The thermohaline structure and evolution of the deep waters in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean

Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

Volumn 50, Issue 10-11, 2003, Pages 1305-1321

  Timmermans, Mary Louise ^a,c   Garrett, Chris ^a   Carmack, Eddy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

^c WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Canada Basin (CB); Canadian Basin

Indexed keywords

DIFFUSION; GEOTHERMAL HEATING; HEAT CONVECTION; HEAT FLUX; INTERFACES (MATERIALS); TURBULENCE;

DISSIPATION RATES; TRANSITION LAYERS;

OCEANOGRAPHY;

DEEP WATER; HEAT FLUX; MIXED LAYER; SALINITY; THERMOHALINE STRUCTURE;

ARCTIC OCEAN; CANADA BASIN;

EID: 0345374612     PISSN: 09670637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00125-0     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Aagaard, K., Carmack, E.G., 1994. The Arctic Ocean and climate: a perspective. In: Johannessen, O.M., Muench, R.D., Overland, J.E. (Eds.), The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment. Geophysics Monographs 85. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 5-20.
2. Aagaard, K., Swift, J.H., Carmack, E.C., 1985. Thermohaline circulation in the arctic Mediterranean seas. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 4833-4846.
3. Alford, M.H., 2001. Internal swell generation: the spatial distribution of energy flux from the wind to mixed-layer near-inertial motions. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 2359-2368.
4. Dillon, T.M., 1982. Vertical overturns: a comparison of Thorpe and Ozmidov scales. Journal of Geophysical Research 87, 9601-9613.
5. Galbraith, P.S., Kelley, D.E., 1996. Identifying overturns in CTD profiles. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 13, 688-702.
6. Halle, C., Pinkel, R., 2003. Internal wave variability in the Beaufort Sea during the winter of 1993/94. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, No. C7, 3210, doi:10.1029/ 2000JC000703.
7. Huppert, H.E., 1971. On the stability of a series of double-diffusive layers. Deep-Sea Research I 18, 1005-1021.
8. Jones, E.P., Rudels, B., Anderson, L.G., 1995. Deep waters of the Arctic Ocean: origins and circulation. Deep-Sea Research I 42, 737-760.
9. Kelley, D.E., 1984. Effective diffusivities within oceanic thermohaline staircases. Journal of Geophysical Research 89, 10484-10488.
10. Kelley, D.E., 1988. Explaining effective diffusivities within diffusive oceanic staircases. In: Nihoul, J.C.J., Jamart, B.M. (Eds.), Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 481-502.
11. Kelley, D.E., 1990. Fluxes through diffusive staircases: a new formulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 3365-3371.
12. Kelley, D.E., Fernando, H.J.S., Gargett, A.E., Tanny, J., Özsoy, E., 2003. The diffusive regime of double-diffusive convection. Progress in Oceanography 56, 461-481.
13. Kowalik, Z., Proshutinsky, A., Thomas, R.H., 2002. Investigation of the ice-tide interaction in the Arctic Ocean. WWW Page, http://www.ims.alaska.edu: 8000/tide/index.html
14. Langseth, M.G., Lachenbruch, A.H., Marshall, B.V., 1990. Geothermal observations in the Arctic region. In: Grantz, A., Johnson, L., Sweeney, J.F. (Eds.), The Geology of North America, The Arctic Ocean Region. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 133-151.
15. Linden, P.F., 1974. A note on the transport across a diffusive interface. Deep-Sea Research 121, 283-287.
16. Macdonald, R.W., Carmack, E.C., 1991. Age of Canada basin deep waters: a way to estimate primary production for the Arctic Ocean. Science 254, 1348-1350.
17. Macdonald, R.W., Carmack, B.C., Wallace, D.W.R., 1993. Tritium and radiocarbon dating of Canada basin deep waters. Science 259, 103-104.
18. Melling, H., 1993. The formation of a haline shelf front in wintertime in an ice-covered Arctic Sea. Continental Shelf Research 13, 1123-1147.
19. Oakey, N.S., 1982. Determination of the rate of dissipation of turbulent energy from simultaneous temperature and velocity shear microstructure measurements. Journal of Physical Oceanography 12, 256-271.
20. Östlund, H.G., Possnert, G., Swift, J.H., 1987. Ventilation rate of the deep Arctic Ocean from carbon 14 data. Journal of Geophysical Research I 93, 3769-3777.
21. Perry, R.K., Fleming, H.S., 1986. Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean. The Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
22. Polzin, K.L., Toole, J.M., Ledwell, J.R., Schmitt, R.W., 1997. Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 276, 93-96.
23. Rudels, B., 1986. The theta-S relations in the northern seas: Implications for the deep circulation. Polar Research 4, 133-159.
24. Rudels, B., Jones, E.P., Anderson, L.G., Kattner, G., 1994. On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. In: Johannessen, O.M., Muench, R.D., Overland, J.E. (Eds.), The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment: The Nansen Centennial Volume. Geophysical Monograph 85. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 33-46.
25. Rudels, B., Muench, R.D., Gunn, J., Shauer, U., Friedrich, H.J., 2000. Evolution of the Arctic Ocean boundary current north of the Siberian shelves. Journal of Marine Systems 25, 77-99.
26. 14C section: comparison of the mean ages of the deep waters in the Eurasian and Canadian basins of the Arctic Ocean. Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 123 (1-4), 431-437.
27. Stansfield, K., Garrett, C., Dewey, R., 2001. The probability distribution of the Thorpe displacement within overturns in Juan de Fuca Strait. Journal of Physical Oceanography 31, 3421-3434.
28. Swift, J.H., Jones, E.P., Aagaard, K., Carmack, B.C., Kingston, M., Macdonald, R.W., McLaughlin, F.A., Perkin, R.G., 1997. Waters of the Makarov and Canada basins. Deep-Sea Research I 44, 1503-1530.
29. Thorpe, S.A., 1977. Turbulence and mixing in a Scottish Loch. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London 286A, 125-181.
30. Turner, S.D., 1965. The behavior of a stable salinity gradient heated from below. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 33, 183-200.
31. Turner, S.D., 1973. Buoyancy Effects in Fluids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
32. UNESCO, 1983. Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Papers Marine Science, 44.
33. Weingartner, T.J., Cavalieri, D.J., Aagaard, K., Sasaki, Y., 1998. Circulation, dense water formation, and out flow on the northeast Chukchi shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research 103 (C4), 7647-7661.