A political ecology of beef in colonial Tanzania and the global periphery, 1864-1961

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 39, Issue , 2013, Pages 29-42

  Sunseri, Thaddeus ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Cattle; Environment; Erosion; Lemco; Pastoralism; Ranching; Tanzania

Indexed keywords

CATTLE; COLONIALISM; INDUSTRIALIZATION; MEAT; PASTORALISM; PASTURE; PERIPHERAL REGION; POLICY MAKING; RANCHING;

PARAGUAY; TANZANIA;

BOS;

EID: 84871938792     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: 10958614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2012.08.017     Document Type: Article

References (237)

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118. Historians have since identified a variety of other factors, including colonial land-use practices, as contributing to the spread of tsetse habitat
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131. File Minutes by F.A. Stockdale, 17 October 1934, BNA/CO 323/1299/3; Anderson, Depression, dust bowl, demography, and drought (note 9), 331-332.
132. Daubney, Memorandum on the Possibility of Exporting Native Cattle as Frozen or Canned Beef, n.d. [1934], BNA/CO 323/1299/3 (note 63).
133. Crossley and Greenhill, The River Plate beef trade (note 7), 316-318
134. Perren, Taste, Trade, and Technology (note 12), 136-142
135. Livestock and Meat (Government Policy), 6 July 1936, BNA/CO 852/16/8 46
136. Kenyan settlers at this time failed to attract a chilled beef industry to process their cattle for export, in part because of inadequate land under alfalfa to sustain high-grade cattle. Industrial Development in the Colonies, correspondence, BNA/CO 852/105/9. An early attempt to develop a meat industry at Mwanza quickly failed. Chipungu, Commercializing a Peasant Resource (note 10), 19-26.
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138. Establishment of a Factory in Kenya by Messrs. Liebigs Meat Extract Company. n.d. [1936], BNA/CO 852/16/8.
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141. Tignor, Kamba political protest (note 10)
142. Anderson, Kenya's cattle trade and the economics of empire (note 10)
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145. File Minutes, 19 December 1939, 9, BNA/CO 852/219/12
146. Cattle Walk 450 Miles to Kenya, East African Standard (19 December 1939) 5, BNA/CO 852/219/12
147. Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, The Times Company Meetings, 16 February 1940, 3, UA
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149. N. Westcott, The impact of the Second World War on Tanganyika, 1939-49, in: D. Killingray, R. Rathbone, Africa and the Second World War, New York, 1986, 147-148.
150. Secretariat, Nairobi, to Colonial Office, 18 May 1940, BNA/CO 852/288/14
151. D. Killingray and R. Rathbone, Introduction, in: Killingray and Rathbone, Africa and the Second World War, 9.
152. Westcott, The impact of the Second World War on Tanganyika, 1939-49 (note 84), 143-159
153. G. Green to J.J.W. Herbertson, 30 January 1945, BNA/CO 852/573/2, 48.
154. Acting Director of Veterinary Services to Member for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 17 June 1950, TNA 36856/3
155. Meat Factory in Tanganyika, Colonial Office, 16 June 1944, BNA/CO 852/573/2
156. N.R. Reid, A note on some future lines of development in the beef industry, 22 September 1952, TNA 40906.
157. Acting Chief Secretary to Director of Veterinary Services, 9 August 1941; Provincial Commissioner Central Province to Director of Veterinary Services, 18 August 1941, TNA 30070
158. Meat factory in Tanganyika, 16 June 1944, BNA/CO 852/573/2 (note 89)
159. G. Bryant, Colonial Office, to S.E. Innes, Board of Trade, 19 February 1945, BNA/CO 852/573/3.
160. Meat factory in Tanganyika, 16 June 1944, BNA/CO 852/573/2 (note 89)
161. It was argued that greater internal consumption of Southern Highlands cattle would limit stock available to Liebig's. K.M. Carlisle to Undersecretary of State for the Colonies, 27 February 1945, BNA/CO 852/573/3.
162. K.M. Carlisle to Colonial Office, 12 February 1946, BNA/CO 852/573/4.
163. Director of Veterinary Services to MANR, 17 June 1950, TNA 36856/3/I; Annual Report of the Department of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry 1947, Dar es Salaam, 1949, 18 [hereafter Annual Report for selected years]
164. G. Sandford, Acting Governor Tanganyika to Oliver Stanley, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 30 April 1945, BNA/CO 852/573/3.
165. R.W.R. Miller, Rations for African labour, East African Agricultural Journal 12 (1946) 108.
166. Meat Supplies to Sisal Areas, Labour Commissioner to Chief Secretary, 23 May 1947; Tanganyika Sisal Growers Association to MANR, 1 March 1948, TNA 25535/II
167. Reid to Mellor, 28 September 1947, TNA 36722
168. Governor William Battershill to Gerard Clauson, Colonial Office, 9 January 1946, BNA/CO 852/573/4
169. File minutes, Andrew Cohen, Colonial Office, 30 January 1946, BNA/CO 852/573/4
170. Memorandum on an Application under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act for the Grant of Funds to Finance a General Rehabilitation and Development Plan for the Mbulu District, Northern Province, Tanganyika Territory, BNA/CO 691/198/6
171. Annual Report, 1952 (note 96), 41
172. On early British conservation interventions in Umbulu see Y.Q. Lawi, May the spider web blind witches and wild animals: local knowledge and the political ecology of natural resource use in Iraqwland, Tanzania, 1900-1985, PhD dissertation, Boston University, 2000, Chapter 4.
173. Based on an estimate of 685,200 cattle in Maasai District (77,700 sq. km.) in 1950, compared to 370,000 cattle in Mbulu District. Livestock Census, TNA 41672/II.
174. Stock Farm Mbulu District, PC Northern to Chief Secretary, 2 March 1936, TNA 23515
175. Anderson, Eroding the Commons (note 9), 183-188
176. Mikael Ahho to PC, 9 February 1936, TNA 23515
177. Governor William Battershill to Arthur Creech Jones, Secretary of State for the Colonies, 28 May 1947, BNA/CO 691/198/6
178. E. Winter and L. Molyneaux, Population patterns and problems among the Iraqw, Ethnology 2 (1963) 490-505.
179. C.I. Meek, Stock reduction in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanganyika, Journal of African Administration 5 (1953) 158-166.
180. G.T. Bell, The Iraqw chiefdom, Mbulu District. Destocking scheme. Progress report no. 1, 17 April 1951, TNA 39194.
181. Liebig's Extract of Meat Co., Directors' Report and Accounts 31 August 1950, UA.
182. Lawi, May the spider web blind witches and wild animals (note 103), 268-286
183. C.I. Meek, The Iraqw chiefdom, Mbulu District. Destocking scheme. Progress report no. 2, 29 April 1952, TNA 39194.
184. Chipungu, Commercializing a Peasant Resource (note 10), 39
185. A.E. Trotman, Member for Agriculture and Natural Resources to Director of Veterinary Services, 8 January 1952, TNA 41672.
186. Annual Report, 1957 (note 96), I, 35
187. Annual Report, 1954 (note 96), 19
188. Annual Report, 1958 (note 96), 33
189. K. Brinton, Tanganyika Packers Ltd. to A.M. Bruce-Hutt, Chief Secretary, 20 April 1951, TNA 41672.
190. N. Reid to Provincial Commissioner, Lake Province, 12 February 1952, TNA 41672. The Maasai Council at this time imposed a supplementary tax of 30/- per homestead head to compel destocking at a level of about 3-4% for Maasai District in the early 1950s. Hodgson, Taking stock (note 10), 58.
191. Scott, Seeing Like a State (note 8)
192. Liebig's Extract of Meat Co. Ltd., Directors' Report and Accounts 31st August 1954, UA.
193. K. Brinton, Memorandum, 19 April 1951, TNA 41672.
194. Weight-and-grade meant that cattle prices should be based on quality. In practice, since few weigh bridges were available in rural areas, marketing officers assessed cattle value with no mechanism for the seller to contest the result. Provincial Commissioner,Western Province to Member for Local Government, Dar es Salaam, 17 May 1951, TNA 41672, 3.
195. Schuknecht, British Colonial Development Policy after the Second World War (note 9), 179
196. Annual Report, 1958 (note 96), 33
197. Reid, A note on some future lines of development in the beef industry, 22 September 1952, TNA 40906 (note 89)
198. Governor Edward Twining to Arthur Creech Jones, 14 November 1949, TNA 37545. On the post-war world food crisis see Hodge, Triumph of the Expert (note 8), 209-211.
199. A. Staples, The Birth of Development: How theWorld Bank, Food and Agricultural Organization, andWorld Health Organization Changed the World, 1945-1965, Kent, OH, 2006, 84.
200. Note on Ranching Potentialities and Economics, TNA 40906; Acting Director of Veterinary Services to Member for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 17 June 1950, TNA 36856/3 (note 88)
201. A. Skeffington, Tanganyika Journey, London, 1960, 24.
202. Ranching: Availability of Land For, File Minutes, Member for Local Government, 4 December 1952, TNA 40906
203. Note on Ranching Potentialities and Economics, TNA 40906 (note 127)
204. Minutes by Trotman, Member for Agriculture and Natural Resources, 9 December 1952, TNA 40906
205. Ranching: availability of land for, Secretariat minutes, 4 December 1952, TNA 40906
206. Acting Director of Veterinary Services, Mpwapwa to MANR, DSM, 6 June 1950, TNA 37545; Note on Ranching Potentialities and Economics, TNA 40906 (note 127); Suggested Areas for Survey for Ranching, BNA/CO 691/206/3
207. T.M. Revington, Provincial Commissioner, Northern Province, to Land Settlement Officer, 29 July 1949, TNA 40906.
208. Alienation of land - 300,000 Acre Ranching Project in the Masai District, Minute of J.H.W., 31 March 1950, BNA/CO 691/206/3. The CDC, along with the Overseas Food Corporation, was a public corporation created by the Overseas Resources Development Act of 1948. The CDC was meant to finance colonial projects previously left to private enterprises, especially to produce food and raw materials. E.R. Wicker, The Colonial Development Corporation (1948-54), Review of Economic Studies 23 (1955-56) 213-228.
209. Colonial Development Corporation ranching, 13 April 1950, TNA 37545; Proposal for ranching near Mto-wa-Mbu Maasai District, 1950, File Minutes, TNA 37545
210. A.E. Hinds, Imperial policy and colonial sterling balances, 1943-56, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 19 (1991) 24-44.
211. Governor Twining to Creech Jones, 14 November 1949, TNA 37545 (note 126)
212. Reid to MANR, 8 April 1949, TNA 37545. For an overview of British wildlife protection policy during this period see R. Neumann, The Postwar Conservation Boom in British Colonial Africa, Environmental History 7 (2002) 22-47.
213. MANR to Reid, 17 March 1949, TNA 37545. The post-war history of Maasai land alienation to settlers is discussed in Hodgson, Taking stock (note 10).
214. Director of Tsetse Survey and Reclamation to Director of Veterinary Services, 17 November 1948, TNA 37545
215. Extract from C.D.C. Quarterly Report No.10 on Schemes under Active Investigation, Oct.-Dec.1950; Tanganyika Land Settlement: Ranching in the North, BNA/CO 691/206/3.
216. Minute by J.H.W., 27 March 1950, BNA/CO 691/206/3 (note 135).
217. Hodgson, Once Intrepid Warriors (note 9), 111-116
218. Hodge, Triumph of the Expert (note 8), 209-214
219. M. Rizzo, What was left of the groundnut scheme? Development disaster and labour market in southern Tanganyika 1946-1952, Journal of Agrarian Change 6 (2006) 205-238.
220. Reid to Mellor, 28 September 1947, TNA 36722 (note 99)
221. Conclusions of a meeting of the cabinet, 28 September 1950, BNA/Cabinet 62, 55-56; C.P. (50) 208, Ministry of Food, East African Groundnut Scheme - Report of the Kongwa Working Party, 15 September 1950, 2.
222. Annual Report, 1958 (note 96), 21-22
223. Amboni Estates to Member for Land and Mines, 16 May 1951, TNA 41547
224. M. Tobler, R. Cochard, and P. Edwards, The impact of cattle ranching on large-scale vegetation patterns in a coastal savanna in Tanzania, Journal of Applied Ecology 40 (2003) 430-444.
225. P. Raikes, Livestock Development and Policy in East Africa, Uppsala, 1981, 143-144.
226. In early 1951 94% of TPL's output was corned beef, followed by meat extract. Tangombe Factory, 2 June 1951, TNA 36841/II.
227. Note on Ranching Potentialities and Economics, TNA 40906 (note 127), 7; Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten an die für das Veterinärwesen zuständigen obersten Landesbehörden, 29 January 1955, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, M Inn 87670
228. W. MacKenzie, The Livestock Economy of Tanzania: A Study of the Beef Industry, Kampala, 1977, 47-48.
229. Raikes, Livestock Development and Policy in East Africa (note 148), 144
230. Annual Report, 1950 (note 96), 15
231. Annual Report, 1961 (note 96), 1
232. Liebig's Extract of Meat Co., Directors' Report and Accounts, 31 August 1960; LEB 3/2 (1), Liebig's Report and Statement of Accounts for the Year ended 31st August 1961, UA.
233. J.R. Oforo, Tanganyika Packers: a location study, Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania 12 (1975) 45-69.
234. Raikes, Livestock Development and Policy in East Africa, 143-144
235. M. Borner, The increasing isolation of Tarangire National Park, Oryx 19 (1985) 91-96.
236. H. Prins, Nature conservation as an integral part of optimal land use in East Africa: the case of the Masai ecosystem of northern Tanzania, Biological Conservation 40 (1987) 141-161.
237. Oforo, Tanganyika Packers (note 155), 56