NSERC. (23 October 2012; www. nserc-crsng. gc. ca/Professors-Professeurs/CFS-PCP/Wcurrent-Factuelles-eng. asp).
30. -. 2012. 2012 Competition Statistics Discovery Grants Program. NSERC. (23 October 2012; www. nserc-crsng. gc. ca/-doc/Funding-Financement/DGStat2012- SDStat2012-eng. pdf
31. [NSF] National Science Foundation. 2004. Gender Differences in the Careers of Academic Scientists and Engineers. NSF. (23 October 2012; www. nsf. gov/statistics/nsf04323/pdf/nsf04323. pdf
32. Parsons WL, Duke PS, Snow P, Edwards A. 2009. Physicians as parents: Parenting experiences of physicians in Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Family Physician 55: 808-809.
33. Ryten E, Thurber AD, Buske L. 1998. The class of 1989 and physician supply in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal 158: 732-738.
34. Schernhammer E. 2005. Taking their own lives-The high rate of physician suicide. New England Journal of Medicine 352: 2473-2476. (Pubitemid 41007862)
35. Sibbald B. 2003. Burnout-"An erosion of the soul." Pages 9-10 in Myers M, ed. CMA Guide to Physician Health and Well-being. Canadian Medical Association.
36. -. 2008. Data table for figure 2: Average age of mother by birth order, Canada, 1945 to 2008. Statistics Canada. (23 October 2012; www. statcan. gc. ca/pub/91-209-x/2011001/article/11513/figures/desc/desc02-eng. htm).
37. Statistics Canada. 2010. Income and earnings highlight tables, 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. (5 November 2012; www12. statcan. ca/censusrecensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-563/Index-eng. cfm
38. Villablanca AC, Beckett L, Nettiksimmons J, Howell LP. 2011. Career flexibility and family-friendly policies: An NIH-funded study to enhance women's careers in biomedical sciences. Journal of Women's Health 20: 1485-1496.
39. Wansbrough G. 2003. Awareness of physician wellness issues growing. Pages 5-6 in Myers M, ed. CMA Guide to Physician Health and Well-Being. Canadian Medical Association.
40. Wolfinger NH, Mason MA, Goulden M. 2008. Problems in the pipeline: Gender, marriage and fertility in the ivory tower. Journal of Higher Education 79: 388-405.
41. Wolfinger NH, Goulden M, Mason MA. 2010. Alone in the ivory tower. Journal of Family Issues 31: 1652-1670.