Review of the invasion of Tetranychus evansi: Biology, colonization pathways, potential expansion and prospects for biological control

Experimental and Applied Acarology

Volumn 59, Issue 1-2, 2013, Pages 43-65

  Navajas, Maria ^a   de Moraes, Gilberto Jose ^b   Auger, Philippe ^a   Migeon, Alain ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Biological trait; Developmental rate; Genetic markers; Host plant; Model; Synonymy

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; COLONIZATION; DATA SET; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; FRUIT; GENETIC MARKER; HOST PLANT; INVASIVE SPECIES; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; LITERATURE REVIEW; MITE; NATIVE SPECIES; NATURAL ENEMY; PEST SPECIES; POPULATION STRUCTURE; SUBTROPICAL REGION;

BRAZIL;

ACARI; LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM; TETRANYCHIDAE; TETRANYCHUS; TETRANYCHUS EVANSI;

EID: 84872488217     PISSN: 01688162     EISSN: 15729702     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9590-5     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Baker EW, Pritchard AE (1960) The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia 29(11): 455-574.
2. Blair BW (1983) Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae); a new pest of tobacco in Zimbabwe. Coresta Phytopathology and Agronomy Study Group, Bergerac, pp 1-6.
3. Bonato O (1999) The effect of temperature on life history parameters of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 23(1): 11-19.
4. Boubou A, Migeon A, Roderick G, Navajas M (2010) Recent emergence and worldwide spread of the red tomato spider mite, Tetranychus evansi: genetic variation and multiple cryptic invasions. Biol Invasions 13(1): 81-92.
5. Boubou A, Migeon A, Roderick G, Auger P, Cornuet J-M, Magalhães S, Navajas M (2012) Test of colonisation scenarios reveals complex invasion history of the red tomato spider mite Tetranychus evansi. PLoS One 7(4): e35601.
6. Brown JH, Stevens GC, Kaufman DM (1996) The geographic range: size, shape, boundaries, and internal structure. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 27: 597-623.
7. Calcott A-MA, Collins HL (1996) Invasion and range expansion of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America from 1918-1995. Fla Entomol 79: 240-251.
8. Caldera EJ, Ross KG, DeHeer CJ, Shoemaker DD (2008) Putative native source of the invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta in the USA. Biol Invasions 10(8): 1457-1479.
9. Colautti RI, Ricciardi A, Grigorovich IA, Maclsaac HJ (2004) Is invasion success explained by the enemy relese hypohesis? Ecol Lett 7: 271-733.
10. Cros-Arteil S, Migeon A, Boubou A, Navia D, Navajas M (2009) Isolation, characterization and PCR multiplexing of polymorphic microsatellite markers for an invasive mite, Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Mol Ecol Resour 9: 1375-1429.
11. de Moraes GJ (1981) Ácaros e insetos associados a algumas culturas irrigadas do Sub-Médio São Francisco. Circular Técnica 4: 1-32.
12. de Moraes GJ, Leite Filho AS (1981) Aspectos biológicos do ácaro vermelho do tomateiro. Pesq Agropeqc Bras 16: 309-311.
13. de Moraes GJ, Lima HC (1983) Biology of Euseius concordis (Chant) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) a predator of the tomato russet mite. Acarologia 24(3): 251-255.
14. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry JA (1983) Phytoseiid mites (Acarina) of northeastern Brazil with descriptions of four new species. Int J Acarol 9(3): 131-148.
15. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry JA (1985a) Chemically mediated arrestment of the predaceous mite Phytoseiulus persimilis by extracts of Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae. Exp Appl Acarol 1(2): 127-138.
16. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry JA (1985b) Comparison of Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) as prey for eight species of phytoseiid mites. Entomophaga 30(4): 393-397.
17. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry JA (1986) Suitability of the spider mite Tetranychus evansi as prey for Phytoseiulus persimilis. Entomol Exp Appl 40(2): 109-115.
18. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry JA (1987) Effect of temperature and sperm supply on the reproductive potential of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 3: 95-107.
19. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry J (1988) Physiological effect of the host plant on the suitability of Tetranychus urticae as prey for Phytoseiulus persimilis. Entomphaga 32(1): 35-38.
20. de Moraes GJ, McMurtry JA, Baker EW (1987) Redescription and distribution of the spider mites Tetranychus evansi and T. marianae. Acarologia 28(4): 333-343.
21. de Resende JTV, Maluf WR, Cardoso MG, Faria MV, Goncalves LD, Do Nascimento IR (2008) Resistance of tomato genotypes with high level of acylsugars to Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard. Sci Agric 65(1): 31-35.
22. Duarte VS, Silva RA, Wekesa VW, Rizzato FB, Dias CTS, Delalibera I Jr (2009) Impact of natural epizootics of the fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) on population dynamics of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in tomato and nightshade. Biol Control 51(1): 81-90.
23. Ehara S, Ohashi K (2002) A new species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) from the Kinki District, Japan. Acta Arachnologica 51(1): 19-22.
24. Escudero LA, Ferragut F (2005) Life-history of predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on four spider mite species as prey, with special reference to Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Biol Control 32(3): 378-384.
25. Ferrero M, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Tixier MS, Knapp M (2007) Life tables of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes feeding on Tetranychus evansi at four temperatures (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 41: 45-53.
26. Ferrero M, Atuahiva T, Saeed M, Kreiter S, Tixier MS (2008a) Efficacité d'un acarien prédateur, Phytoseiulus longipes Evans pour le contrôle biologique en serres de l'acarien rouge de la tomate, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard. In: AFPP, 8ème Conference Internationale sur le ravageurs in agriculture. AFPP, Montpellier.
27. Ferrero M, Kreiter S, Tixier MS (2008b) Ability of Phytoseiulus longipes to control spider mite pests on tomato in European greenhouses. In: Bertrand M, Kreiter S, McCoy KD, Migeon A, Navajas M, Tixier M-S (eds) Integrative acarology. Proceedings of the 6th European congress, Montpellier. European Association of Acarologists, pp 461-468.
28. Ferrero M, Calvo FJ, Atuahiva T, Tixier MS, Kreiter S (2011) Biological control of Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard and Tetranychus urticae Koch by Phytoseiulus longipes Evans in tomato greenhouses in Spain-Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae. Biol Control 58(1): 30-35.
29. Fiaboe KKM, Fonseca RL, de Moraes GJ, Ogol CKPO, Knapp M (2006) Identification of priority areas in South America for exploration of natural enemies for classical biological control of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Africa. Biol Control 38: 373-379.
30. Fiaboe KKM, Gondim MGC Jr, De Moraes GJ, Ogol CKPO, Knapp M (2007a) Bionomics of the acarophagous ladybird beetle Stethorus tridens fed Tetranychus evansi. J Appl Entomol 131(5): 355-361.
31. Fiaboe KKM, Gondim MGCJ, de Moraes GJ, Ogol CKPO, Knapp M (2007b) Surveys for natural enemies of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northeastern and southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1395: 33-58.
32. Furtado IP, Kreiter S, de Moraes GJ, Tixier MS, Flechtmann CHW, Knapp M (2005) Plant mites (Acari) from Northeastern Brazil, with descriptions of two new species of the family Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata). Acarologia 45(2/3): 131-143.
33. Furtado IP, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Knapp M (2006) Search for effective natural ennemies of Tetranychus evansi in south and southeast Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 40(3-4): 157-174.
34. Furtado IP, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Tixier MS, Knapp M (2007a) Potential of a Brazilian population of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes as a biological control agent of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Phytoselidae: Tetranychidae). Biol Control 42(2): 139-147.
35. Furtado IP, Toledo S, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Knapp M (2007b) Search for effective natural enemies of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) in northwest Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol 43(2): 121-127.
36. Gagne RJ (1984) Five new species of neotropical Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associated with cacao flowers, killing the buds of Clusiaceae, or preying on mites. Brenesia 22: 123-138.
37. Gotoh T, Araki R, Boubou A, Migeon A, Ferragut F, Navajas M (2009) Evidence of co-specificity between Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus takafujii (Acari: Prostigmata, Tetranychidae): comments on taxonomic and agricultural aspects. Int J Acarol 35(6): 485-501.
38. Gotoh T, Sugimoto N, Pallini A, Knapp M, Hernandez-Suarez E, Ferragut F, Ho CC, Migeon A, Navajas M, Nachman G (2010) Reproductive performance of seven strains of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) at five temperatures. Exp Appl Acarol 52(3): 239-259.
39. Guanilo AD, de Moraes GJ, Toledo S, Knapp M (2008) Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Argentina, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1884: 1-35.
40. Guanilo AD, de Moraes GJ, Toledo S, Knapp M, de Moraes GJ (2010) New records of Tetranychus evansi and associated natural enemies in northern Argentina. Syst Appl Acarol 15(1): 3-20.
41. Guillemaud T, Ciosi M, Lombaert E, Estoup A (2011) Biological invasions in agricultural settings: Insights from evolutionary biology and population genetics. C R Biol 334: 237-246.
42. Guisan A, Thuiller W (2005) Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecol Lett 8(9): 993-1009.
43. Gutierrez J, Etienne J (1986) Les Tetranychidae de l'île de la Réunion et quelques-uns de leurs prédateurs. Agronomie Tropicale 41(1): 84-91.
44. Harper RW (1966) Bureau of entomology: new pest finds. Calif Dep Agric Bull 55(2): 92-93.
45. Huang DC, Haack RA, Zhang RZ (2011) Does global warming increase establishment rates of invasive alien species? A centurial time series analysis. PLoS One 6(9): e24733.
46. Humber RA, de Moraes GJ, de Santos JM (1981) Natural infection of Tetranychus evansi (Acarina: Tetranychidae) by a Triplosporium sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in northeastern Brazil. Entomophaga 26(4): 421-425.
47. Hutchinson GE (1957) Concluding remarks. In: Cold Spring Harbour symposium on quantitative biology, vols. 1-2, pp 415-427.
48. Kenis M, Rabitsch W, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Roques A (2007) How can alien species inventories and interception data help us prevent insect invasions? Bull Entomol Res 97(5): 489-502.
49. Knapp M, Wagener B, Navajas M (2003) Molecular discrimination between the spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, an important pest of tomatoes in southern Africa, and the closely related species T. urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Afr Entomol 11(2): 300-304.
50. Kriticos DJ, Randall RP (2001) A comparison of systems to analyze potential weed distributions. Weed risk assessment. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
51. Lemos F, Sarmento RA, Pallini A, Dias CR, Sabelis MW, Janssen A (2010) Spider mite web mediates anti-predator behaviour. Exp Appl Acarol 52(1): 1-10.
52. Liebhold AM, Tobin PC (2008) Population ecology of insect invasions and their management. Annu Rev Entomol 53: 387-408.
53. Logan JA, Wollkind DJ, Hoyt SC, Tanigoshi LK (1976) An analytic model for description of temperature dependent rate phenomena in arthropods. Environ Entomol 5(6): 1133-1140.
54. Luckwill LC (1943) The genus Lycopersicon: historical, biological, and taxonomic survey of the wild and cultivated tomatoes, vol 120. Aberdeen University Study. Aberdeen University Press, Scotland.
55. Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, Bazzaz FA (2000) Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10: 689-710.
56. Maniania NK, Bugeme DM, Wekesa VW, Delalibera I Jr, Knapp M (2008) Role of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), pests of horticultural crops. Exp Appl Acarol 46(1-4): 259-274.
57. McGregor EA (1950) Mites of the family Tetranychidae. Am Midl Nat 44(2): 257-420.
58. McMurtry JA, Croft BA (1997) Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annu Rev Entomol 42: 291-321.
59. McMurtry J, Huffaker CB, van de Vrie M (1970) Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. I. Tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia 40: 331-390.
60. Migeon A (2007) Acarien rouge de la tomate: nouvelles observations et perspectives. PHM Revue Horticole 488: 20-24.
61. Migeon A, Dorkeld F (2006-2012) Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae. INRA, http://www. montpellier. inra. fr/CBGP/spmweb/.
62. Migeon A, Ferragut F, Escudero-Colomar L, Fiaboe K, Knapp M, de Moraes G, Ueckermann E, Navajas M (2009) Modelling the potential distribution of the invasive tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 48(3): 199-212.
63. Moutia LA (1958) Contribution to the study of some phytophagous Acarina and their predators in Mauritius. Bull Entomol Res 49: 59-75.
64. Muirhead JR, Gray DK, Kelly DW, Ellis SM, Heath DD, Macisaac HJ (2008) Identifying the source of species invasions: sampling intensity vs. genetic diversity. Mol Ecol 17(4): 1020-1035.
65. Murungi LK, Nyende A, Wesonga J, Masinde P, Knapp M (2010) Effect of African nightshade species (Solanaceae) on developmental time and life table parameters of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 52(1): 19-27.
66. Navajas M, Migeon A, Estrada-Pena A, Mailleux AC, Servigne P, Petanovic R (2010) Mites and ticks (Acari). BioRisk 4(1): 149-192.
67. Navia D, de Moraes G, Roderick GK, Navajas M (2005) The invasive coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae): origin and invasion sources inferred from mitochondrial (16S) and ribosomal (ITS) sequences. Bull Entomol Res 95: 505-516.
68. Niemela P, Mattson WJ (1996) Invasion of North American forests by European phytophagous insects. Bioscience 46: 741-753.
69. Oatman ER, Fleschner CA, McMurtry JA (1967) New, highly destructive spider mite present in Southern California. J Econ Entomol 60(2): 477-480.
70. Oliveira EE, Oliveira CL, Sarmento RA, Fadini MAM, Moreira LR (2005) Biological aspects of the predator Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed with Tetranychus evansi (Baker and Pritchard, 1960) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas, 1878) (Homoptera: Aphididae) [Aspectos biologicos do predador Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) alimentado com Tetranychus evansi (Baker e Pritchard, 1960) (Acari: Tetranychidae) e Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas, 1878) (Homoptera: Aphididae).] Biosci J 21(2): 33-39.
71. Onyambus GK, Maranga RO, Gitonga LM, Knapp M (2011) Host plant resistance among tomato accessions to the spider mite Tetranychus evansi in Kenya. Exp Appl Acarol 54(4): 385-393.
72. Paschoal AD (1968) Tetranychus marianae (Acarina: Tetranychidae): inimigo potencial das Solanaceae. In: Anais I Reuniao Anual da S. B. E., Piracicaba, dem, pp 83-84.
73. Pimentel D (2000) Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. Bioscience 50(1): 53-65.
74. Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D (2005) Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol Econ 52: 273-288.
75. Qureshi SA, Oatman ER, Fleschner CA (1969) Biology of the spider mite, Tetranychus evansi. Ann Entomol Soc Am 62(4): 898-903.
76. R Development Core Team (2011) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna.
77. Ribeiro AEL, Gondim Junior MGC, Calderan E, Delalibera I Jr (2009) Host range of Neozygites floridana isolates (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) to spider mites. J Invertebr Pathol 102(3): 196-202.
78. Roderick G, Navajas M (2003) Genes in new environments: genetics and evolution in biological control. Nat Rev Genet 4: 889-899.
79. Roderick G, Hufbauer R, Navajas M (2012) Evolution and biological control. Evol Appl 5(6) (in press).
80. Rosa AA, Gondim MGC Jr, Fiaboe KKM, de Moraes GJ, Knapp M (2005) Predatory mites associated with Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) on native solanaceous plants of coastal Pernambuco State, Brazil. Neotrop Entomol 34(4): 689-692.
81. Rossi Simons NH (1961) Lista de las especies de Tetranychidae (Acari) de la Republica Argentina. Idia 163: 9-13.
82. Rossi Simons NH (1971) Novedades acarologicas argentinas. Idia 278: 22-26.
83. m) of a coccinellid and its spider mite prey. Biocontrol 48(1): 57-72.
84. Sailer RI (1978) Our immigrant insect fauna. Bull Entomol Soc Am 24: 3-11.
85. Sarmento RA, Oliveira HG, Holtz AM, da Silva SM, Serrao JE, Pallini A (2004) Fat body morphology of Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera, Coccinelidae) in function of two alimentary sources. Braz Arch Biol Technol 47(3): 407-411.
86. Sarmento RA, Pallini A, Venzon M, Fonseca de Souza OF, Molina-Rugama AJ, de Oliveira CL (2007) Functional response of the predator Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to different prey types. Braz Arch Biol Technol 50(1): 121-126.
87. Sarmento RA, Lemos Fd, Dias CR, Pallini A, Venzon M, de Lemos F (2008) Herbivore-induced infochemicals mediating communication between tomato plants and the predator Cycloneda sanguinea (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Infoquimicos induzidos por herbivoria mediando a comunicacao entre plantas de tomate e o predador Cycloneda sanguinea (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).). Revista Ceres 55(5): 439-444.
88. Sarmento RA, Lemos F, Bleeker PM, Schuurink RC, Pallini A, Almeida Oliveira MG, Lima ER, Kant M, Sabelis MW, Janssen A (2011) A herbivore that manipulates plant defence. Ecol Lett 14(3): 229-236.
89. Saunyama IGM, Knapp M (2003) Effects of pruning and trellising of tomatoes on red spider mite incidence and crop yield in Zimbabwe. Afr Crop Sci J 11(4): 269-277.
90. Sax DF, Stachowicz JJ, Gaines SD (eds) (2005) Species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution and biogeography. Sinauer Press, Sunderland.
91. Schuster MF (1959) Chemical control of Tetranychus marianae McG. on tomatoes in the lower Rio Grande Valley. J Econ Entomol 52(4): 763-764.
92. Shea K, Chesson P (2002) Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 17: 170-176.
93. Silva P (1954) Um novo ácaro nocivo ao tomateiro na Bahia. Boletim do Instituto Biologica da Bahia 1(1): 1-20.
94. Silva CAD, Lourencao AL, de Moraes GJ (1992) Resistance of tomatoes to red spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil 21(1): 147-156.
95. Silva FR, de Moraes GJ, Knapp M (2008) Distribution of Tetranychus evansi and its predator Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) in southern Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 45(3/4): 137-145.
96. Silva FR, de Moraes GJ, Gondim MGC Jr, Knapp M, Rouam SL, Paes JLA, Oliveira GM (2010) Efficiency of Phytoseiulus longipes Evans as a control agent of Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Tetranychidae) on screenhouse tomatoes. Neotrop Entomol 39(6): 991-995.
97. Sutherst RW (2003) Prediction of species geographical ranges. J Biogeogr 30(6): 805-816.
98. Sutherst RW, Maywald GF (1985) A computerised system for matching climates in ecology. Agric Ecosyst Environ 13: 281-289.
99. Sutherst RW, Maywald GF, Bottomley W, Bourne A (2004) Climex V2, user guide. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.
100. Tixier MS, Ferrero M, Okassa M, Guichou S, Kreiter S (2010) On the specific identity of specimens of Phytoseiulus longipes Evans (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) showing different feeding behaviours: morphological and molecular analyses. Bull Entomol Res 100(5): 569-579.
101. Vasconcelos GJN, de Moraes GJ, Delalibera I Jr, Knapp M (2008) Life history of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus fragariae on Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) at five temperatures. Exp Appl Acarol 44(1): 27-36.
102. Venzon M, Lemos F, Sarmento RA, Rosado MC, Pallini A (2009) Predation by coccinellids and chrysopid species influenced by Tetranychus evansi webbing. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 44(9): 1086-1091.
103. Vila M, Basnou C, Pysek P, Josefsson M, Genovesi P, Gollasch S, Nentwig W, Olenin S, Roques A, Roy D, Hulme PE, Andriopoulos P, Arianoutsou M, Augustin S, Bacher S, Bazos I, Bretagnolle F, Chiron F, Clergeau P, Cochard PO, Cocquempot C, Coeur dAcier A, David M, Delipetrou P, Desprez-Loustau ML, Didziulis V, Dorkeld F, Essl F, Galil BS, Gasquez J, Georghiou K, Hejda M, Jarosik V, Kark S, Kokkoris I, Kuhn I, Lambdon PW, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Marcer A, Migeon A, McLoughlin M, Minchin D, Navajas M, Panov VE, Pascal M, Pergl J, Perglova I, Pino J, Poboljsaj K, Rabitsch W, Rasplus JY, Sauvard D, Scalera R, Sedlacek O, Shirley S, Winter M, Yannitsaros A, Yart A, Zagatti P, Zikos A, Partners D (2010) How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European, cross-taxa assessment. Front Ecol Environ 8(3): 135-144.
104. Vitousek PM, Dantonio CM, Loope LL, Westbrooks R (1996) Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am Sci 84: 468-478.
105. Vitousek PM, Dantonio CM, Loope LL, Rejmanek M, Westbrooks R (1997) Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change N Z. J Ecol 21: 1-16.
106. Wekesa VW, Maniania NK, Knapp M, Boga HI (2005) Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to the tobacco spider mite Tetranychus evansi. Exp Appl Acarol 36(1-2): 41-50.
107. Wekesa VW, de Moraes GJ, Knapp M, Delalibera IJ (2007) Interactions of two natural enemies of Tetranychus evansi, the fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Biol Control 41(3): 408-414.
108. Wekesa VW, Moraes GJ, Ortega EMM, Delalibera I Jr (2010) Effect of temperature on sporulation of Neozygites floridana isolates from different climates and their virulence against the tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi. J Invertebr Pathol 103(1): 36-42.
109. Wene GP (1956) Tetranychus marianae McG., a new pest of tomatoes. J Econ Entomol 49(5): 712.
110. Wolfenbarger DA, Getzin LW (1964) Insecticides and surfactant-insecticide combinations for control of the mite Tetranychus marianae McG, on tomatoes and eggplant. Fla Entomol 42(2): 123-128.