Life-styles of Phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 42, Issue , 1997, Pages 291-321

  McMurtry, J A ^a,b   Croft, B A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

food habits; pest management; predaceous mites; predation

Indexed keywords

ACARI; AMBLYSEIUS; EUSEIUS; GALENDROMUS; NEOSEIULUS; PHYTOSEIIDAE; PHYTOSEIULUS; TETRANYCHIDAE; TETRANYCHUS; TYPHLODROMUS;

EID: 0030953011     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.291     Document Type: Review

References (182)

1. Abou-setta MM, Childers CC. 1987. Biology of Euseius mesembrinus (Acari: Phytoseiidae): life tables on ice plant pollen at different temperatures with notes on behavior and food range. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 3:123-30
2. Abou-setta MM, Childers CC. 1989. Biology of Euseius mesembrinus (Acari: Phytoseiidae): life tables and feeding behavior on tetranychid mites in citrus. Environ. Entomol. 18:665-69
3. Ahlstrom KR, Rock GC. 1973. Comparative studies on Neoseiulus fallacis and Metaseiulus occidentalis for azinphosmethyl toxicity and effects of prey and pollen on growth. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66:109-13
4. Amano HA, Chant DA. 1990. Species diversity and seasonal dynamics of Acari on abandoned apple trees in southern Ontario, Canada. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 8:71-96
5. Anonymous. 1995. Tide of battle turns against the major mite pest. Int. Inst. Trop. Agric. Ann. Rep. 1994:42-43
6. Ashihara W, Hamamura T, Shinkaji N. 1978. Feeding, reproduction, and development of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on various food substances. Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. Jpn. E2:91-98
7. Badii MH, McMurtry JA. 1984. Life history of and life table parameters for Phytoseiulus longipes with comparative studies on P. persimilis and Typhlodromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia 25:111-23
8. Badii MH, McMurtry JA. 1988. Response of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes Evans to spatial variation in the density of female prey Tetranychus pacificus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Int. J. Acarol. 14:57-60
9. Badii MH, McMurtry JA. 1988. Effect of prey density on functional and reproductive responses of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int. J. Acarol. 14:61-70
10. Badii MH, McMurtry JA, Johnson HG. 1990. Comparative life-history studies on the predaceous mites Typhlodromus annectens and Typhlodromus porresi (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 10:129-36
11. Bakker F. 1993. Selecting phytoseiid predators for biological control, with emphasis on the significance of tri-trophic interactions. PhD thesis. Univ. Amsterdam. 132 pp.
12. Bakker FM, Klein ME. 1992. Transtrophic interactions in cassava. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 14:293-311
13. Bonde J. 1989. Biological studies including population growth parameters of the predatory mite Amblyseius barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at 25°C in the laboratory. Entomophaga 34:275-87
14. Bounfour M, McMurtry JA. 1987. Biology and ecology of Euseius scutalis Athias-Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Hilgardia 55(5):1-23
15. Caceres S, Childers CC. 1991. Biology and life tables of Gelendromus helveolus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Florida citrus. Environ. Entomol. 20:224-29
16. Camporese P, Duso C. 1996. Different colonization patterns of phytophagous and predatory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) on three grape varieties: a case study. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 20:1-22
17. Calis JNM, Overmeer WPJ, Van Der Geest LPS. 1988. Tydeids as alternative prey for phytoseiid mites in apple orchards. Int. Symp. Crop Prof., part 2. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 53(2, Part B):793-98
18. Castagnoli M. 1989. Biologia e prospettive di allevamento massale di Amblyseius cucumeris (Oud.) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) usando Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes (Acarina: Pyroglyphidae) come preda. Redia 72:389-402
19. Castagnoli M, Simoni S. 1990. Biological observations and life table parameters of Amblyseius cucumeris (Oud.) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) reared on different diets. Redia 73:569-83
20. Castagnoli M, Simoni S. 1991. Influenza della temperature sul'incremento, delle popolazioni di Amblyseius californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Redia 74:621-40
21. Chant DA. 1985. The Phytoseiidae. External Anatomy. In Spider Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1B, ed. W Helle, MW Sabelis, pp. 5-9. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 458 pp.
22. Chant DA. 1993. Adaptive radiation in the Phytoseiidae (Acari: Gamasina) as reflected by adult idiosomal setation. Int. J. Acarol. 19:203-31
23. Chant DA, McMurtry JA. 1994. A review of the subfamilies Phytoseiinae and Typhlodrominae (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Int. J. Acarol. 20:223-310
24. Charles JG, Collyer E, White V. 1985. Integrated control of Tetranychus urticae with Phytoseiulus persimilis and Stethorus bifidus in commercial raspberry gardens. N. Z. J. Exp. Agric. 13:385-93
25. Charles JG, White V. 1988. Airborne dispersal of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) from a raspberry garden in New Zealand. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 5:47-54
26. Charlet LD, McMurtry JA. 1977. Systematics and bionomics of predaceous and phytophagous mites associated with pine foliage in California. Hilgardia 45:173-236
27. Congdon BD. 1985. Distribution and ecology of California Euseius species (Acari: Phytoseiidae). PhD thesis. Univ. Calif. Riverside. 117 pp.
28. Congdon BD, McMurtry JA. 1988. Prey selectivity in Euseius tularensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Entomophaga 33:281-88
29. Coop LB, Croft BA. 1995. Neoseiulus fallacis: dispersal and biological control of Tetranychus urticae following minimal inoculations into a strawberry field. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 19:31-43
30. Croft BA. 1990. Arthropod Biological Control Agents and Pesticides. New York: Wiley Intersci. 723 pp.
31. Croft BA. 1994. Biological control of apple mites by a phytoseiid mite complex and Zetzellia mali: Long-term effects and impact of azinphosmethyl on colonization by Amblyseius andersoni. (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ. Entomol. 23:1317-25
32. Croft BA, Briozzo J, Carbonell JB. 1976. Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides in the predaceous mite, Amblyseius chilenensis. J. Econ. Entomol. 69:563-65
33. Croft BA, Croft MB. 1993. Larval survival and feeding by immature Metaseiulus occidentalis, Neoseiulus fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni and Typhlodromus pyri on life stage groups of Tetranychus urticae Koch and phytoseiid larvae. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:685-93
34. Croft BA, Croft MB. 1996. Intra-and interspecific predation and scavenging by adult female Metaseiulus occidentalis, Typhlodromus pyri, Neoseiulus fallacis and Amblyseius andersoni. Environ. Entomol. 25:853-58
35. Croft BA, Hoying SA. 1977. Competitive displacement of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) by Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa in apple orchards. Can. Entomol 109:1025-34
36. Croft BA, Jorgensen CD. 1969. Life history of Typhlodromus mcgregori. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:1261-67
37. Croft BA, Kim SS, Kim DI. 1995. Leaf residency and interleaf movement of four phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple. Environ. Entomol. 24:1344-51
38. Croft BA, Kim SS, Kim DI. 1996. Intraand interspecific predation on four life stage groups by adult females of Metaseiulus occidentalis, Typhlodromus pyri, Neoseiulus fallacis and Amblyseius andersoni. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 20:435-44
39. Croft BA, MacRae IV. 1992. Biological control of apple mites by mixed populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ. Entomol. 21:202-9
40. Croft BA, MacRae IV. 1992. Persistence of Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple after inoculative release and competition with Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae). Environ. Entomol. 21:1168-77
41. Croft BA, MacRae IV, Currans KG. 1992. Factors affecting biological control of apple mites by mixed populations of Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 14:343-55
42. Croft BA, McGroarty DL. 1977. The role of Amblyseius fallacis in Michigan apple orchards. Res. Rept. 33, Michigan Agric. Exp. Stn. 48 pp.
43. Croft BA, Messing RH, Dunley JE, Strong WB. 1993. Effects of humidity on eggs and immatures of Neoseiulus fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni, Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Phytoseiidae): implications for biological control on apple, caneberry, strawberry and hop. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:451-59
44. Croft BA, Shearer P, Fields GJ, Riedl HW. 1990. Distribution of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae) in apple orchards of the Hood River Valley, Oregon. Can. Entomol. 122:5-14
45. Croft BA, Slone DH. 1996. Equilibrium densities of Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) when exposed to three levels of predaceous mite diversity on apple. Environ. Entomol. In press
46. Croft BA, Zhang Z-Q. 1996. Assessing roles of individual species in a phytoseiid complex using adult female and immature traits: relevance to biological control. Proc. IX Intern. Cong. Acarol
47. de Moraes GJ, da Silva CAD, Moreira AN. 1994. Biology of a strain of Neoseiulus idaeus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from southwest Brazil. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18:213-20
48. de Moraes GJ, de Alencar JA, de Lima JLS, Yaninek JS. 1993. Alternative plant habitats for common phytoseiid predators of the cassava green mite (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) in northeast Brazil. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:77-90
49. de Moraes JG, McMurtry JA, Denmark HA. 1986. A Catalogue of the Mite Family Phytoseiidae. Brasilia: EMBRAPA-DDT. 353 pp.
50. Dicke M, Sabelis MW, De Jong M. 1988. An analysis of prey preference in phytoseiid mites by using an olfactometer, predation models and electrophoresis. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 5:225-41
51. Dicke M, Sabelis MW, De Jong M. 1990. Do phytoseiids select the best prey species in terms of reproductive success? Exp. Appl. Acarol. 8:161-73
52. Downing RS, Moilliet TK. 1971. Occurrence of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in apple orchards in south central British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 68:33-36
53. Dunley JE, Croft BA. 1990. Dispersal between and colonization of apple by Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 10:137-49
54. Duso C. 1989. Role of the predatory mites Amblyseius aberrans Oud., Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in vineyards. I. The effects of single or mixed phytoseiid population releases on spider mite densities (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 107:474-94
55. Duso C. 1992. Role of Amblyseius aberrans (Oud.), Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Amblyserius andersoni (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in vineyards. III. Influence of variety characteristics on the success of A. aberrans and T. pyri releases. J. Appl. Entomol. 114:455-62
56. Duso C. 1992. Biological control of tetranychid mites in peach orchards of northern Italy: role of Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) and Amblyseius finlandicus (Oud.) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung. 27:211-17
57. Duso C, Camporese P. 1991. Developmental times and oviposition rates of the predatory mites Typhlodromus pyri and Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae) reared on different foods. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 13:117-28
58. Duso C, Pasqualetto C. 1993. Factors affecting the potential of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as biocontrol agents in North-Italian vineyards. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:241-58
59. Duso C, Pasqualetto C, Camporese P. 1991. Role of the predatory mites Amblyseius aberrans (Oud.), Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in vineyards. H. Minimum releases of A. aberrans and T. pyri to control spider mite populations (Acari, Tetranychidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 112:298-308
60. El-Laithy AY, Fouly AH. 1992. Life table parameters of the two phytoseiid predators Amblyseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) and A. swirskii A.-H. (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Egypt. J. Appl. Entomol. 113:8-12
61. Ferragut F, Garcia-Mari F, Costa-Comelles J, Laborda R. 1987. Influence of food and temperature on development and oviposition of Euseius stipulatus and Typhlodromus phialatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 3:317-30
62. Ferragut F, Laborda R, Costa-Comelles J, Garcia-Mari F. 1992. Feeding behavior of Euseius stipulatus and Typhlodromus phialatus on the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Entomophaga 37:537-42
63. Flechtmann CHW, McMurtry JA. 1992. Studies on how phytoseiid mites feed on spider mites and pollen. Int. J. Acarol. 18:157-62
64. Flechtmann CHW, McMurtry JA. 1992. Studies of cheliceral and deutosternal morphology of some Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) by scanning electron microscopy. Int. J. Acarol. 18:163-69
65. Fouly AH, Abou-setta MM, Childers CC. 1995. Effects of diet on the biology and life stages of Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ. Entomol. 24:870-74
66. Genini M, Klay A, Baumgartner J, Delucchi V, Baillod M. 1991. Études comparatives de l'influence de la température et de la nourriture sur le dévelopement de Amblyseius andersoni, Neoseiulus fallacis, Galendromus longipilus et Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Entomophaga 36:139-54
67. Gillespie DR. 1989. Biological control of thrips on greenhouse cucumber by Amblyseius cucumeris. Entomophaga 34:185-92
68. Gilstrap FE, Friese DD. 1985. The predatory potential of Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius californicus and Metaseiulus occidentalis. Int. J. Acarol. 11:163-68
69. Gough N. 1991. Long-term stability in the interaction between Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis producing successful integrated control on roses in southeast Queensland. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 12:83-101
70. Grafton-Cardwell EE, Ouyang Y. 1995. Augmentation of Euseius tularensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in citrus. Environ. Entomol. 24:738-47
71. Grafton-Cardwell EE, Ouyang Y. 1995. Manipulation of the predaceous mite, Euseius tularensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), with pruning for citrus thrips control. In Thrips Biology and Management, ed. B Parker, T Lewis, M Skinner. pp. 251-54. New York: Plenum
72. Grout TG. 1994. The distribution and abundance of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus in southern Africa and their possible value as predators of citrus thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18:61-71
73. Grout TG, Richards GI. 1992. Euseius addoensis addoensis, an effective predator of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii, in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 15:1-13
74. Grout TG, Richards RI. 1992. The dietary effect of windbreak pollens on longevity and fecundity of a predaceous mite Euseius addoensis addoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) found in citrus orchards in South Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res. 82:317-20
75. Hadam JJ, AliNiazee MT, Croft BA. 1986. Phytoseiid mites of major crops in the Willamette Valley, OR, and pesticide resistance in Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. Environ. Entomol. 15:1255-62
76. Hamlen RA, Lindquist RK. 1981. Comparison of two Phytoseiulus species as predators of two-spotted spider mites on greenhouse ornamentals. Environ. Entomol. 10:524-27
77. Hance T, Pasleau A, Nihoul P. 1991. Étude des potentialités A'Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae) pour le contrôle biologique de l'acarien phytophage Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). 43rd Int. Symp. Crop Prof. Part 1. Meded. Fac. Lanbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 56(2 Part A):325-41
78. Hansen LS. 1989. The effect of initial thrips density Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on the control exerted by Amblyseius barkeri Hughes (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on glasshouse cucumber. J. Appl. Entomol. 107:130-35
79. Hoy MA. 1982. Aerial dispersal and field efficacy of a genetically improved strain of the spider mite predator Metaseiulus occidentalis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 32:205-12
80. Hoy MA. 1985. Almonds (California). In Spider Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1B, ed. W Helle, MW Sabelis, pp. 299-310. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 458 pp.
81. Hoying SA, Croft BA. 1977. Comparisons between populations of Typhlodromus longipilus Nesbitt and T. occidentalis Nesbitt: Taxonomy, distribution, and hybridization. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70:150-59
82. Ibrahim YB, Palacio VB. 1994. Life history and demography of the predatory mite, Amblyseius longispinosus Evans. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18:361-69
83. Ivancich Gambaro P. 1986. An ecological study of Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in the climate of the Po Valley (North Italy). Long-term research on OP-resistant populations. Redia 69:555-72
84. James DG. 1989. Influence of diet on development, survival and oviposition in an Australian phytoseiid, Amblyseius victoriensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 6:1-10
85. James DG. 1990. Biological control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in southern New South Wales peach orchards: the role of Amblyseius victoriensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Aust. J. Zool. 37:645-55
86. James DG, Whitney J. 1990. Biological control of grapevine mites. Aust. Grapegrower Winemaker. Sept. 1990:37-43
87. Jarośík V. 1990. Phytoseiulus persimilis and its prey Tetranychus urticae on glasshouse cucumbers and peppers: key factors related to biocontrol efficiency. Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 87:414-30
88. Johnson DT, Croft BA. 1981. Dispersal of Amblyseius fallacis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in an apple ecosystem. Environ. Entomol. 10:313-19
89. Karban R, English-Loeb G, Walker M, Thaler J. 1995. Abundance of phytoseiid mites on Vitis species: effects of leaf hairs, domatia, prey abundance and plant phylogeny. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 19:189-97
90. Karg W. 1989. Die ökologische Differenzierung der Raubmilbenarten der Überfamilie Phytoseioidea Karg (Acarina: Parasitiformes). Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere 116:31-46
91. Keetch DP. 1972. Ecology of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in South Africa. 3. The influence of the predaceous mite, Amblyseius (Typhlodromalus) addoensis van der Merwe & Ryke. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 35:69-79
92. Knisley CB, Swift FC. 1971. Biological studies of Amblyseius umbraticus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:813-22
93. Krantz GW. 1973. Dissemination of Kampimodromus aberrans by the filbert aphid. J. Econ. Entomol. 66:575-76
94. Kropczynska D, van de Vrie M, Tomczyk A. 1988. Bionomics of Eotetranychus tiliarum and its phytoseiid predators. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 5:65-81
95. Lawson A, Walde S. 1993. Comparison of the responses of two predaceous mites, Typhlodromus pyri and Zetzellia mali, to variation in prey density. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:811-21
96. Lo PK. 1986. Present status of biological control of mite pests in Taiwan. Plant Prot. Bull. (Taiwan R.O.C.) 28:31-39
97. MacRae LV, Croft BA. 1996. Differential impact of Zetzellia mali (Acari: Stigmaeidae) on Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 20:143-54
98. Mahr DL. 1978. Systematics of the Typhlodromus pini group and bionomics of selected populations (Acari: Phytoseiidae). PhD thesis. Univ. Calif. Riverside. 183 pp.
99. McMurtry JA. 1982. The use of phytoseiids for biological control: progress and future prospects. In Recent Advances in Knowledge of the Phytoseiidae, ed. MA Hoy, pp. 23-48. Publ. 3284. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
100. McMurtry JA. 1985. Citrus. In Spider Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1B, ed. W Helle, MW Sabelis, pp. 339-47. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 458 pp.
101. McMurtry JA. 1986. Utilizing natural enemies to control pest mites on citrus and avocado in California, U.S.A. In Progress in Acarology, Vol. 2, ed. GP ChannaBasavanna, CA Viraktamath, pp. 325-36. New Dehli, Oxford IBH Publ.
102. McMurtry JA. 1991. Augmentative releases to control mites in agriculture. In Modern Acarology, Vol. 1, ed. F Dusbabek, V Bukva, pp. 151-57. Prague: Academia; The Hague: SPB Academic Publ. 651 pp.
103. McMurtry JA. 1992. Dynamics and potential impact of 'generalist' phytoseiids in agroecosystems and possibilities for establishment of exotic species. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 14:371-82
104. McMurtry JA, Badii MH, Johnson HG. 1984. The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, as a potential prey for phytoseiid mites in California. Entomophaga 29:83-86
105. McMurtry JA, de Moraes GJ, Johnson HG. 1992. Arrestment responses of some phytoseiid mites to extracts of Oligonychus punicae, Tetranychus urticae and pollen, Isr. J. Entomol. 25-26:29-34
106. McMurtry JA, Flaherty DL. 1977. An ecological study of phytoseiid and tetranychid mites on walnut in Tulare County, California. Environ. Entomol. 6:287-92
107. McMurtry JA, Huffaker CB, van de Vrie M. 1970. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their natural enemies: a review. I. Tetranychid enemies: their biological characters and the impact of spray practices. Hilgardia 40:331-458
108. McMurtry JA, Morse JG, Johnson HG. 1992. Studies of the impact of Euseius species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus mites using predator exclusion and predator release experiments. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 15:233-48
109. McMurtry JA, Rodriquez J. 1987. Nutritional ecology of phytoseiid mites. In Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites and Spiders, ed. F Slansky, J Rodriquez. New York: Wiley & Sons. 1016 pp.
110. McMurtry JA, van de Vrie M. 1973. Predation by Amblyseius potentillae (Garman) on Panonychus ulmi (Koch) in simple ecosystems (Acarina: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Hilgardia 42:17-34
111. Mégavand B, Tanigoshi LK. 1995. Effects of prey deprivation on life table attributes of Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark and Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Biol. Control 5:73-82
112. Mesa NC, Braun AR, Belotti AC. 1990. Comparison of Mononychellus progresivus and Tetranychus urticae as prey for five species of phytoseiid mites. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 9:159-68
113. Meyerdirk DE, Coudriet DL. 1985. Predation and developmental studies of Euseius hibisci (Chant) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) feeding on Bemesia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environ. Entomol. 14:24-27
114. Meyerdirk DE, Coudriet DL. 1986. Evaluation of two biotypes of Euseius scutalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as predators of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 79:659-63
115. Momen FM, El-Saway SA. 1993. Biology and feeding behaviour of the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Acarologia 34:199-204
116. Mori H, Saito Y, Nakao H. 1990. Use of predatory mites to control spider mites (Acarina, Tetranychidae) in Japan. Food Fertil. Technol. Cent. Book Ser. No. 40
117. Morris MA, Croft BA, Berry RE. 1996. Overwintering and effects of fall habitat manipulation and carbofuran on Neoseiulus fallacis and Tetranychus urticae in peppermint. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 20:249-57
118. Muma MH. 1970. Natural control potential of Galendromus floridanus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychidae on Florida citrus trees. Fla. Entomol. 53:89-88
119. Muma MH, Denmark HA. 1967. Biological studies on Macroseius biscutatus (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Fla. Entomol. 50:249-55
120. Nyrop JP. 1988. Spatial dynamics of an acarine predatory-prey system: Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) preying on Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae). Environ. Entomol. 17:1019-31
121. Nyrop JP, Kain DP, Minns J, Agnello A. 1995. Improving the success of transferring the mite predator Typhlodromus pyri from one orchard to another. Proc. NY Hortic. Soc. 140:6-10
122. Nyrop JP, Minns J, Herring C. 1994. Influence of ground cover on dynamics of Amblyseius fallacis Garman (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in New York apple orchards. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 50:61-72
123. Osakabe M. 1988. Relationships between food substances and developmental success in Amblyseius sojaensis Ehara (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 23:45-51
124. Osakabe M, Inoue K, Ashihara W. 1987. Effect of Amblyseius sojaensis Ehara (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) as a predator of Panonychus citri McGregor and Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 22:594-99
125. Overmeer WPJ, van Zon AQ. 1984. The preference of Amblyseius potentillae (Garman) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) for certain plant substrates. In Acarology VI, Vol. 1, ed. DA Griffiths, CE Bowman, pp. 591-96. Chichester, England: Ellis-Horwood
126. Pickett CH, Gilstrap FE. 1986. Predation of Oligonychus pratensis (Aca: Tetranychidae) by Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius californicus (Aca: Phytoseiidae) under controlled conditions. Entomophaga 31:205-12
127. Popov NA, Khudyakova OA. 1989. Development of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) fed on Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on various food plants. Finnish-Soviet Symposium on Biological Pest Control, Kishinev, Moldavian SSR, USSR, October, 1987. Acta. Entomol. Fenn. 53:43-46
128. Ragusa Di Chiara S. 1991. Using native phytoseiids in agricultural cropping systems. In Modern Acarology, Vol. 1, ed. F Dusbabek, V Bukva, pp. 159-66. Prague: Academia; The Hague: SPB Academic Publ.
129. Ramakers PMJ. 1988. Population dynamics of the thrips predators Amblyseius mckenziei and Amblyseius cucumeris (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on sweet pepper. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 36:247-52
130. Ramakers PMJ, Dissevelt M, Peeters K. 1989. Large scale introductions of phytoseiid predators to control thrips on cucumber. Int. Symp. Crop Prot. Gent Belg. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 54:923-30
131. Rasmy AH, Abdel-Rahman HA, Abdek-Kader MM, Hussein HE. 1991. Different responses of three predatory mite species to Tetranychus urticae, Eriophyes dioscoridis and Brevipalpus pulcher: evidence for the existence of kairomones and allomones. Entomophaga 36:131-37
132. Rasmy AH, El-Banhawy EM. 1974. Behavior and bionomics of the predatory mite Phytoseiius plumifer (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) as affected by physical surface features of host plants. Entomophaga 19:255-57
133. Raworth DA. 1990. Predators associated with the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on strawberry at Abbotsford, B. C., and the development on non-chemical mite control. J. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 87:59-67
134. Readshaw JL. 1975. Biological control of orchard mites in Australia using an insecticide-resistant predator. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 41:213-14
135. Sabelis MW. 1981. Biological control of two-spotted spider mites using phytoseiid predators. Part 1. Modelling the predator-prey interaction at the individual level. Agric. Res. Rpt. 910. Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc. 242 pp.
136. Sabelis MW, Afman BP. 1994. Synomone-induced suppression of take-off in the phytoseiid mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. Exp. Appl. Acarot. 18:711-21
137. Sabelis MW, Bakker FM. 1992. How predatory mites cope with the web of their tetranychid prey: a functional view on dorsal chaetotaxy in the Phytoseiidae. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 16:203-25
138. Sabelis MW, Dicke M, 1985. Long-range dispersal and searching behaviour. In Spider Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1B, ed. W Helle, MW Sabelis, pp. 141-60. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 458 pp.
139. Sabelis MW, Janssen A. 1994. Evolution of life history patterns in the Phytoseiidae. In Mites: Ecological and Evolutionary Analyses of Life-History Patterns, ed. MA Houck, pp. 70-99. New York: Chapman & Hall
140. Sabelis MW, van der Weel JJ. 1993. Anemotactic responses of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and their role in prey finding. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:521-29
141. Saito Y. 1983. The concept of "life types" in the Tetranychinae - an attempt to classify the spinning behavior of Tetranychinae. Acarologia 24:377-91
142. Saito Y. 1990. Life history and feeding habit of Typhlodromus bambusae, a specific predator of Schizotetranychus celarius (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 10:45-52
143. Schausberger P. 1992. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Einfluß unterschiedlicher Nahrung auf die präimaginalentwicklung und die Reproduktion von Amblyseius aberrans Oud. und Amblyseius finlandicus Oud. (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). J. Appl. Enlomol. 113:476-86
144. Sciarappa WJ, Swift F. 1977. Biological studies of Typhlodromips sessor (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70:285-88
145. Shin C-IT, Chang HY, Hsu PH, Hwang YF. 1993. Responses of Amblyseius avails (Evans) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) to natural food resources and two artificial diets. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:503-19
146. Shipp JL, Whiffield GH. 1991. Functional response of the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae), on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Environ. Entomol. 20:694-99
147. Smith D, Papacek DF. 1991. Studies of the predatory mite Amblyseius victoriensis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in citrus orchards in south-east Queensland: control of Tegolophus australis and Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Acarina: Eriophyidae), effect of pesticides, alternative host plants and augmentative release. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 12:195-217
148. Solomon ME. 1983. OP-resistant Typhlodromus pyri for apple orchard mite management. In 10th Int. Congr. Plant Prot., Brighton, England, 1983, Vol. 3, pp. 199
149. Steinberg S, Cohen M. 1992. Biological control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in apple orchards by inundative releases of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis - a feasibility study. Phytoparasitica 20:37-44 (Suppl.)
150. Strong WB, Croft BA. 1993. Phytoseiid mites associated with spider mites on hops in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. J. Entomol. Soc. B. C. 90:45-52
151. Strong WB, Croft BA. 1995. Inoculative release of phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) into the rapidly expanding canopy of hops for control of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Environ. Entomol. 24:446-53
152. Swirski E, Amitai S, Dorzia N. 1967. Laboratory studies on the feeding, development and oviposition of the predaceous mites Amblyseius rubini Swirski and Amblyseius swirskii Athias (Acarina, Phytoseiidae) on various kinds of food substances. Isr. J. Agric. Res. 17:101-19
153. Swirski E, Amitai S, Dorzia N. 1970. Laboratory studies on the feeding habits, post-embryonic survival and oviposition of the predaceous mites Amblyseius chilenensis Dosse and Amblyseius hibisci (Chant) on various kinds of food substances. Entomophaga 15:93-106
154. Takahashi F, Chant DA. 1992. Adaptive strategies in the genus Phytoseiulus Evans (Acari: Phytoseiidae): I. Developmental times. Int. J. Acarol. 18:171-76
155. Takahashi F, Chant DA. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Phytoseiulus Evans (Acari: Phytoseiidae). I. Geographic distribution. Int. J. Acarol. 19:15-22
156. Tanigoshi LK. 1982. Advances in knowledge of the biology of the Phytoseiidae. In Recent Advances in Knowledge of the Phytoseiidae, ed. MA Hoy, pp. 1-22. Publ. 3284. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
157. Tanigoshi LK, Fargerland J, Nishio-Wong JY, Griffiths HJ. 1985. Biological control of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri in southern California citrus groves. Environ. Entomol. 14:733-41
158. Tanigoshi LK, McMurtry JA. 1977. The dynamics of predation of Stethorus picipes (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Typhlodromus floridanus on the prey Oligonychus punicae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Hilgardia 45:237-88
159. Tanigoshi LK, Mégevand B, Yaninek JS. 1993. Non-prey food for subsistence of Amblyseius idaeus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on cassava in Africa. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:91-96
160. Van de Vrie M, Price JF. 1994. Manual for biological control of twospotted spider mites on strawberry in Florida. Univ. Fla. Agric. Exp. Stn. Rep. DOV 1994-1, 10 pp.
161. Van Rijn PCJ, Sabelis MW. 1990. Pollen availability and its effect on the maintenance of populations of Amblyseius cucumeris, a predator of thrips. Int. Symp. Crop Prot. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent. 55:335-42
162. Van Rijn PCJ, Van Houten YM. 1991. Life history of Amblyseius cucumeris and Amblyseius barken (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on a diet of pollen. In Modern Acarology, Vol. 2, ed. F Dusbabek, V Bukva, pp. 647-54. Prague: Academia; The Hague: SPB Academic Publ.
163. Waite GK. 1988. Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch by Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias Henriot in low chill stonefruit. J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 45:185-88
164. Waite GK. 1988. Integrated control of Tetranychus urticae in strawberries in southeast Queensland, Australia. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 5:23-32
165. Walter DE. 1992. Leaf surface structure and the distribution of Phytoseius mites. Aust. J. Zool. 40:593-603
166. Walter DE, O'Dowd DJ. 1992. Leaves with domatia have more mites. Ecology 73:1514-18
167. Walter DE, O'Dowd DJ. 1992. Leaf morphology and predators: effect of leaf domatia on the abundance of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Environ. Entomol. 21:478-84
168. Wysoki M. 1985. Other outdoor crops. In Spider Mites: Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 1B, ed. W Helle, MW Sabelis, pp. 375-84. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 458 pp.
169. Wysoki M, Cohen M. 1983. Mites of the family Phytoseiidae, as predators of the Japanese bayberry whitefly, Parabemesia myricae Kuwana (Horn.: Aleyrodidae). Agronomie 3:823-25
170. Yaninek JS, deMoraes GJ. 1991. A synopsis of classical biological control of mites in agriculture. In Modern Acarology, Vol. 1, ed. F Dusbabek, V Bukva, pp. 133-49. Prague: Academia; The Hague: Academic Publ.
171. Yaninek JS, Onzo A, Ojo JB. 1993. Continent-wide releases of neotropical phytoseiids against the exotic cassava green mite in Africa. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 17:145-60
172. Yoshida Shaul E, Chant DA. 1995. A review of the species of Phytoseiidae (Acari:Gamasina) described by A. C. Oudemans. Acarologia 6:3-19
173. Zhang Z-Q. 1995. Variance and covariance of ovipositional rates and developmental rates in the Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata): a phylogenetic consideration. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 19:139-46
174. Zhang Z-Q, Croft BA. 1994. A comparative life history study of immature Amblyseius fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni, Typhlodromus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae), with a review of larval feeding patterns in the family. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 18:631-37
175. Zhang Z-Q, Croft BA. 1995. Interspecific competition and predation between immature Amblyseius fallacis, Amblyseius andersoni, Typhlodromus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 19:247-57
176. Zhang Z-Q, Sanderson JP. 1992. Short-distance location of spider mite colonies by three predatory mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae): predator responses to prey-and predator-associated stimuli. Environ. Entomol. 21:799-807
177. Zhang Z-Q, Sanderson JP. 1993. Spatial scale of aggregation in three acarine predator species with different degrees of polyphagy. Oecologia 96:24-31
178. Zhang Z-Q, Sanderson JP. 1993. Behavioral responses to prey density by three acarine predator species with different degrees of polyphagy. Oecologia 96:147-56
179. Zhang Z-Q, Sanderson JP. 1993. Hunger and age effects on searching behavior of three species of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Can. J. Zool. 71:1997-2004
180. Zhang Z-Q, Sanderson JP. 1995. Twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetraanychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on greenhouse roses: spatial distribution and predator efficacy. J. Econ. Entomol. 88:352-57
181. Zhang Z-Q, Sanderson JP, Nyrop JP. 1992. Foraging time and spatial patterns of predation in experimental populations. A comparative study of three mite predator-prey systems (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Oecologia 90:185-96
182. Zhao Z, McMurtry JA. 1990. Development and reproduction of three Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) species in the presence and absence of supplementary foods. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 8:233-42