Arctic Ocean circulation and variability – Advection and external forcing encounter constraints and local processes

Ocean Science

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 261-286

  Rudels, B ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; FRESHWATER INPUT; HEAT TRANSFER; HYDROGRAPHY; OCEANIC CIRCULATION; RESIDENCE TIME; SEA ICE; TWENTIETH CENTURY; WATER MASS;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; BARENTS SEA; FRAM STRAIT; GREENLAND; LAPTEV SEA; MAKAROV BASIN; SVALBARD; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN;

EID: 84871893675     PISSN: 18120784     EISSN: 18120792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/os-8-261-2012     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Aaboe, S. and Nøst, O. A.: A diagnostic model of he Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean circulation: Quantifying the effects of a variable bottom density along a sloping topography, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2685-2703, doi:10.1175/2008JPO3862.1, 2008.
2. Aagaard, K. and Coachman, L. K.: Toward an ice-free Arctic Ocean, Eos, 56, 484-486, 1975.
3. Aagaard, K. and Greisman, P.: Towards a new mass and heat budget for the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3821-3827, 1975.
4. Aagaard, K., Darnall, C., and Greisman, P.: Year-long measurements in the Greenland-Spitsbergen passage, Deep-Sea Res., 20, 743-746, 1973.
5. Aagaard, K., Coachman, L. K., and Carmack, E. C.: On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 28, 529-545, 1981.
6. Aagaard, K., Swift, J. H., and Carmack, E. C.: Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4833-4846, 1985.
7. Anderson, L. G., Bj̈ork, G., Holby, O., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Koltermann, K.-P., Liljeblad, B., Lindegren, R., Rudels, B., and Swift, J. H.: Water masses and circulation in the Eurasian Basin: Results from the Oden 91 Expedition, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3273-3283, 1994. (Pubitemid 24430615)
8. Bj̈ork, G. and Winsor, P.: The deep waters of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean: geothermal heat flow, mixing and renewal, Deep-Sea Res. I, 53, 1253-1271, 2006. (Pubitemid 44119176)
9. Bj̈ork, G., Jakobsson, M., Rudels, B., Swift, J. H., Anderson, L. G., Darby, D. A., Backman, J., Coakley, B., Winsor, P., Polyak, L., and Edwards, M.: Bathymetry and deep-water exchange across the central Lomonosov Ridge at 88-89-N, Deep-Sea Res. I, 54, 1197-1208, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.05.010, 2007. (Pubitemid 47095325)
10. Carmack, E. C., Macdonald, R.W., Perkin, R. G., and McLaughlin, F. A.: Evidence for warming of Atlantic water in the southern Canadian Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1961-1964, 1995.
11. Coachman, L. K. and Aagaard, K.: Transports through Bering Strait: Annual and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15535-15539, 1988.
12. Coachman, L. K. and Barnes, C. A.: The contribution of Bering Sea water to the Arctic Ocean, Arctic, 14, 147-161, 1961.
13. Coachman, L. K. and Barnes, C. A.: The movement of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean, Arctic, 16, 8-16, 1963.
14. Dickson, R. R., Osborn, T. J., Hurell, J.W., Meincke, J., Blindheim, J., A° dlandsvik, B., Vinje, T., Alekseev, G., and Maslowski, W.: The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Climate, 13, 2671-2696, 2000.
15. Dickson, R., Rudels, B., Dye, S., Karcher, M., Meincke, J., and Yashayaev, I.: Current estimates of freshwater flux through the Arctic and Subarctic seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 73, 210-230, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.12.003, 2007. (Pubitemid 46898564)
16. Ekman, V. W.: On the influence of earth's rotation on ocean currents. Arkiv f̈or matematik, astronomi och fysik 2(11), 1905.
17. Foldvik, A., Aagaard, K., and T̈orresen, T.: On the velocity field of the East Greenland Current, Deep-Sea Res., 35, 1335-1354, 1988.
18. Gammelsrød, T., Leikvin, ∅., Lien, V., Budgell, W. P., Loeng, H., and Maslowski, W.: Mass and heat transports in the NE Barents Sea: Observations and models, J. Mar. Syst., 75, 56-69, 2009.
19. Gill, A. E.: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics, Academic Press, London, 662 pp., 1982.
20. Hayes, D.: Historical Atlas of the Arctic, Univ.Wash. Press, Seattle, 208 pp., 2003.
21. Helland-Hansen, B.: Nogen hydrografiske metoder, Forh. Skandinaviske Naturf. Mote, Kristiania, p. 357, 1916.
22. Helland-Hansen, B. and Nansen, F.: The Norwegian Sea. Ist physical oceanography based upon the Norwegian researches 1900-1904.
23. Rep. on Norw. Fishery and Marine Investigations II(1), Kristiania, 1909.
24. Hunkins, K. and Whitehead, J. A.: Laboratory simulation of exchange through Fram Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11299-11321, 1992.
25. Jackson, J. M., Carmack, E. C., McLaughlin, F. A., Allen, S. E., and Ingram, R. G.: Identification, characterization, and change of the near-surface temperature maximum in the Canada basin, 1993-2008, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C05021, doi:10.1029/2009JC005265, 2010.
26. Jakobsson, M., Macnab, R., Mayer, L., Anderson, R., Edwards, M., Hatzky, J., Schenke, H. W., and Johnson, P.: An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modelling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07602, doi:10.1029/ 2008GL033520, 2008. (Pubitemid 351858638)
27. Jones, E. P. and Anderson, L. G.: On the Origin of the Chemical Properties of the Arctic Ocean Halocline, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10759-10767, 1986.
28. Jones, E. P., Rudels, B., and Anderson, L. G.: Deep Waters of the Arctic Ocean: Origins and Circulation, Deep-Sea Res., 42, 737-760, 1995. (Pubitemid 26462982)
29. Kato, H. and Phillips, O. M.: On the penetration of a turbulent layer into a stratified fluid, J. Fluid Mech., 37, 643-655, 1969.
30. Kikuchi, T., Hatakeyama, K., and Morison, J. H.: Distribution of convective lower halocline water in the eastern Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C120301, doi:10.1029/2003JC002223, 2004. (Pubitemid 40335136)
31. Kikuchi, T., Inoue, J., and Morison, J. H.: Temperature differences across the Lomonosov Ridge: Implication for the Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20604, doi:10.1029/2005GL023982, 2005. (Pubitemid 41782709)
32. Knipowitsch, N.: Hydrologische Untersuchungen im Europ̈aischen Eismeer, Annalen der Hydrographie and Maritimen Meteorologie, Sonderabdruck, 62 pp., 1905.
33. Knudsen, M.: Ein hydrographischer Lehrsatz, Annalen der Hydrographie and Maritimen Meteorologie, 28, 316-320, 1900.
34. Kwok, R., Farrell, S., Forsberg, R., Giles, K., Laxon, S., McAdo, D., Morison, J., Padman, L., Peralta-Ferriz, C., Proshutinsky, A., and Steele, M.: Combining satellite altimetry, time-variable gravity, and bottom pressure observations to understand the Arctic Ocean: A transformative opportunity, OceanObs' 09, 21-25 September, 2009, Venice, Italy, 12 pp., 2009.
35. Laktionov, A.: Nordpolen, F̈orlaget f̈or litteratur p°a fr̈ammande spr°ak, Moskva, 522 pp., 1960.
36. Martinson, D. G. and Steele, M.: Future of the Arctic Sea Ice Cover: Implications of an Antarctic Analog, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 307-310, 2001.
37. McLaughlin, F. A., Carmack, E. C., Williams, W. J., Zimmermann, S., Shimada, K., and Itoh, M.: Joint effects of boundary currents and thermohaline intrusions on the warming of Atlantic water in the Canada Basin, 1993-2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A12, doi:10.1029/2008JC005001, 2009.
38. Morison, J. H., Steele, M., and Anderson, R.: Hydrography of the upper Arctic Ocean measured form the nuclear submarine USS Pargo, Deep-Sea Res. I, 45, 15-38, 1998. (Pubitemid 28324413)
39. Morison, J., Kwok, R., Peralta-Ferriz, C., Alkire, M., Rigor, I., Andersen, R., and Steele, M.: Changing Arctic Ocean freshwater pathways, Nature, 481, 66-70, doi:10.1038/nature10705, 2012.
40. Nansen, F.: Oceanography of the North Polar Basin, The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896, Scientific Results (9), 427 pp., 1902.
41. Nansen, F.: Northern Waters, Captain Roald Amundsen's oceanographic observations in the Arctic Seas in 1901, Videnskab-Selskabets Skrifter 1. Matematisk-Naturvidenskabelig Klasse 1, Kristiania, 1-145, 1906.
42. Nansen, F.: Spitsbergen Waters. Videnskabs-selskabets skrifter I. Matematisk-Naturvidenskabelig klasse I(3), 145 pp., 1915.
43. Nazarenko, L., Holloway, G., and Tausnev, N.: Dynamics of transport of "Atlantic signature" in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31003-31105, 1998.
44. Newton, J. L. and Coachman, L. K.: Atlantic water circulation in the Canada Basin, Arctic, 27, 297-303, 1974.
45. Nøst, O. A. and Isachsen, P. E.: The large-scale time-mean circulation in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean estimated from simplified dynamics, J. Mar. Res., 61, 175-210, 2003. (Pubitemid 37042353)
46. Petermann, A.: Der Nordpol und S̈udpol, die Wichtigkeit ihrer Erforschung in geographischer und kulturhistorischer Beziehung, Mit Bemerkungen ̈uber die Str̈omungen der Polar-Meere. Pet. Mitt, 146-160, Gotha, 1865.
47. Polyakov, I. V., Beszczynska-M̈oller, A., Carmack, E., Dmitrenko, I., Fahrbach, E., Frolov, I., Gerdes, R., Hansen, E., Holfort, J., Ivanov, V., Johnson, M., Karcher, M., Kauker, F., Morison, J., Orvik, K., Schauer, U., Simmons, H., Skagseth, ∅., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Timokhov, L., Walsh, D., and Walsh, J.: One more step towards a warmer Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17605, doi:10.1029/2005GL023740, 2005. (Pubitemid 41536220)
48. Polyakov, I. V., Alekseev, V. A., Ashik, I. M., Bacon, S. Beszczynska-M̈oller, A., Dmitrenko, I., Fortier, L., Gascard, J.-C., Hansen, E., Ḧolemann, J., Ivanov, V. V., Kikuchi, T., Krillov, S., Lenn, Y.-D., Piechura, J., Repina, I., Timokhov, L. A., Walczowski, W., and Woodgate, R.: Fate of the early-2000s Arctic warm pulse, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 92, 561-566, 2011.
49. Polyakov, I. V., Walsh, J. E., and Kwok, R: Recent changes in the Arctic multiyear sea ice coverage and its likely causes, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 96, 145-151, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00070.1, 2012.
50. Proshutinsky, A. and Johnson, M. A.: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12493-12514, doi:10.1029/97JC00738, 1997. (Pubitemid 27502428)
51. Proshutinsky, A., Krishfield, R., Timmermanns, M.-L., Toole, J., Carmack, E., McLaughlin, F. Williams, W. J., Zimmermann, S., Itoh, M., and Shimada, K.: Beaufort Gyre freshwater reservoir: State and variability from observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C00A10, 61-85, doi:10.1029/2008JC005104, 2010.
52. Quadfasel, D., Sy, A., Wells, D., and Tunik,: A. A warming of the Arctic, Nature, 359, p. 385, 1991.
53. Rabe, B., Karcher, M., Schauer, U., Toole, J. M., Krichfield, R. A., Pisarev, S., Kauker, F., Gerdes, R., and Kikuchi, T.: An assessment of Arctic Ocean freshwater content changes from 1990s to the 2006-2008 period, Deep-Sea Res. I, 58, 175-185, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2010.12.002, 2010.
54. Riis-Carstensen, E.: The "Godthaab" expedition 1928, The hydrographic work and material, Meddeleser om Gr̈onland 78(3), 101 pp., 1936.
55. Rudels, B.: The outflow of Polar Water through the Arctic Archipelago and the oceanographic conditions in Baffin Bay, Polar Res., 4, 161-180, 1986a.
56. Rudels, B.: The 2-S relations in the northern seas: Implications for the deep circulation, Polar Res., 4, 133-159, 1986b.
57. Rudels, B.: On the mass balance of the Polar Ocean, with special emphasis on the Fram Strait, Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 188, Oslo, 53 pp., 1987.
58. Rudels, B.: The formation of Polar Surface Water, the ice export and the exchanges through the Fram Strait, Prog. Oceanogr., 22, 205-248, 1989.
59. Rudels, B.: The thermohaline circulation of the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland Sea, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 352, 287-299, 1995. (Pubitemid 26463304)
60. Rudels, B.: Arctic Ocean Circulation. In Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, edited by: Steele, J. H., Turekian, K. K., and Thorpe, S. A., Academic Press, San Diego, 211-225, doi:016/B978-012374473-9.00601-9, 2009.
61. Rudels, B.: Constraints on exchanges in the Arctic Mediterranean-Do they exist and can they be of use?, Tellus, 62A, 109-122, 2010.
62. Rudels, B.: Volume and freshwater transports through the Canadian Arcti Archipelago-Baffin Bay system, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00D10, doi:10.1029/2011JC007019, 2011.
63. Rudels, B. and Quadfasel, D.: Convection and deep water formation in the Arctic Ocean-Greenland Sea system, J. Marine. Syst., 2, 435-450, 1991.
64. Rudels, B., Jones, E. P., Anderson, L. G., and Kattner, G.:. On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean, in: The role of the Polar Oceans in Shaping the Global Climate, edited by: Johannessen, O. M., Muench, R. D., and Overland, J. E., American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, 33-46, 1994.
65. Rudels, B., Anderson, L. G., and Jones, E. P.: Formation and evolution of the surface mixed layer and the halocline of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8807-8821, 1996.
66. Rudels, B., Friedrich, H. J., Hainbucher, D., and Lohmann, G.: On the parameterisation of oceanic sensible heat loss to the atmosphere and to ice in an ice-covered mixed layer in winter, Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 1385-1425, 1999a. (Pubitemid 29303193)
67. Rudels, B., Friedrich, H. J., and Quadfasel, D.: The Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 1023-1062, 1999b. (Pubitemid 29303180)
68. Rudels, B., Muench, R. D., Gunn, J., Schauer, U., and Friedrich, H. J.: Evolution of the Arctic Ocean boundary current north of the Siberian shelves, J. Marine Syst., 25, 77-99, 2000. (Pubitemid 30342972)
69. Rudels, B., Jones, E. P., Schauer, U., and Eriksson, P.: Atlantic sources of the Arctic Ocean surface and halocline waters, Polar Res., 23, 181-208, 2004. (Pubitemid 40067787)
70. Rudels, B., Marnela, M., and Eriksson, P.: Constraints on Estimating Mass, Heat and Freshwater Transport in the Arctic Ocean: An Exercise, in: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, edited by: Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J., and Rhines, P., 315-341, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008.
71. Rudels, B., Anderson, L., Eriksson, P., Fahrbach, E., Jokobsson, M., Jones, E. P., Melling, H., Prinsenberg, S., Schauer, U., and Yao, T.: Observation in the Ocean. Chapter 4 in: Arctic Climate Change: The ACSYS decade and beyond, edited by: Lemke, P. and Jacobi, H.-W., 117-198, Springer, Heidelberg, 2011.
72. Sandström, J. W. and Helland-Hansen, B.: Ü ber die Berechnung von Meeresstr̈omungen, Rep. Norwegian Fish. Marine Invest., 2(4), 43 pp., 1903.
73. Schauer, U., Muench, R. D., Rudels, B., and Timokhov, L.: Impact of eastern Arctic Shelf water on the Nansen Basin intermediate layers, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3371-3382, 1997.
74. Schauer, U., Beszczynska-M̈oller, A., Walczowski, W., Fahrbach, E., Piechura, J., and Hansen, E.: Variation of measured heat flow through the Fram Strait between 1997-2006, in: Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, Dickson, R. R., Meincke, J., and Rhines, P., 65-85, Springer, Dordrecht, 2008.
75. Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, available at: http://odv.awi.de, 2012.
76. Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A., Slater, A. J., Woodgate, R. A., Aagaard, K., Steele, M., Moritz, R., Meredith, M., and Lee, C.: The large-scale freshwater cycle in the Arctic, J Geophys. Res., 111, C11010, doi:10.1029/2005JC003424, 2006. (Pubitemid 47386254)
77. Shimada, K., McLaughlin, F. A., Carmack, E. C., Proshutinsky, A., Nishino, S., and Itoh, M.: Penetration of the 1990s warm temperature anomaly of the Atlantic Water in the Canada basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L20301, doi:10.1029/2004GL020860, 2004. (Pubitemid 40098571)
78. Shimada, K., Itoh, M., Nishino, S., McLaughlin, F. A., Carmack, E., and Proshutinsky, A.: Halocline structure in the Canada Basin of theARctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L03605, doi:10.1029/2004GL021358, 2005. (Pubitemid 40578645)
79. Smethie,W. M., Schlosser, P., and B̈onisch, G.: Renewal and circulation of intermediate waters in the Canadian Basin observed on the SCICEX 96 cruise, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1105-1121, 2000.
80. Smith, J. N., Ellis, K. M., and Boyd, T.: Circulation features in the central Arctic Ocean revealed by nuclear fuel reprocessing tracers from Scientific Ice Expeditions 1995 and 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29663-29667, 1999.
81. Stigebrandt, A.: A model for the thickness and salinity of the upper layers of the Arctic Ocean and the relation between the ice thickness and some external parameters, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1407-1422, 1981.
82. Stigebrandt, A.: The North Pacific: A global-scale estuary, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,14, 464-470, 1984.
83. Swift, J. H., Jones, E. P., Carmack, E. C., Hingston, M., Macdonald, R. W., McLaughlin, F. A., and Perkin, R. G.: Waters of the Makarov and Canada Basins, Deep-Sea Res. II, 44, 1503-1529, 1997. (Pubitemid 28159074)
84. Timmermanns, M.-L. and Garrett, C.: Evolution of the deep water in the Canadian Basin in the Arctic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 866-874, 2006. (Pubitemid 44018674)
85. Timmermanns, M.-L., Garrett, C., and Carmack, E.: The thermohaline structure and evolution of the deep waters in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. I, 50, 1305-1321, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00125-0, 2003. (Pubitemid 37450136)
86. Timofeyev, V. T.: Water masses of the Arctic basin, Gidromet. Izdat., Leningrad, 1960.
87. Wadhams, P., Gill, A., and Linden, P. F.: Transect by submarine of the East Greenland Front, Deep-Sea Res., A, 26, 1311-1327, 1979. (Pubitemid 10460215)
88. Walsh, D. and Carmack, E. C.: The nested structure of Arctic thermohaline intrusions, Ocean Modell., 5, 267-289, 2003. (Pubitemid 36310224)
89. Werenskiold, W.: Coastal Currents, Geophysical publications, 10(13), Oslo, 1935.
90. Weyl, P. K.: The role of the oceans in climate change, Meteor. Mon., 8, 37-62, 1968.
91. Ẅust, G.: Relief und Bodenwasser im Nordpolarbecken, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft f̈ur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 5/6, 163-180, 1941.