Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in zoonoses. A systematic review

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

Volumn 16, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 1324-1337

  Cascio, A ^a,c   Pernice, L M ^a   Barberi, G ^a   Delfino, D ^a   Biondo, C ^b   Beninati, C ^b   Mancuso, G ^b   Rodriguez Morales, A J ^c,d   Iaria, C ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^c International Society for Chemotherapy   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE PEREIRA   (Colombia)

^e Azienda Ospedaliera Piemonte Papardo   (Italy)

Author keywords

Developing countries; Epidemiology; Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH); Review; Zoonoses

Indexed keywords

BRUCELLOSIS; HELMINTH; HEMOPHAGOCYTIC SYNDROME; HISTOPLASMOSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; INFLUENZA A (H5N1); LEISHMANIASIS; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION SYNDROME; MEDICAL LITERATURE; NONHUMAN; Q FEVER; REVIEW; RICKETTSIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ZOONOSIS; ANIMAL; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS, HEMOPHAGOCYTIC; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84871901417     PISSN: 11283602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. CHRISTOU L. The global burden of bacterial and viral zoonotic infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 326-330.
2. AKRITIDIS N. Parasitic, fungal and prion zoonoses: an expanding universe of candidates for human disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 331-335.
3. CASCIO A, BOSILKOVSKI M, RODRIGUEZ-MORALES AJ, PAPPAS G. The socio-ecology of zoonotic infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 336-342.
4. PAPPAS G, CASCIO A, RODRIGUEZ-MORALES AJ. The immunology of zoonotic infections. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012: 208508.
5. TANG YM, XU XJ. Advances in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: pathogenesis, early diagnosis/ differential diagnosis, and treatment. SciWorld J 2011; 11: 697-708.
6. STEPHAN JL, KONE-PAUT I, GALAMBRUN C, MOUY R, BADER-MEUNIER B, PRIEUR AM. Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders. A retrospective study of 24 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001; 40: 1285-1292.
7. BIONDO C, MALARA A, COSTA A, SIGNORINO G, CARDILE F, MIDIRI A, GALBO R, PAPASERGI S, DOMINA M, PUGLIESE M, TETI G, MANCUSO G, BENINATI C. Recognition of fungal RNA by TLR7 has a nonredundant role in host defense against experimental candidiasis. Eur J Immunol 2012; doi: 10.1002/eji.201242532.
8. CARDACI A, PAPASERGI S, MIDIRI A, MANCUSO G, DOMINA M, CARICCIO VL, MANDANICI F, GALBO R, LO PASSO C, PERNICE I, DONATO P, RICCI S, BIONDO C, TETI G, FELICI F, BENINATI C. Protective activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae Spr1875 protein fragments identified using a phage displayed genomic library. PLoS One 2012; 7: e36588.
9. COSTA A, GUPTA R, SIGNORINO G, MALARA A, CARDILE F, BIONDO C, MIDIRI A, GALBO R, TRIEU-CUOT P, PAPASERGI S, TETI G, HENNEKE P, MANCUSO G, GOLENBOCK DT, BENINATI C. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by group B streptococci. J Immunol 2011; 188: 1953-1960.
10. BIONDO C, SIGNORINO G, COSTA A, MIDIRI A, GERACE E, GALBO R, BELLANTONI A, MALARA A, BENINATI C, TETI G, MANCUSO G. Recognition of yeast nucleic acids triggers a host-protective type I interferon response. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41: 1969-1979.
11. ARICO M, JANKA G, FISCHER A, HENTER JI, BLANCHE S, ELINDER G, MARTINETTI M, RUSCA MP. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Report of 122 children from the International Registry. FHL Study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Leukemia 1996; 10: 197-203. (Pubitemid 26102881)
12. JANKA GE. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Eur J Pediatr 1983; 140: 221-230. (Pubitemid 13026976)
13. GUPTA S, WEITZMAN S. Primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: clinical features, pathogenesis and therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6: 137-154.
14. HENTER JI, HORNE A, ARICO M, EGELER RM, FILIPOVICH AH, IMASHUKU S, LADISCH S, MCCLAIN K, WEBB D, WINIARSKI J, JANKA G. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48: 124-131. (Pubitemid 44958267)
15. DUMLER JS. The biological basis of severe outcomes in Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2012; 64: 13-20.
16. KARRAS A, THERVET E, LEGENDRE C. Hemophagocytic syndrome in renal transplant recipients: report of 17 cases and review of literature. Transplantation 2004; 77: 238-243. (Pubitemid 38155753)
17. CANTERO-HINOJOSA J, DIEZ-RUIZ A, SANTOS-PEREZ JL, AGUILAR-MARTINEZ JL, RAMOS-JIMENEZ A. Lyme disease associated with hemophagocytic syndrome. Clin Invest 1993; 71: 620. (Pubitemid 23240606)
18. AKBAYRAM S, DOGAN M, AKGUN C, PEKER E, PARLAK M, CAKSEN H, ONER AF. An analysis of children with brucellosis associated with pancytopenia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2011; 28: 203-208.
19. ERDURAN E, MAKULOGLU M, MUTLU M. A rare hematological manifestation of brucellosis: reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2010; 43: 159-162.
20. MENESES A, EPAULARD O, MAURIN M, GRESSIN R, PAVESE P, BRION JP, GARIN-BASTUJI B, STAHL JP. [Brucella bacteremia reactivation 70years after the primary infection.]. Med Mal Infect 2009.
21. Sari I, Altuntas F, Hacioglu S, Kocyigit I, Sevinc A, Sacar S, Deniz K, Alp E, Eser B, Yildiz O, Kaynar L, Unal A, Cetin M. A multicenter retrospective study defining the clinical and hematological manifestations of brucellosis and pancytopenia in a large series: Hematological malignancies, the unusual cause of pancytopenia in patients with brucellosis. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 334-339. (Pubitemid 351458017)
22. KARAKUKCU M, PATIROGLU T, OZDEMIR MA, GUNES T, GUMUS H, KARAKUKCU C. Pancytopenia, a rare hematologic manifestation of brucellosis in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 26: 803-806. (Pubitemid 40019179)
23. YILDIRMAK Y, PALANDUZ A, TELHAN L, ARAPOGLU M, KAYAALP N. Bone marrow hypoplasia during Brucella infection. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25: 63-64. (Pubitemid 36070966)
24. MARTIN-MORENO S, SOTO-GUZMAN O, BERNALDO-DEQUIROS J, REVERTE-CEJUDO D, BASCONES-CASAS C. Pancytopenia due to hemophagocytosis in patients with brucellosis: a report of four cases. J Infect Dis 1983; 147: 445-449.
25. ZUAZU JP, DURAN JW, JULIA AF. Hemophagocytosis in acute brucellos. N Engl J Med 1979; 301: 1185-1186.
26. LOPEZ-GOMEZ M, HERNANDEZ J, SAMPALO A, BIEDMA A, ALCALA A, MATEAS F. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to acute brucellosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1994; 12: 519-520.
27. ULLRICH CH, FADER R, FAHNER JB, BARBOUR SD. Brucellosis presenting as prolonged fever and hemophagocytosis. Am J Dis Child 1993; 147: 1037-1038. (Pubitemid 23298088)
28. AL-EISSA Y, AL-NASSER M. Haematological manifestations of childhood brucellosis. Infection 1993; 21: 23-26. (Pubitemid 23075208)
29. ANDREO JA, VIDAL JB, HERNANDEZ JE, SERRANO P, LOPEZ VM, SORIANO J. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with brucellosis. Med Clin (Barc) 1988; 90: 502-505.
30. MONDAL N, SURESH R, ACHARYA NS, PRAHARAJ I, HARISH BN, MAHADEVAN S. Hemophagocytic syndrome in a child with brucellosis. Indian J Pediatr 2010; 77: 1434-1436.
31. HEYDARI AA, AHMADI F, SARVGHAD MR, SAFARI H, BAJOURI A, SAEIDPOUR M. Hemophagocytosis and pulmonary involvement in brucellosis. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 89-90. (Pubitemid 44940873)
32. DEMIR C, KARAHOCAGIL MK, ESEN R, ATMACA M, GONULLU H, AKDENIZ H. Bone marrow biopsy findings in brucellosis patients with hematologic abnormalities. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012; 125: 1871-1876.
33. ANSTEAD G, JORGENSEN J, CRAIG F, BLASER M, PATTERSON T. Thermophilic multidrug-resistant Campylobacter fetus infection with hypersplenism and histiocytic phagocytosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 295-296. (Pubitemid 32524802)
34. TAMURA A, MATSUNOBU T, KURITA A, SHIOTANI A. Hemophagocytic syndrome in the course of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2012; 74: 211-214.
35. RAMON I, LIBERT M, GUILLAUME MP, CORAZZA F, KARMALI R. Recurrent haemophagocytic syndrome in an HIV-infected patient. Acta Clin Belg 2010; 65: 276-278.
36. CHINEN K, OHKURA Y, MATSUBARA O, TSUCHIYA E. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with clostridial infection in a pancreatic carcinoma patient. Pathol Res Pract 2004; 200: 241-245. (Pubitemid 38950435)
37. ESTROV Z, BRUCK R, SHTALRID M, BERREBI A, RESNITZKY P. Histiocytic hemophagocytosis in Q fever. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984; 108: 7.
38. HUFNAGEL M, NIEMEYER C, ZIMMERHACKL LB, TUCHELMANN T, SAUTER S, BRANDIS M. Hemophagocytosis: a complication of acute Q fever in a child. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1029-1031.
39. CHEN TC, CHANG K, LU PL, LIU YC, CHEN YH, HSIEH HC, YANG WC, LIN WR, TSAI JJ, LIN SF. Acute Q fever with hemophagocytic syndrome: case report and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis 2006; 38: 1119-1122. (Pubitemid 44869296)
40. HARRIS P, DIXIT R, NORTON R. Coxiella burnetii causing haemophagocytic syndrome: a rare complication of an unusual pathogen. Infection 2011; 39: 579-582.
41. HANSON D, WALTER AW, POWELL J. Ehrlichia-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in two children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 56: 661-663.
42. BURNS S, SAYLORS R, MIAN A. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection: a case report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010; 32: e142-143.
43. MARTY AM, DUMLER JS, IMES G, BRUSMAN HP, SMRKOVSKI LL, FRISMAN DM. Ehrlichiosis mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Case report and pathological correlation. Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 920-925.
44. ABBOTT KC, VUKELJA SJ, SMITH CE, MCALLISTER CK, KONKOL KA, O'ROURKE TJ, HOLLAND CJ, RISTIC M. Hemophagocytic syndrome: a cause of pancytopenia in human ehrlichiosis. Am J Hematol 1991; 38: 230-234.
45. KRISHNAMURTHY S, MAHADEVAN S, MANDAL J, BASU D. Leptospirosis in association with hemophagocytic syndrome: a rare presentation. Indian J Pediatr 2012. DOI: 10.1007/s12098-012-0863-0
46. YANG CW, PAN MJ, WU MS, CHEN YM, TSEN YT, LIN CL, WU CH, HUANG CC. Leptospirosis: an ignored cause of acute renal failure in Taiwan. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 840-845.
47. LAMBOTTE O, FIHMAN V, POYART C, BUZYN A, BERCHE P, SOUMELIS V. Listeria monocytogenes skin infection with cerebritis and haemophagocytosis syndrome in a bone marrow transplant recipient. J Infect 2005; 50: 356-358. (Pubitemid 40533376)
48. PELLEGRIN JL, MERLIO JP, LACOSTE D, BARBEAU P, BROSSARD G, BEYLOT J, LENG B. Syndrome of macrophagic activation with hemophagocytosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Med Interne 1992; 13: 438-440. (Pubitemid 23022348)
49. YANG WK, FU LS, LAN JL, SHEN GH, CHOU G, TSENG CF, CHI CS. Mycobacterium avium complex-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus patient: report of one case. Lupus 2003; 12: 312-316. (Pubitemid 36458662)
50. KWON HJ, YOO IH, LEE JW, CHUNG NG, CHO B, KIM HK, KANG JH. Life-threatening Scrub Typhus with Hemophagocytosis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in an Infant. J Trop Pediatr 2012. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fms030
51. VALSALAN R, KOSARAJU K, SOHANLAL T, KUMAR PS. Hemophagocytosis in scrub typhus. J Postgrad Med 2010; 56: 301-302.
52. PREMARATNA R, WILLIAMS HS, CHANDRASENA TG, RAJAPAKSE RP, KULARATNA SA, DE SILVA HJ. Unusual pancytopenia secondary to haemophagocytosis syndrome in rickettsioses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103: 961-963.
53. JAYAKRISHNAN MP, VENY J, FEROZE M. Rickettsial infection with hemophagocytosis. Trop Doct 2011; 41: 111-112.
54. WALTER G, BOTELHO-NEVERS E, SOCOLOVSCHI C, RAOULT D, PAROLA P. Murine typhus in returned travelers: a report of thirty-two cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86: 1049-1053.
55. CASCIO A, GIORDANO S, DONES P, VENEZIA S, IARIA C, ZIINO O. Haemophagocytic syndrome and rickettsial diseases. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60: 537-542.
56. PEREZ-DE PEDRO I, MACIAS-VEGA N, MIRANDA-CANDON I, CAMPS-GARCIA MT. [Severe Rickettsia conorii infection associated with hemophagocytic syndrome]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008; 26: 597-598.
57. SOTTO A, CORNE P, BESSIS D, LAMAURY I, TAIB J, JANBON F. Hemophagocytosis syndrome in Mediterranean boutonneuse fever. Presse Med 1994; 23: 1582. (Pubitemid 24350235)
58. BERNER Y, KEYSARY A, BERREBI A. Transient histiocytic hemophagocytosis and pancytopenia in Mediterranean spotted fever. Isr J Med Sci 1989; 25: 660-661. (Pubitemid 20013209)
59. KODURI PR. Fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a hemophagocytic syndrome? Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 365-366. (Pubitemid 26065353)
60. BENZ-LEMOINE E, BORDIGONI P, SCHAACK JC, BRIQUEL E, CHICLET AM, OLIVE D. Systemic reactive histiocytosis with hemophagocytosis and hemostasis disorders associated with septic granulomatosis. Arch Fr Pediatr 1983; 40: 179-182. (Pubitemid 13123632)
61. GUTIERREZ-RAVE PECERO V, LUQUE MARQUEZ R, AYERZA LERCHUNDI M, CANAVATE ILLESCAS M, PRADOS MADRONA D. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: analysis of a series of 7 cases. Med Clin (Barc) 1990; 94: 130-134.
62. DILBER E, CAKIR M, ERDURAN E, KOKSAL I, BAHAT E, MUTLU M, CELTIK AY, OKTEN A. High-dose methylprednisolone in children with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Trop Doct 2010; 40: 27-30.
63. ERDURAN E, CAKIR M. Reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14 Suppl 3: e349; author reply e350.
64. BARUT S, DINCER F, SAHIN I, OZYURT H, AKKUS M, ERKORKMAZ U. Increased serum ferritin levels in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: can it be a new severity criterion? Int J Infect Dis 2009; 14: e50-54.
65. DILBER E, CAKIR M, ACAR EA, ORHAN F, YARIS N, BAHAT E, OKTEN A, ERDURAN E. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever among children in north-eastern Turkey. Ann Trop Paediatr 2009; 29: 23-28.
66. CAGATAY A, KAPMAZ M, KARADENIZ A, BASARAN S, YENEREL M, YAVUZ S, MIDILLI K, OZSUT H, ERAKSOY H, CALANGU S. Haemophagocytosis in a patient with Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 1126-1128. (Pubitemid 47262681)
67. TASDELEN FISGIN N, FISGIN T, TANYEL E, DOGANCI L, TULEK N, GULER N, DURU F. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: five patients with hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 73-76.
68. KARTI SS, ODABASI Z, KORTEN V, YILMAZ M, SONMEZ M, CAYLAN R, AKDOGAN E, EREN N, KOKSAL I, OVALI E, ERICKSON BR, VINCENT MJ, NICHOL ST, COMER JA, ROLLIN PE, KSIAZEK TG. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1379-1384. (Pubitemid 39014149)
69. LEE JJ, CHUNG IJ, SHIN DH, CHO SH, CHO D, RYANG DW, KHAN AS, KIM HJ. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 209-210. (Pubitemid 34202448)
70. BATY V, SCHUHMACHER H, BOURGOIN C, LATGER V, BUISINE J, MAY T, CANTON P. Hemophagocytic syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Presse Med 1998; 27: 1577. (Pubitemid 28488680)
71. KAMIHIRA T, YANO K, TAMADA Y, MATSUMOTO T, MIYAZATO M, NAGAOKA S, OHATA K, ABIRU S, KOMORI A, DAIKOKU M, YATSUHASHI H, ISHIBASHI H. Case of domestically infected hepatitis E with marked thrombocytopenia. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2008; 105: 841-846.
72. ZHANG Z, ZHANG J, HUANG K, LI KS, YUEN KY, GUAN Y, CHEN H, NG WF. Systemic infection of avian influenza A virus H5N1 subtype in humans. Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 735-739.
73. LU M, XIE ZG, GAO ZC, WANG C, LI N, LI M, SHAO HQ, WANG YP, GAO ZF. Histopathologic study of avian influenza H5N1 infection in humans. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2008; 37: 145-149. (Pubitemid 351631655)
74. ZHANG W, WEN LY, LU M, XIONG Y, QIAN KJ, DENG AH, GUO LS, XIAO ZK, ZHAO XS, DUAN SM, XIE ZG, GAO ZF, LI M, SHAO HQ, WANG GG, LIU DW, GAO ZC. Clinical characteristic analysis of the first human case infected by influenza A (H5N1) in Jiangxi Province. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2006; 29: 300-306.
75. HENTER JI, CHOW CB, LEUNG CW, LAU YL. Cytotoxic therapy for severe avian influenza A (H5N1) infection. Lancet 2006; 367: 870-873.
76. CHAN PK. Outbreak of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Hong Kong in 1997. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34 Suppl 2: S58-64. (Pubitemid 34442210)
77. TO KF, CHAN PK, CHAN KF, LEE WK, LAM WY, WONG KF, TANG NL, TSANG DN, SUNG RY, BUCKLEY TA, TAM JS, CHENG AF. Pathology of fatal human infection associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. J Med Virol 2001; 63: 242-246. (Pubitemid 32116480)
78. KIMURA K, ADLAKHA A, SIMON PM. Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host. Mayo Clin Proc 1998; 73: 243-245. (Pubitemid 28113502)
79. NICHOLLS JM, POON LL, LEE KC, NG WF, LAI ST, LEUNG CY, CHU CM, HUI PK, MAK KL, LIM W, YAN KW, CHAN KH, TSANG NC, GUAN Y, YUEN KY, PEIRIS JS. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003; 361: 1773-1778. (Pubitemid 36638425)
80. HSUEH PR, CHEN PJ, HSIAO CH, YEH SH, CHENG WC, WANG JL, CHIANG BL, CHANG SC, CHANG FY, WONG WW, KAO CL, YANG PC. Patient data, early SARS epidemic, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 489-493.
81. ZAJKOWSKA JM, HERMANOWSKA-SZPAKOWICZ T, PANCEWICZ S, KONDRUSIK M, GRYGORCZUK S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-new, unknown disease?. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2004; 16: 183-187. (Pubitemid 38374551)
82. PEI F, ZHENG J, GAO ZF, ZHONG YF, FANG WG, GONG EC, ZOU WZ, WANG SL, GAO DX, XIE ZG, LU M, SHI XY, LIU CR, YANG JP, WANG YP, HAN ZH, SHI XH, DAO WB, GU J. Lung pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a report of six full autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2005; 34: 656-660.
83. AUERBACH M, HAUBENSTOCK A, SOLOMAN G. Systemic babesiosis. Another cause of the hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Med 1986; 80: 301-303. (Pubitemid 16140784)
84. SLOVUT DP, BENEDETTI E, MATAS AJ. Babesiosis and hemophagocytic syndrome in an asplenic renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 1996; 62: 537-539. (Pubitemid 26295831)
85. GUPTA P, HURLEY RW, HELSETH PH, GOODMAN JL, HAMMERSCHMIDT DE. Pancytopenia due to hemophagocytic syndrome as the presenting manifestation of babesiosis. Am J Hematol 1995; 50: 60-62.
86. KRIVOKAPIC-DOKMANOVIC L, KRSTOVSKI N, JANKOVIC S, LAZIC J, RADLOVIC N, JANIC D. Clinical characteristics and disease course in children with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis treated at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade. Srp Arh Celok Lek 2012; 140: 191-197.
87. ALVAREZ-CARDONA A, RODRIGUEZ-LOZANO AL, BLANCASGALICIA L, RIVAS-LARRAURI FE, YAMAZAKI-NAKASHIMADA MA. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for macrophage activation syndrome complicating chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32: 207-211.
88. MARTIN A, MARQUES L, SOLER-PALACIN P, CARAGOL I, HERNANDEZ M, FIGUERAS C, ESPANOL T. Visceral leishmaniasis associated hemophagocytic syndrome in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 753-754.
89. SOLER-PALACIN P, MARGARETO C, LLOBET P, ASENSIO O, HERNANDEZ M, CARAGOL I, ESPANOL T. Chronic granulomatous disease in pediatric patients: 25 years of experience. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2007; 35: 83-89. (Pubitemid 47251530)
90. GUO X, CHEN N, WANG TY, ZHOU CY, LI Q, GAO J. Visceral leishmaniasis associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: report of four childhood cases. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2011; 49: 550-553.
91. KOUBAA M, MAALOUL I, MARRAKCHI C, MDHAFFAR M, LAHIANI D, HAMMAMI B, MAKNI F, AYEDI A, JEMAA MB. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent adult-case report and review of the literature. Ann Hematol 2012; 91: 1143-1145.
92. WIWANITKIT V. Bone marrow leishmaniasis: a review of situation in Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011; 4: 757-759.
93. SHU MM, ZHU HF, ZHANG T, GAO GX, CHEN XQ. Clinical analysis on 28 patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2010; 18: 463-465.
94. PRASAD R, MUTHUSAMI S, PANDEY N, TILAK V, SHUKLA J, MISHRA OP. Unusual presentations of Visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Pediatr 2009; 76: 843-845.
95. PATEL KK, PATEL AK, SARDA P, SHAH BA, RANJAN R. Immune reconstitution visceral leishmaniasis presented as hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with AIDS from a nonendemic area: a case report. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic) 2009; 8: 217-220.
96. BHUTANI V, DUTTA U, DAS R, SINGH K. Hemophagocytic syndrome as the presenting manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50: 838-839.
97. PAHWA R, SINGH T, KHURANA N. Hemophagocytic syndrome in malaria and kala-azar. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2004; 47: 348-350.
98. RAJAGOPALA S, DUTTA U, CHANDRA KS, BHATIA P, VARMA N, KOCHHAR R. Visceral leishmaniasis associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-case report and systematic review. J Infect 2008; 56: 381-388.
99. MATHUR P, SAMANTARAY JC, SAMANTA P. Fatal haemophagocytic syndrome and hepatitis associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007; 25: 416-418.
100. BHATIA P, HALDAR D, VARMA N, MARWAHA R, VARMA S. A case series highlighting the relative frequencies of the common, uncommon and atypical/unusual hematological findings on bone marrow examination in cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2011; 3: e2011035.
101. FATHALLA M, HASHIM J, ALKINDY H, WALI Y. Cerebrospinal fluid involvement in a case of visceral leishmaniasis associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2007; 7: 253-256.
102. AL-SOHAIBANI MO. Bone marrow histopathological changes in visceral leishmaniasis. Ann Saudi Med 1996; 16: 304-307. (Pubitemid 26241534)
103. AY Y, YILDIZ B, UNVER H, KARAPINAR DY, VARDAR F. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with H1N1 virus infection and visceral leishmaniasis in a 4.5-month-old infant. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45: 407-409.
104. CELIK U, ALABAZ D, ALHAN E, BAYRAM I, CELIK T. Diagnostic dilemma in an adolescent boy: hemophagocytic syndrome in association with kala azar. Am J Med Sci 2007; 334: 139-141. (Pubitemid 47262925)
105. KOCAK N, EREN M, YUCE A, GUMRUK F. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Indian Pediatr 2004; 41: 605-607. (Pubitemid 38843581)
106. TAPISIZ A, BELET N, CIFTCI E, INCE E, DOGRU U. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with visceral leishmaniasis. J Trop Pediatr 2007; 53: 359-361. (Pubitemid 350120333)
107. TUNC B, AYATA A. Hemophagocytic syndrome: a rare life-threatening complication of visceral leishmaniasis in a young boy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 18: 531-536. (Pubitemid 33108276)
108. OZYUREK E, OZCAY F, YILMAZ B, OZBEK N. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with visceral leishmaniasis: a case report. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005; 22: 409-414. (Pubitemid 40993604)
109. GURGEY A, SECMEER G, TAVIL B, CEYHAN M, KUSKONMAZ B, CENGIZ B, OZEN H, KARA A, CETIN M, GUMRUK F. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Turkish children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 1116-1117. (Pubitemid 43011075)
110. SIPAHI T, TAVIL B, OKSAL A. Visceral leishmaniasis and pseudomonas septicemia associated with hemophagocytic syndrome and myelodysplasia in a Turkish child. Turk J Pediatr 2005; 47: 191-194. (Pubitemid 40767223)
111. KONTOPOULOU T, TSAOUSIS G, VAIDAKIS E, FANOURGIAKIS P, MICHALAKEAS E, TRIGONI E, SAMARKOS M. Hemophagocytic syndrome in association with visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Med 2002; 113: 439-440. (Pubitemid 35223619)
112. KOLIOU MG, SOTERIADES ES, EPHROS M, MAZERIS A, ANTONIOU M, ELIA A, NOVELLI V. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with Epstein Barr virus and Leishmania donovani coinfection in a child from Cyprus. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 30: 704-707.
113. MAROM D, OFFER I, TAMARY H, JAFFE CL, GARTY BZ. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 18: 65-70. (Pubitemid 32064228)
114. LEVY L, NASEREDDIN A, RAV-ACHA M, KEDMI M, RUND D, GATT ME. Prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia in a 46-year-old woman. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000053.
115. THABET F, TABARKI B, FEHEM R, YACOUB M, SELMI H, ESSOUSSI AS. Syndrome of inappropriate macrophage activation associated with infantile visceral leishmaniasis. Tunis Med 1999; 77: 648-650.
116. NADRID A, POUSSE H, LARADI-CHEBIL S, KHELIF A, BEJAOUI M, BESBES A, RADHOUANE M, GUEDICHE MN. Infantile visceral leishmaniasis: difficult diagnosis in cases complicated by hemophagocytosis. Arch Pediatr 1996; 3: 881-883.
117. KILANI B, AMMARI L, KANOUN F, BEN CHAABANE T, ABDELLATIF S, CHAKER E. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 10: 85-86. (Pubitemid 43003598)
118. BOUGUILA J, CHABCHOUB I, MONCEF Y, MLIKA A, SAGHROUNI F, BOUGHAMOURA L, ESSOUSSI AS. Treatment of severe hemophagocytic syndrome associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Arch Pediatr 2010; 17: 1566-1570.
119. SKRAM MK, BJERING S, HERMANSEN NO, DINI L, HELLEBOSTAD M. A 15-month-old girl with fever and pancytopenia. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2011; 131: 2482-2486.
120. SUKOVA M, STARY J, HOUSKOVA J, NOHYNKOVA E. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis. Cas Lek Cesk 2002; 141: 581-584.
121. SOTOCA FERNANDEZ JV, GARCIA VILLAESCUSA L, LILLO LILLO M, GARCIA MIALDEA O, CARRASCOSA ROMERO MC, TEBAR GIL R. Hemophagocytic syndrome secondary to visceral leishmaniasis. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008; 69: 46-48. (Pubitemid 351956983)
122. SANTAMARIA M, CARRILLO J, PEREZ-NAVERO J, MATEOS E, IBARRA I, FERNANDEZ S, ORTEGA C. Leishmaniasis and concurrent hemophagocytosis with or without transient perforin expression perturbation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51: 310. (Pubitemid 351874438)
123. RODRIGUEZ-CUARTERO A, SALAS-GALAN A, PEREZGALVEZ MN, PEREZ-BLANCO FJ. Haemophagocytic visceral kala azar. Infection 1991; 19: 184.
124. NAVARRO DM, PEREZ BARRACHINA MC, GIRALT M. Visceral leishmaniasis and hemophagocytosis. Sangre (Barc) 1986; 31: 372-374.
125. CERDAN VERA MT, BERNAL FERRER AM, SEQUI CANET JM, SIFRE ARANDA M. Pericardial effusion in a case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to leishmaniasis. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012. doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.05.011
126. MOLTO A, MATEO L, LLOVERAS N, OLIVE A, MINGUEZ S. Visceral leishmaniasis and macrophagic activation syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis under treatment with adalimumab. Joint Bone Spine 2010; 77: 271-273.
127. RUIZ GINES MA, RUIZ GINES JA, MENENDEZ GOMEZ JL, PEREZ COGOLLUDO AM, DOMINGUEZ MARTIN S, FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ E. Visceral leishmaniasis and bronchial asthma: influence of steroid therapy in the development of the macrophage activation syndrome and relative adrenal insufficiency. An Med Interna 2008; 25: 279-283.
128. BESSIS D, SOTTO A, TAIB J, CIURANA AJ. Photo quiz. Visceral leishmaniasis with hemophagocytic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 611, 829.
129. LAZANAS M, PERRONNE C, LOMVERDOS D, GALARIOTIS C, ARAPAKIS G, VILDE JL. Visceral leishmaniasis disclosed by histiocytosis with erythrophagocytosis. Presse Med 1990; 19: 765. (Pubitemid 20146789)
130. MICHEL G, SIMONIN G, PERRIMOND H, COIGNET J. Syndrome of activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Initial manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis. Arch Fr Pediatr 1988; 45: 45-46.
131. GAGNAIRE MH, GALAMBRUN C, STEPHAN JL. Hemophagocytic syndrome: A misleading complication of visceral leishmaniasis in children-a series of 12 cases. Pediatrics 2000; 106: E58.
132. ARSLAN F, BATIREL A, RAMAZAN M, OZER S, MERT A. Macrophage activation syndrome triggered by primary disseminated toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis 2012. doi:10.3109/00365548.2012.691208
133. BRIAND PY, GANGNEUX JP, FAVARETTO G, LY-SUNNARAM B, GODARD M, ROBERT-GANGNEUX F, FEST T. Hemophagocytic syndrome and toxoplasmic primo-infection. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2008; 66: 199-205. (Pubitemid 351561040)
134. HEBRAUD B, KAMAR N, BORDE JS, BESSIERES MH, GALINIER M, ROSTAING L. Unusual presentation of primary toxoplasmosis infection in a kidneytransplant patient complicated by an acute leftventricular failure. NDT Plus 2008; 1: 429-432.
135. SEGALL L, MOAL MC, DOUCET L, KERGOAT N, BOURBIGOT B. Toxoplasmosis- associated hemophagocytic syndrome in renal transplantation. Transpl Int 2006; 19: 78-80.
136. DUBAND S, CORNILLON J, TAVERNIER E, DUMOLLARD JM, GUYOTAT D, PEOC'H M. Toxoplasmosis with hemophagocytic syndrome after bone marrow transplantation: diagnosis at autopsy. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10: 372-374.
137. GUILLAUME MP, DRIESSENS N, LIBERT M, DE BELS D, CORAZZA F, KARMALI R. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with extracerebral toxoplasmosis in an HIV-infected patient. Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17: 503-504. (Pubitemid 44708729)
138. Blanche P, Robert F, Dupouy-Camet J, Sicard D. Toxoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with AIDS: diagnosis by the polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 989-990. (Pubitemid 24368862)
139. MAJLUF-CRUZ AS, HURTADO MONROY R, SOUTO-MEIRINO C, DEL RIO CHIRIBOGA C, SIMON J. Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: description of 3 cases and review of the literature. Sangre (Barc) 1993; 38: 51-55.
140. NUMATA K, TSUTSUMI H, WAKAI S, TACHI N, CHIBA S. A child case of haemophagocytic syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. J Infect 1998; 36: 118-119. (Pubitemid 128645639)
141. CHANDRA H, CHANDRA S, SHARMA A. Histoplasmosis on bone marrow aspirate cytological examination associated with hemophagocytosis and pancytopenia in an AIDS patient. Korean J Hematol 2012; 47: 77-79.
142. VAID N, PATEL P. A case of haemophagocytic syndrome in HIV-associated disseminated histoplasmosis. Acute Med 2011; 10: 142-144.
143. PANDE A, BHATTACHARYYA M, PAIN S, GHOSH A, SAMANTA A. Diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in HIV associated FUO in ART naive patients. J Infect Public Health 2010; 3: 124-129.
144. SANCHEZ A, CELAYA AK, VICTORIO A. Histoplasmosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome: a case report. AIDS Read 2007; 17: 496-499. (Pubitemid 47599386)
145. GUIOT HM, BERTRAN-PASARELL J, TORMOS LM, GONZALEZ-KEELAN C, PROCOP GW, FRADERA J, SANCHEZ-SERGENTON C, MENDEZ W. Ileal perforation and reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis: the role of the real-time polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and successful treatment with amphotericin B lipid complex. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57: 429-433. (Pubitemid 46498647)
146. GIL-BRUSOLA A, PEMAN J, SANTOS M, SALAVERT M, LACRUZ J, GOBERNADO M. Disseminated histoplasmosis with hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with AIDS: description of one case and review of the Spanish literature. Rev Iberoam Micol 2007; 24: 312-316.
147. KODURI PR, CHUNDI V, DEMARAIS P, MIZOCK BA, PATEL AR, WEINSTEIN RA. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome: a new presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1463-1465. (Pubitemid 26066639)
148. MADRIGAL-JIMENEZ HM, HERNANDEZ-RIVERA G. Usefulness of bone marrow microscopic examination in HIV-infected patients with pancytopenia. Gac Med Mex 2006; 142: 13-17.
149. KHANDEKAR MM, DESHMUKH SD, HOLLA VV, RANE SR, KAKRANI AL, SANGALE SA, HABBU AA, PANDIT DP, BHORE AV, SASTRY J, PHADKE MA, BOLLINGER RC. Profile of bone marrow examination in HIV/AIDS patients to detect opportunistic infections, especially tuberculosis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2005; 48: 7-12.
150. DE LAVAISSIERE M, MANCERON V, BOUREE P, GARCON L, BISARO F, DELFRAISSY JF, LAMBOTTE O, GOUJARD C. Reconstitution inflammatory syndrome related to histoplasmosis, with a hemophagocytic syndrome in HIV infection. J Infect 2009; 58: 245-247.
151. QUIJANO G, SIMINOVICH M, DRUT R. Histopathologic findings in the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial system in pediatric HIV infection: a postmortem study. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1997; 17: 845-856.
152. VAN KOEVERINGE MP, BROUWER RE. Histoplasma capsulatum reactivation with haemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Neth J Med 2010; 68: 418-421.
153. RAO RD, MORICE WG, PHYLIKY RL. Hemophagocytosis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and histoplasmosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77: 287-290. (Pubitemid 34177606)
154. MEHTA BM, HASHKES PJ, AVERY R, DEAL CL. A 21-year-old man with Still's disease with fever, rash, and pancytopenia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62: 575-579.
155. JAYAKAR BA, HASHKES PJ. Macrophage activation syndrome: why and what should a gastroenterologist know. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45: 210-214.
156. AGARWAL S, MOODLEY J, AJANI GOEL G, THEIL KS, MAHMOOD SS, LANG RS. A rare trigger for macrophage activation syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2009; 31: 405-407.
157. LO MM, MO JQ, DIXON BP, CZECH KA. Disseminated histoplasmosis associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 687-691.
158. MASRI K, MAHON N, ROSARIO A, MIRZA I, KEYS TF, RATLIFF NB, STARLING RC. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome associated with disseminated histoplasmosis in a heart transplant recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: 487-491. (Pubitemid 36390238)
159. KELLER FG, KURTZBERG J. Disseminated histoplasmosis: a cause of infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1994; 16: 368-371. (Pubitemid 24364733)
160. PHILLIPS J, STASZEWSKI H, GARRISON M. Successful treatment of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis. Hematology 2008; 13: 282-285.
161. CHEMLAL K, ANDRIEU-BAUTRU V, COUVELARD A. Hemophagocytic syndrome during Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Haematologica 1997; 82: 726. (Pubitemid 28035571)
162. SALUJA S, SUNITA, BHASIN S, GUPTA DK, GUPTA B, KATARIA SP, SHARMA M. Disseminated histoplasmosis with reactive haemophagocytosis presenting as PUO in an immunocompetent host. J Assoc Physicians India 2005; 53: 906-907. (Pubitemid 41406463)
163. KUMAR N, JAIN S, SINGH ZN. Disseminated histoplasmosis with reactive hemophagocytosis: aspiration cytology findings in two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 2000; 23: 422-424.
164. WANG Z, DUARTE AG, SCHNADIG VJ. Fatal reactive hemophagocytosis related to disseminated histoplasmosis with endocarditis: an unusual case diagnosed at autopsy. South Med J 2007; 100: 208-211. (Pubitemid 46213769)
165. PEI SN, LEE CH, LIU JW. Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acute disseminated penicilliosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 78: 11-13.
166. CHOKEPHAIBULKIT K, VEERAKUL G, VANPRAPAR N, CHAIPRASERT A, TANPHAICHITR V, CHEARSKUL S. Penicilliosis-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected child: the first case report in children. J Med Assoc Thai 2001; 84: 426-429. (Pubitemid 33710212)
167. VEERAKUL G, SANPAKIT K, TANPHAICHITR VS, MAHASANDANA C, JIRARATTANASOPA N. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children: an analysis of etiology and outcome. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 Suppl 2: S530-541. (Pubitemid 35345819)
168. CHIM CS, FONG CY, MA SK, WONG SS, YUEN KY. Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Penicillium marneffei infection. Am J Med 1998; 104: 196-197. (Pubitemid 28117415)
169. VECSEI AK, KASTNER U, TREBO M, KORNMULLER R, PICHER O, SCHRATZBERGER-VECSEI E, GADNER H. Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Austria: diagnostic difficulties in a non-endemic region. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2001; 113: 102-106. (Pubitemid 32198766)
170. PAPPAS G. Of mice and men: defining, categorizing and understanding the significance of zoonotic infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 321-325.
171. NG WF, TO KF, LAM WW, NG TK, LEE KC. The comparative pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza A subtype H5N1-a review. Hum Pathol 2006; 37: 381-390.
172. HARMS PW, SCHMIDT LA, SMITH LB, NEWTON DW, PLETNEVA MA, WALTERS LL, TOMLINS SA, FISHER-HUBBARD A, NAPOLITANO LM, PARK PK, BLAIVAS M, FANTONE J, MYERS JL, JENTZEN JM. Autopsy findings in eight patients with fatal H1N1 influenza. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134: 27-35.
173. ROUPHAEL NG, TALATI NJ, VAUGHAN C, CUNNINGHAM K, MOREIRA R, GOULD C. Infections associated with haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7: 814-822. (Pubitemid 350152044)
174. CASCIO A, TODARO G, BONINA L, IARIA C. Please, do not forget secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in HIV-infected patients. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15: e885-886.
175. TAKAHASHI S, OKI J, MIYAMOTO A, KOYANO S, ITO K, AZUMA H, OKUNO A. Encephalopathy associated with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following rotavirus infection. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158: 133-137. (Pubitemid 29144051)
176. ARISTA S, VIZZI E, FERRARO D, CASCIO A, DI STEFANO R. Distribution of VP7 serotypes and VP4 genotypes among rotavirus strains recovered from Italian children with diarrhea. Arch Virol 1997; 142: 2065-2071. (Pubitemid 27510323)
177. CASCIO A, VIZZI E, ALAIMO C, ARISTA S. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in Italian children: can severity of symptoms be related to the infecting virus? Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1126-1132. (Pubitemid 32381118)
178. ARISTA S, GIAMMANCO GM, DE GRAZIA S, MIGLIORE MC, MARTELLA V, CASCIO A. Molecular characterization of the genotype G9 human rotavirus strains recovered in Palermo, Italy, during the winter of 1999-2000. Epidemiol Infect 2004; 132: 343-349. (Pubitemid 38444618)
179. ARISTA S, VIZZI E, MIGLIORE MC, DI ROSA E, CASCIO A. High incidence of G9P181 rotavirus infections in Italian children during the winter season 1999-2000. Eur J Epidemiol 2003; 18: 711-714. (Pubitemid 36998952)
180. ARISTA S, VIZZI E, ALAIMO C, PALERMO D, CASCIO A. Identification of human rotavirus strains with the P[14] genotype by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2706-2708. (Pubitemid 29337304)
181. LUCHS A, CILLI A, MORILLO SG, CARMONA RDE C, Timenetsky Mdo C. Rare G3P[3] rotavirus strain detected in Brazil: possible human-canine interspecies transmission. J Clin Virol 2012; 54: 89-92.
182. DE GRAZIA S, MARTELLA V, GIAMMANCO GM, GOMARA MI, RAMIREZ S, CASCIO A, COLOMBA C, ARISTA S. Canine-origin G3P[3] rotavirus strain in child with acute gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 1091-1093. (Pubitemid 47048088)
183. DAVID A, IARIA C, GIORDANO S, IARIA M, CASCIO A. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: forget me not! Transpl Infect Dis 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00770.x
184. BENEDETTO F, LENTINI S, PASSARI G, STILO F, DE CARIDI G, CASCIO A, SPINELLI F. Endovascular repair of aortic rupture due to Brucella aortitis. Vasa 2011; 40: 150-156.
185. ARIZA J, BOSILKOVSKI M, CASCIO A, COLMENERO JD, CORBEL MJ, FALAGAS ME, MEMISH ZA, ROUSHAN MR, RUBINSTEIN E, SIPSAS NV, SOLERA J, YOUNG EJ, PAPPAS G. Perspectives for the treatment of brucellosis in the 21st century: the Ioannina recommendations. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e317.
186. CASCIO A, DI LIBERTO C, D'ANGELO M, IARIA C, SCARLATA F, TITONE L, CAMPISI G. No findings of dental defects in children treated with minocycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2739-2741. (Pubitemid 38823456)
187. CASCIO A, SCARLATA F, GIORDANO S, ANTINORI S, COLOMBA C, TITONE L. Treatment of human brucellosis with rifampin plus minocycline. J Chemother 2003; 15: 248-252. (Pubitemid 36819313)
188. CASCIO A, MAGGIO MC, CARDELLA F, ZANGARA V, ACCOMANDO S, COSTA A, IARIA C, MANSUETO P, GIORDANO S. Coronary involvement in Mediterranean spotted fever. New Microbiol 2011; 34: 421-424.
189. CASCIO A, IARIA C. Epidemiology and clinical features of Mediterranean spotted fever in Italy. Parassitologia 2006; 48: 131-133. (Pubitemid 44378861)
190. CASCIO A, COLOMBA C, ANTINORI S, PATERSON DL, TITONE L. Clarithromycin versus azithromycin in the treatment of Mediterranean spotted fever in children: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 154-158. (Pubitemid 34028345)
191. CASCIO A, DONES P, ROMANO A, TITONE L. Clinical and laboratory findings of boutonneuse fever in Sicilian children. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157: 482-486. (Pubitemid 28299156)
192. CASCIO A, COLOMBA C. [Macrolides in the treatment of children with Mediterranean spotted fever]. Infez Med 2002; 10: 145-150. (Pubitemid 35167937)
193. CASCIO A, COLOMBA C, DI ROSA D, SALSA L, DI MARTINO L, TITONE L. Efficacy and safety of clarithromycin as treatment for Mediterranean spotted fever in children: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 409-411. (Pubitemid 32664852)
194. CASCIO A, GERVASI F, GIORDANO S, PALAZZOLO B, SALSA L. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma in Sicilian children with Mediterranean spotted fever. Int J Clin Lab Res 1997; 27: 135-138.
195. PARMENTIER B, HAMMEL P, BENNANI H, VALLA D, LEVY P, RUSZNIEWSKI P. Severe thrombopenia as single sign of hemophagocytosis in a patient with cirrhosis and lethal infection of ascitis fluid by Escherichia coli. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2007; 31: 967-969.
196. PINZONE MR, CELESIA BM, DI ROSA M, CACOPARDO B, NUNNARI G. Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012: 694629. doi: 10.1155/2012/694629
197. CASCIO A, STASSI G, CACCIOLA I, SAITTA C, SQUADRITO G. Fever and rhomboid target lesion in decompensated cirrhosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 12: 576.
198. PITINI V, CASCIO A, ARRIGO C, ALTAVILLA G. Visceral leishmaniasis after alemtuzumab in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2012; 156: 1.
199. SIMON I, WISSING KM, DEL MARMOL V, ANTINORI S, REMMELINK M, NILUFER BROEDERS E, NORTIER JL, CORBELLINO M, ABRAMOWICZ D, CASCIO A. Recurrent leishmaniasis in kidney transplant recipients: report of 2 cases and systematic review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13: 397-406.
200. CASCIO A, IARIA M, IARIA C. Leishmaniasis and biologic therapies for rheumatologic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40: e3-5.
201. ANTINORI S, CASCIO A, PARRAVICINI C, BIANCHI R, CORBELLINO M. Leishmaniasis among organ transplant recipients. Lancet Infect Dis 2008; 8: 191-199. (Pubitemid 351249252)
202. CASCIO A, IARIA C, ANTINORI S. Visceral leishmaniasis as a cause of anemia in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1088-1089. (Pubitemid 39313476)
203. CASCIO A, COLOMBA C. Childhood Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. Infez Med 2003; 11: 5-10. (Pubitemid 36458606)
204. CASCIO A, COLOMBA C, ANTINORI S, OROBELLO M, PATERSON D, TITONE L. Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Western Sicily, Italy: a retrospective analysis of 111 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 277-282. (Pubitemid 34507872)
205. CASCIO A, GRADONI L, SCARLATA F, GRAMICCIA M, GIORDANO S, RUSSO R, SCALONE A, CAMMA C, TITONE L. Epidemiologic surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis in Sicily, Italy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 57: 75-78. (Pubitemid 27305188)
206. CASCIO A, IARIA C. Appropriate screening for leishmaniasis before immunosuppressive treatments. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: 1706; author reply 1706-1707.
207. ANTINORI S, CALATTINI S, PIOLINI R, LONGHI E, BESTETTI G, CASCIO A, PARRAVICINI C, CORBELLINO M. Is realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) more useful than a conventional PCR for the clinical management of leishmaniasis? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 81: 46-51.
208. ANTINORI S, CALATTINI S, LONGHI E, BESTETTI G, PIOLINI R, MAGNI C, ORLANDO G, GRAMICCIA M, ACQUAVIVA V, FOSCHI A, CORVASCE S, COLOMBA C, TITONE L, PARRAVICINI C, CASCIO A, CORBELLINO M. Clinical use of polymerase chain reaction performed on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples for the diagnosis and monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients: a single-center, 8-year experience in Italy and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1602-1610. (Pubitemid 46871507)
209. CASCIO A, CALATTINI S, COLOMBA C, SCALAMOGNA C, GALAZZI M, PIZZUTO M, CAMILLI R, GRAMICCIA M, TITONE L, CORBELLINO M, ANTINORI S. Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis and prognosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent children. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E27.
210. CASCIO A, DI MARTINO L, OCCORSIO P, GIACCHINO R, CATANIA S, GIGLIOTTI AR, AIASSA C, IARIA C, GIORDANO S, COLOMBA C, POLARA VF, TITONE L, GRADONI L, GRAMICCIA M, ANTINORI S. A 6 day course of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of infantile visceral leishmaniasis: the Italian experience. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 217-220. (Pubitemid 39028993)
211. DI MARTINO L, DAVIDSON RN, GIACCHINO R, SCOTTI S, RAIMONDI F, CASTAGNOLA E, TASSO L, CASCIO A, GRADONI L, GRAMICCIA M, PETTOELLO-MANTOVANI M, BRYCESON AD. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in children with liposomal amphotericin B. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 271-277. (Pubitemid 27495249)
212. DAVIDSON RN, DI MARTINO L, GRADONI L, GIACCHINO R, GAETA GB, PEMPINELLO R, SCOTTI S, CASCIO A, CASTAGNOLA E, MAISTO A, GRAMICCIA M, DI CAPRIO D, WILKINSON RJ, BRYCESON AD. Short-course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome). Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 938-943. (Pubitemid 26260592)
213. CASTAGNOLA E, DAVIDSON RN, FIORE P, TASSO L, ROSSI G, MANGRAVITI S, DI MARTINO L, SCOTTI S, CASCIO A, PEMPINELLO R, GRADONI L, GIACCHINO R. Early efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90: 317-318. (Pubitemid 26188889)
214. DAVIDSON RN, DI MARTINO L, GRADONI L, GIACCHINO R, RUSSO R, GAETA GB, PEMPINELLO R, SCOTT S, RAIMONDI F, CASCIO A, ET AL. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) in Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis: a multi-centre trial. Q J Med 1994; 87: 75-81. (Pubitemid 24044213)
215. IARIA C, LEONARDI MS, BUDA A, TORO ML, CASCIO A. Measles and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 1529a-1529.
216. CASCIO A, IARIA C, RUGGERI P, FRIES W. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16: e474-479.
217. LO PRESTI MA, COSTANTINO G, DELLA TORRE A, BELVEDERE A, CASCIO A, FRIES W. Severe CMV-related pneumonia complicated by the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytic (HLH) syndrome in quiescent Crohn's colitis: harmful cure? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: E145-146.
218. CASCIO A, IARIA C, RICCIARDI F, FRIES W. Comment to "Management of cytomegalovirus infection in inflammatory bowel diseases". Dig Liver Dis 2012. doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2012.07.015
219. KELEKÇI S, EVLIYAO LU O, SEN V, YOLBA I, ULUCA U, TAN I, GÜRKAN MF. The relationships between clinical outcome and the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and coenzyme Q (CoQ 10) in children with pandemic influenza (H 1 N1) and seasonal flu. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 16: 1033-1038.
220. HU R. Separating the chaff from the grain (Tularemia). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012; 16: 554-558.
221. GUPTA A, TYRRELL P, VALANI R, BENSELER S, WEITZMAN S, ABDELHALEEM M. The role of the initial bone marrow aspirate in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51: 402-404.
222. FREEMAN B, RATHORE MH, SALMAN E, JOYCE MJ, PITEL P. Intravenously administered immune globulin for the treatment of infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 479-481. (Pubitemid 23258179)
223. WANG S, DEGAR BA, ZIESKE A, SHAFI NQ, ROSE MG. Hemophagocytosis exacerbated by G-CSF/GMCSF treatment in a patient with myelodysplasia. Am J Hematol 2004; 77: 391-396. (Pubitemid 39578325)