메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 69, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 3471-3490

Freezing of raindrops in deep convective updrafts: A microphysical and polarimetric model

Author keywords

Cloud microphysics; Convective storms; Precipitation; Radars Radar observations

Indexed keywords

BIN MICROPHYSICS; BULK MICROPHYSICS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONVECTIVE STORMS; CROSS-CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DEEP CONVECTIVE UPDRAFTS; DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY; DROP SIZE; DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING; FREEZING PROCESS; LINEAR DEPOLARIZATION RATIOS; NUCLEATION PROCESS; POLARIMETRIC MODELS; POLARIMETRIC RADAR OBSERVATION; POLARIMETRIC RADARS; POLARIMETRIC VARIABLE; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; SURFACE REFLECTIVITY; VERTICAL PROFILE;

EID: 84871969782     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-067.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (71)

References (83)
  • 1
    • 0025454880 scopus 로고
    • A computational study of polarimetric radar observables in hail
    • Aydin, K., and Y. Zhao, 1990: A computational study of polarimetric radar observables in hail. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 28, 412-422.
    • (1990) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.28 , pp. 412-422
    • Aydin, K.1    Zhao, Y.2
  • 3
    • 0000159517 scopus 로고
    • Simple altitude adjustments to raindrop velocities for Doppler radar analysis
    • Beard, K. V., 1985: Simple altitude adjustments to raindrop velocities for Doppler radar analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2, 468-471.
    • (1985) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.2 , pp. 468-471
    • Beard, K.V.1
  • 5
    • 0000023640 scopus 로고
    • The supercooling of water
    • Bigg, E. K., 1953a: The supercooling of water. Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 66, 688-694.
    • (1953) Proc. Phys. Soc. B , vol.66 , pp. 688-694
    • Bigg, E.K.1
  • 6
    • 84979328565 scopus 로고
    • The formation of atmospheric ice crystals by the freezing of droplets
    • Bigg, E. K., 1953b: The formation of atmospheric ice crystals by the freezing of droplets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 79, 510-519.
    • (1953) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 510-519
    • Bigg, E.K.1
  • 7
    • 0031439290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of supercooled raindrops in New Mexico summertime cumuli
    • Blyth, A. M., R. E. Benestad, P. R. Krehbiel, and J. Latham, 1997: Observations of supercooled raindrops in New Mexico summertime cumuli. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 569-575.
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 569-575
    • Blyth, A.M.1    Benestad, R.E.2    Krehbiel, P.R.3    Latham, J.4
  • 9
    • 0000734781 scopus 로고
    • A study of thunderstorm microphysics with multiparameter radar and aircraft observations
    • Brandes, E. A., J. Vivekanandan, J. D. Tuttle, and C. J. Kessinger, 1995: A study of thunderstorm microphysics with multiparameter radar and aircraft observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3129-3143.
    • (1995) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 3129-3143
    • Brandes, E.A.1    Vivekanandan, J.2    Tuttle, J.D.3    Kessinger, C.J.4
  • 10
    • 0036602511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiments in rainfall estimation with a polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment
    • Brandes, E. A., G. Zhang, and J. Vivekanandan, 2002: Experiments in rainfall estimation with a polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 674-685.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.41 , pp. 674-685
    • Brandes, E.A.1    Zhang, G.2    Vivekanandan, J.3
  • 11
    • 0001521316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of Florida thunderstorms during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment: The case of 9 August 1991
    • Bringi, V. N., K. Knupp, A. Detwiler, L. Liu, I. J. Caylor, and R. A. Black, 1997: Evolution of Florida thunderstorms during the Convection and Precipitation Electrification Experiment: The case of 9 August 1991. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2131-2160.
    • (1997) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.125 , pp. 2131-2160
    • Bringi, V.N.1    Knupp, K.2    Detwiler, A.3    Liu, L.4    Caylor, I.J.5    Black, R.A.6
  • 12
    • 0016873163 scopus 로고
    • Ameteorological model for rain-induced crosspolarization
    • Brussard, G., 1976:Ameteorological model for rain-induced crosspolarization. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP24, 5-11.
    • (1976) IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , vol.24 , pp. 5-11
    • Brussard, G.1
  • 13
    • 57649170774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma
    • Cao, Q., G. Zhang, E. Brandes, T. Schuur, A. Ryzhkov, and K. Ikeda, 2008: Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 2238-2255.
    • (2008) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.47 , pp. 2238-2255
    • Cao, Q.1    Zhang, G.2    Brandes, E.3    Schuur, T.4    Ryzhkov, A.5    Ikeda, K.I.6
  • 14
    • 0033754164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between precipitation and lightning in tropical island convection: A C-band polarimetric radar study
    • Carey, L. D., and S. Rutledge, 2000: The relationship between precipitation and lightning in tropical island convection: A C-band polarimetric radar study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2687-2710.
    • (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.128 , pp. 2687-2710
    • Carey, L.D.1    Rutledge, S.2
  • 15
    • 84984020813 scopus 로고
    • Radar observations and modelling of warm rain initiation
    • Caylor, I. J., and A. J. Illingworth, 1987: Radar observations and modelling of warm rain initiation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1171-1191.
    • (1987) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.113 , pp. 1171-1191
    • Caylor, I.J.1    Illingworth, A.J.2
  • 16
    • 84871959930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric radar signatures of hydrometeors observed within mature convective storms
    • Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P13.5,Available online at
    • Clabo, D. R., A. G. Detwiler, and P. L. Smith, 2009: Polarimetric radar signatures of hydrometeors observed within mature convective storms. Preprints, 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P13.5. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/155110.pdf.]
    • (2009) Preprints, 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology
    • Clabo, D.R.1    Detwiler, A.G.2    Smith, P.L.3
  • 17
    • 0027794914 scopus 로고
    • A study of embryo production and hail growth using dual-Doppler and multiparameter radars
    • Conway, J. W., and D. S. Zrnić, 1993: A study of embryo production and hail growth using dual-Doppler and multiparameter radars. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2511-2528.
    • (1993) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.121 , pp. 2511-2528
    • Conway, J.W.1    Zrnić, D.S.2
  • 18
    • 4444328014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous drop freezing in the immersion mode: Model calculations considering soluble and insoluble particles in the drops
    • Diehl, K., and S. Wurzler, 2004: Heterogeneous drop freezing in the immersion mode: Model calculations considering soluble and insoluble particles in the drops. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 2063-2072.
    • (2004) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.61 , pp. 2063-2072
    • Diehl, K.1    Wurzler, S.2
  • 21
    • 84945095633 scopus 로고
    • Time-resolved hailstone analyses and radar structure of Swiss storms
    • Federer, B., and A. Waldvogel, 1978: Time-resolved hailstone analyses and radar structure of Swiss storms. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 69-90.
    • (1978) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.104 , pp. 69-90
    • Federer, B.1    Waldvogel, A.2
  • 22
    • 0001283756 scopus 로고
    • Terminal velocity of raindrops aloft
    • Foote, G. B., and P. S. duToit, 1969: Terminal velocity of raindrops aloft. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 249-253.
    • (1969) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.8 , pp. 249-253
    • Foote, G.B.1    Dutoit, P.S.2
  • 24
    • 0019895212 scopus 로고
    • Identification of hydrometeors and other targets by dual-polarization radar
    • Hall, M. P. M., J. W. F. Goddard, and S. M. Cherry, 1984: Identification of hydrometeors and other targets by dual-polarization radar. Radio Sci., 19, 132-140.
    • (1984) Radio Sci. , vol.19 , pp. 132-140
    • Hall, M.P.M.1    Goddard, J.W.F.2    Cherry, S.M.3
  • 26
    • 0027087512 scopus 로고
    • Observing precipitation through dual-polarization radar measurements
    • Herzegh, P. H., and A. R. Jameson, 1992: Observing precipitation through dual-polarization radar measurements. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1365-1374.
    • (1992) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.73 , pp. 1365-1374
    • Herzegh, P.H.1    Jameson, A.R.2
  • 27
    • 84981759043 scopus 로고
    • Supercooling and crystallization
    • Heverly, J. R., 1949: Supercooling and crystallization. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 30, 205-210.
    • (1949) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union , vol.30 , pp. 205-210
    • Heverly, J.R.1
  • 28
    • 0000909045 scopus 로고
    • Life cycle and precipitation formation in a hybrid-type hailstorm revealed by polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements
    • Höller, H.,M.Hagen, P. F. Meischner, V. N. Bringi, and J.Hubbert, 1994: Life cycle and precipitation formation in a hybrid-type hailstorm revealed by polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2500-2522.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 2500-2522
    • Höller, H.1    Hagen, M.2    Meischner, P.F.3    Bringi, V.N.4    Hubbert, J.5
  • 29
    • 0032466699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CSUCHILL polarimetric radar measurements from a severe hail storm in eastern Colorado
    • Hubbert, J. C., V. N. Bringi, L. D. Carey, and S. Bolen, 1998: CSUCHILL polarimetric radar measurements from a severe hail storm in eastern Colorado. J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 749-775.
    • (1998) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.37 , pp. 749-775
    • Hubbert, J.C.1    Bringi, V.N.2    Carey, L.D.3    Bolen, S.4
  • 30
    • 84984005759 scopus 로고
    • Polarization radar studies of precipitation development in convective storms
    • Illingworth, A. J., J. W. F. Goddard, and S. M. Cherry, 1987: Polarization radar studies of precipitation development in convective storms. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 469-489.
    • (1987) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.113 , pp. 469-489
    • Illingworth, A.J.1    Goddard, J.W.F.2    Cherry, S.M.3
  • 31
    • 0029749623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple parameter radar observations of isolated Florida thunderstorms during the onset of electrification
    • Jameson, A. R., M. J. Murphy, and E. P. Krider, 1996: Multiple parameter radar observations of isolated Florida thunderstorms during the onset of electrification. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 343-354.
    • (1996) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.35 , pp. 343-354
    • Jameson, A.R.1    Murphy, M.J.2    Krider, E.P.3
  • 32
    • 84978599367 scopus 로고
    • Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops
    • Johnson, D. A., and J. Hallett, 1968: Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 468-482.
    • (1968) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.94 , pp. 468-482
    • Johnson, D.A.1    Hallett, J.2
  • 34
    • 77953049620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulations of polarimetric radar signatures of a supercell storm using a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme
    • Jung, Y., M. Xue, and G. Zhang, 2010: Simulations of polarimetric radar signatures of a supercell storm using a two-moment bulk microphysics scheme. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 49, 146-163.
    • (2010) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.49 , pp. 146-163
    • Jung, Y.1    Xue, M.2    Zhang, G.3
  • 36
    • 0034528942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes on the state-of-the-art numerical modeling of cloud microphysics
    • Khain, A. P., M. Ovtchinnikov, M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and H. Krugliak, 2000: Notes on the state-of-the-art numerical modeling of cloud microphysics. Atmos. Res., 55, 159-224.
    • (2000) Atmos. Res. , vol.55 , pp. 159-224
    • Khain, A.P.1    Ovtchinnikov, M.2    Pinsky, M.3    Pokrovsky, A.4    Krugliak, H.5
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
    • 78649506330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of CCN in precipitation and hail in a midlatitude storm as seen in simulations using a spectral (bin) microphysics model in a 2D frame
    • Khain, A. P., D. Rosenfeld, A. Pokrovsky, U. Blahak, and A. Ryzhkov, 2011: The role of CCN in precipitation and hail in a midlatitude storm as seen in simulations using a spectral (bin) microphysics model in a 2D frame. Atmos. Res., 99, 129-146.
    • (2011) Atmos. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 129-146
    • Khain, A.P.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Pokrovsky, A.3    Blahak, U.4    Ryzhkov, A.5
  • 41
    • 0016057820 scopus 로고
    • Drop freezing in clouds
    • Knight, C. A., and N. C. Knight, 1974: Drop freezing in clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1174-1176.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 1174-1176
    • Knight, C.A.1    Knight, N.C.2
  • 42
    • 31644431651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hailstorms, Severe Convective Storms
    • Knight, C. A., and N. C. Knight, 2001: Hailstorms. Severe Convective Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 28, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 223-254. Knight, N. C., 1981: The climatology of hailstone embryos. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 750-755.
    • (2001) Meteor. Monogr., Amer. Meteor. Soc. , Issue.28 , pp. 223-254
    • Knight, C.A.1    Knight, N.C.2
  • 43
    • 0019654841 scopus 로고
    • The climatology of hailstone embryos
    • Knight, N. C., 1981: The climatology of hailstone embryos. J. Appl. Meteor., 20, 750-755.
    • (1981) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.20 , pp. 750-755
    • Knight, N.C.1
  • 44
    • 57649236203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric signatures in supercell thunderstorms
    • Kumjian, M. R., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2008: Polarimetric signatures in supercell thunderstorms. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 47, 1940-1961.
    • (2008) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.47 , pp. 1940-1961
    • Kumjian, M.R.1    Ryzhkov, A.V.2
  • 45
    • 0000087522 scopus 로고
    • The heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water
    • Langham, E. J., and B. J. Mason, 1958: The heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of supercooled water. Proc. Roy. Soc., A247, 493-505.
    • (1958) Proc. Roy. Soc. , vol.247 , pp. 493-505
    • Langham, E.J.1    Mason, B.J.2
  • 46
    • 0036968809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced polarimetric radar signatures above the melting level in a supercell storm
    • Loney, M. L., D. S. Zrnić, J. M. Straka, and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2002: Enhanced polarimetric radar signatures above the melting level in a supercell storm. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 1179-1194.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.41 , pp. 1179-1194
    • Loney, M.L.1    Zrnić, D.S.2    Straka, J.M.3    Ryzhkov, A.V.4
  • 49
    • 0003350952 scopus 로고
    • Colors in metal glasses and in metallic films
    • Maxwell-Garnett, J. C., 1904: Colors in metal glasses and in metallic films. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., A203, 385-420.
    • (1904) Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. , vol.203 , pp. 385-420
    • Maxwell-garnett, J.C.1
  • 50
    • 0035482040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison between polarimetric radar and wind profiler observations of precipitation in tropical showers
    • May, P. T., A. R. Jameson, T.D. Keenan, and P. E. Johnston, 2001: A comparison between polarimetric radar and wind profiler observations of precipitation in tropical showers. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1702-1717.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.40 , pp. 1702-1717
    • May, P.T.1    Jameson, A.R.2    Keenan, T.D.3    Johnston, P.E.4
  • 51
    • 0036734575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined wind profiler/ polarimetric radar studies of the vertical motion and microphysical characteristics of tropical sea-breeze thunderstorms
    • May, P. T., A. R. Jameson, T.D. Keenan, and P. E. Johnston, and C. Lucas, 2002: Combined wind profiler/ polarimetric radar studies of the vertical motion and microphysical characteristics of tropical sea-breeze thunderstorms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2228-2239.
    • (2002) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.130 , pp. 2228-2239
    • May, P.T.1    Jameson, A.R.2    Keenan, T.D.3    Johnston, P.E.4    Lucas, C.5
  • 52
    • 0001467063 scopus 로고
    • Polarization properties of transmission through precipitation over a communication link
    • McCormick, G. C., and A. Hendry, 1974: Polarization properties of transmission through precipitation over a communication link. J. Rech. Atmos., 8, 175-187.
    • (1974) J. Rech. Atmos. , vol.8 , pp. 175-187
    • Mccormick, G.C.1    Hendry, A.2
  • 53
    • 0026272920 scopus 로고
    • A squall line in southern Germany: Kinematics and precipitation formation as deduced by advanced polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements
    • Meischner, P. F., V. N. Bringi, D. Heimann, and H. Höller, 1991:A squall line in southern Germany: Kinematics and precipitation formation as deduced by advanced polarimetric and Doppler radar measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 678-701.
    • (1991) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.119 , pp. 678-701
    • Meischner, P.F.1    Bringi, V.N.2    Heimann D.Höller, H.3
  • 55
    • 0001565617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in a fixed orientation
    • Mishchenko, M. I., 2000: Calculation of the amplitude matrix for a nonspherical particle in a fixed orientation. Appl. Opt., 39, 1026-1031.
    • (2000) Appl. Opt. , vol.39 , pp. 1026-1031
    • Mishchenko, M.I.1
  • 56
    • 0020969685 scopus 로고
    • The influence of storm flow structure on hail growth
    • Nelson, S. P., 1983: The influence of storm flow structure on hail growth. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1965-1983.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 1965-1983
    • Nelson, S.P.1
  • 57
    • 80051721230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of the 10 May 2010 tornado outbreak using OU-PRIME: Potential for new science with high-resolution polarimetric radar
    • Palmer, R. D., and Coauthors, 2011: Observations of the 10 May 2010 tornado outbreak using OU-PRIME: Potential for new science with high-resolution polarimetric radar. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 871-891.
    • (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.92 , pp. 871-891
    • Palmer, R.D.1
  • 58
    • 84871949802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric signatures of melting hail at S and C bands: Detection and short-term forecast. Preprints, 26th Conf
    • Available online at
    • Picca, J. C., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2010: Polarimetric signatures of melting hail at S and C bands: Detection and short-term forecast. Preprints, 26th Conf. on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 10B.4. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/90annual/webprogram/Paper161240.html.]
    • (2010) on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS), Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 10B.4.
    • Picca, J.C.1    Ryzhkov, A.V.2
  • 59
    • 84861541265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dual-wavelength polarimetric analysis of the 16 May 2010 Oklahoma City extreme hailstorm
    • Picca, J. C., and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2012: A dual-wavelength polarimetric analysis of the 16 May 2010 Oklahoma City extreme hailstorm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1385-1403.
    • (2012) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.140 , pp. 1385-1403
    • Picca, J.C.1    Ryzhkov, A.V.2
  • 60
    • 84904892174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ZDR columns as a predictive tool for hail growth and storm evolution
    • Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 11.3.,Available online at
    • Picca, J. C., M. R. Kumjian, and A. V. Ryzhkov, 2010: ZDR columns as a predictive tool for hail growth and storm evolution. Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 11.3. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/25SLS/webprogram/Paper175750.html.]
    • (2010) Preprints, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms
    • Picca, J.C.1    Kumjian, M.R.2    Ryzhkov, A.V.3
  • 61
    • 84981661919 scopus 로고
    • A wind tunnel investigation of freezing of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air
    • Pitter, R. L., and H. R. Pruppacher, 1973: A wind tunnel investigation of freezing of small water drops falling at terminal velocity in air. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 540-550.
    • (1973) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.99 , pp. 540-550
    • Pitter, R.L.1    Pruppacher, H.R.2
  • 63
    • 0029731617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation development and electrification in Florida thunderstorm cells during Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Project
    • Ramachandran, R., A. Detwiler, J. Helsdon Jr., P. L. Smith, and V. N. Bringi, 1996: Precipitation development and electrification in Florida thunderstorm cells during Convection and Precipitation/Electrification Project. J.Geophys. Res., 101 (D1), 1599-1620.
    • (1996) J.Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , Issue.D1 , pp. 1599-1620
    • Ramachandran, R.1    Detwiler, A.2    Helsdon Jr., J.3    Smith, P.L.4    Bringi, V.N.5
  • 64
    • 84975609718 scopus 로고
    • Broadband complex refractive indices of ice and water
    • Ray, P., 1972: Broadband complex refractive indices of ice and water. Appl. Opt., 11, 1836-1844.
    • (1972) Appl. Opt. , vol.11 , pp. 1836-1844
    • Ray, P.1
  • 65
    • 0035270858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of polarimetric radar covariance matrix for meteorological scatterers: Theoretical analysis
    • Ryzhkov, A. V., 2001: Interpretation of polarimetric radar covariance matrix for meteorological scatterers: Theoretical analysis. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 315-238.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.18 , pp. 315-238
    • Ryzhkov, A.V.1
  • 68
    • 79951595001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric characteristics of melting hail at S and C bands
    • Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 4A.6.,Available online at
    • Ryzhkov, A. V., S.M. Ganson, A. Khain, M. Pinsky, and A. Pokrovsky, 2009: Polarimetric characteristics of melting hail at S and C bands. Preprints, 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Williamsburg, VA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 4A.6. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/155571.pdf.]
    • (2009) Preprints, 34th Conf. on Radar Meteorology
    • Ryzhkov, A.V.1    Ganson, S.M.2    Khain, A.3    Pinsky, M.4    Pokrovsky, A.5
  • 69
    • 79958762409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric radar observation operator for a cloud model with spectral microphysics
    • Ryzhkov, A. V., M. Pinsky, A. Pokrovsky, and A. Khain, 2011: Polarimetric radar observation operator for a cloud model with spectral microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 50, 873-894.
    • (2011) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.50 , pp. 873-894
    • Ryzhkov, A.V.1    Pinsky, M.2    Pokrovsky, A.3    Khain, A.4
  • 70
    • 0015021967 scopus 로고
    • Cross-polarization at 18 and 30 GHz due to rain
    • Saunders, M. J., 1971: Cross-polarization at 18 and 30 GHz due to rain. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., AP19, 273-277.
    • (1971) IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , vol.19 , pp. 273-277
    • Saunders, M.J.1
  • 71
    • 57649218520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polarimetric radar and in-situ measurements of a nontornadic supercell
    • School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma
    • Schlatter, P. T., 2003: Polarimetric radar and in-situ measurements of a nontornadic supercell. M.S. thesis, School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, 97 pp.
    • (2003) M.S. thesis , pp. 97
    • Schlatter, P.T.1
  • 72
    • 0021535253 scopus 로고
    • Equivalent radar reflectivity factors for snow and ice particles
    • Smith, P. L., 1984: Equivalent radar reflectivity factors for snow and ice particles. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 1258-1260.
    • (1984) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.23 , pp. 1258-1260
    • Smith, P.L.1
  • 73
    • 0032599827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of mixed-phase precipitation within a CaPE thunderstorm
    • Smith, P. L., D. J. Musil, A. G. Detwiler, and R. Ramachandran, 1999: Observations of mixed-phase precipitation within a CaPE thunderstorm. J. Appl. Meteor., 38, 145-155.
    • (1999) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.38 , pp. 145-155
    • Smith, P.L.1    Musil, D.J.2    Detwiler, A.G.3    Ramachandran, R.4
  • 74
    • 77955562413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aparameterization of the microphysical processes forming many types of winter precipitation
    • Thériault, J. M., and R. E. Stewart, 2010:Aparameterization of the microphysical processes forming many types of winter precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1492-1508.
    • (2010) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 1492-1508
    • Thériault, J.M.1    Stewart, R.E.2
  • 75
    • 0024794529 scopus 로고
    • Multiparameter radar study of a microburst: Comparison with model results
    • Tuttle, J. D., V. N. Bringi, H. D. Orville, and F. J. Kopp, 1989: Multiparameter radar study of a microburst: Comparison with model results. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 601-620.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 601-620
    • Tuttle, J.D.1    Bringi, V.N.2    Orville, H.D.3    Kopp, F.J.4
  • 76
    • 0020969890 scopus 로고
    • Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution
    • Ulbrich, C. W., 1983: Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1764-1775.
    • (1983) J. Climate Appl. Meteor. , vol.22 , pp. 1764-1775
    • Ulbrich, C.W.1
  • 77
    • 0001278148 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative evaluation of experimental results on the heterogeneous freezing nucleation of supercooled liquids
    • Vali, G., 1971: Quantitative evaluation of experimental results on the heterogeneous freezing nucleation of supercooled liquids. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 402-409.
    • (1971) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 402-409
    • Vali, G.1
  • 78
    • 0001128761 scopus 로고
    • Freezing rate due to heterogeneous nucleation
    • Vali, G., 1994: Freezing rate due to heterogeneous nucleation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1843-1856. Wisner, C., H. D. Orville, and C. Myers, 1972: A numerical model of a hail-bearing cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1160-1181.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 1843-1856
    • Vali, G.1
  • 79
    • 0000893040 scopus 로고
    • A numerical model of a hail-bearing cloud
    • Wisner, C., H. D. Orville, and C. Myers, 1972: A numerical model of a hail-bearing cloud. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1160-1181.
    • (1972) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 1160-1181
    • Wisner, C.1    Orville, H.D.2    Myers, C.3
  • 80
    • 0035304128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements
    • Zhang, G., J. Vivekanandan, and E. A. Brandes, 2001: A method for estimating rain rate and drop size distribution from polarimetric radar measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 39, 830-840.
    • (2001) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.39 , pp. 830-840
    • Zhang, G.1    Vivekanandan, J.2    Brandes, E.A.3
  • 81
    • 0038359183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shapeslope relation in gamma raindrop size distributions: Statistical error or useful information?
    • Zhang, G., J. Vivekanandan, and E. A. Brandes, R. Meneghini, and T. Kozu, 2003: The shapeslope relation in gamma raindrop size distributions: Statistical error or useful information? J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1106-1119.
    • (2003) J Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.20 , pp. 1106-1119
    • Zhang, G.1    Vivekanandan, J.2    Brandes, E.A.3    Meneghini, R.4    Kozu, T.5
  • 83
    • 0020968207 scopus 로고
    • Hail growth in an Oklahoma multicell storm
    • Ziegler, C. L., P. S. Ray, and N. C. Knight, 1983: Hail growth in an Oklahoma multicell storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1768-1792.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 1768-1792
    • Ziegler, C.L.1    Ray, P.S.2    Knight, N.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.