Habit and recollection in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and alzheimer's disease

Neuropsychology

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 517-533

  Guerdoux, Estelle ^a,b   Dressaire, Déborah ^c   Martin, Sophie ^a   Adam, Stéphane ^a   Brouillet, Denis ^d  

^a University of Montpellier   (France)

^b Neuro geriatrics wards Millénaire Private Hospital   (France)

^c NÎMES UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Habit; Healthy aging; Mild cognitive impairment; Recollection

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HABIT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEMANTIC MEMORY; STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY; STROOP TEST; TASK PERFORMANCE; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RECALL;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; HABITS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; MIDDLE AGED; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PROBABILITY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871690503     PISSN: 08944105     EISSN: 19311559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028718     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adam, S., Van Der Linden, M., Collette, F., Lemauvais, L., & Salmon, E. (2005). Further exploration of controlled and automatic memory processes in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 19, 420-427. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.420
2. Adam, S., Van Der Linden, M., Ivanoiu, A., Juillerat, A. C., Bechet, S., & Salmon, E. (2007). Optimization of encoding specificity for the diagnosis of early AD: The RI-48 task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 477-487. doi:10.1080/13803390600775339
3. Algarabel, S., Escuderob, J., Mazón, J. F., Pitarquea, A., Fuentesa, M., Peset, V., & Lacruz, L. (2009). Familiarity-based recognition in the young, healthy elderly, mild cognitive impaired and Alzheimer's patients. Neuropsychologia,47,2056-2064.doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia .2009.03.016
4. Ally, B. A., Gold, C. A., & Budson, A. E. (2009). An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using receiver operating characteristics. Brain and Cognition, 69, 504-513. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.11.003
5. Amieva, H., Rouch-Leroyer, I., Fabrigoule, C., & Dartigues, J. F. (2000). Deterioration of controlled processes in the preclinical phase of dementia: A confirmatory analysis. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 11, 46-52. doi:10.1159/000017213
6. Andel, R., Gatz, M., Pedersen, N. L., Reynolds, C. A., Johansson, B., & Berg, S. (2001). Deficits in controlled processing may predict dementia: A twin study. Journal of Gerontology, 56, P347-P355. doi:10.1093/ geronb/56.6.P347
7. Anderson, N. D., & Craik, F. I. M. (2006). The mnemonic mechanisms of errorless learning. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2806-2813. doi:10.1016/ j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.026
8. Anderson, N. D., Ebert, P. L., Jennings, J. M., Grady, C. G., Cabeza, R., & Graham, S. J. (2008). Recollection- and familiarity-based memory in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 22, 177-187. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.2.177
9. Ashendorf, L., Jefferson, A. L., O'Connor, M. K., Chaisson, C., Green, R. C., & Stern, R. A. (2008). Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 129-137.
10. Barbeau, E., Didic, M., Tramoni, E., Felician, O., Joubert, S., Sontheimer, A., . Poncet, M. (2004). Evaluation of visual recognition memory in MCI patients. Neurology, 62, 1317-1322.
11. Bastin, C., & Van Der Linden, M. (2003). The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition memory: A study of the effects of test format and aging. Neuropsychology, 17, 14-24. doi:10.1037/0894- 4105.17.1.14
12. Bayard, S., Erkes, J., Moroni, C., & the CPCN Languedoc-Roussillon. (2011). Victoria Stroop test: Normative data in a sample group of older people and the study of their clinical applications in the assessment of Inhibition in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, In press. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr053
13. Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory: Manual (2nd ed.). The Psychological Corporation.
14. Bennett, I. J., Golob, E. J., Parker, E. S., & Starr, A. (2006). Memory evaluation in mild cognitive impairment using recall and recognition tests. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1408- 1422. doi:10.1080/13803390500409583
15. Bowles, B., Crupi, C., Mirsattari, S. M., Pigott, S. E., Parrent, A. G., Pruessner, J. C., & Köhler, S. (2007). Impaired familiarity with preserved recollection after anterior temporal-lobe resection that spares the hippocampus. PNAS Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 16382-16387. doi:10.1073/ pnas.0705273104
16. Brown, M. W., & Aggleton, J. P. (2001). Recognition memory: What are the roles of the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 51-61. doi:10.1038/35049064
17. Buschke, H., Sliwinski, M., Kuslandsky, G., & Lipton, R. B. (1997). Diagnosis of early dementia by the Double Memory Test: Encoding specificity improves diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Neurology, 48, 989-997.
18. Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., & McIntosh, A. R. (2002). Aging gracefully: Compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage, 17, 1394-1402. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1280
19. Cardebat, D., Doyon, B., Puel, M., Goulet, P., & Joanette, Y. (1990). Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 90, 207-217.
20. Collette, F., Van der Linden, M., Juillerat, A. C., & Meulemans, T. (2003). A cognitive neuropsychological approach to Alzheimer's disease. In R. Mulligan, M. Van der Linden & A. C. Juillerat (Eds.), Clinical management of early Alzheimer's disease, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. (pp. 35-73).
21. Dalla Barba, G. (1997). Recognition memory and recollective experience in Alzheimer's disease. Memory, 5, 657-672. doi:10.1080/741941546
22. Davidson, P. S., & Glisky, E. L. (2002). Neuropsychological correlates of recollection and familiarity in normal aging. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 2, 174-186. doi:10.3758/CABN.2.2.174
23. Deloch, G., & Hannequin, D. (1997). DO80: Epreuve de dénomination orale d'images. Paris: ECPA.
24. Derouesné, C., Dealberto, M. J., Boyer, P., Lubin, S., Sauron, B., & Piette, F. (1993). Empirical-evaluation of the cognitive difficulties scale for assessment of memory complaints in general-practice: A study of 1628 cognitively normal subjects aged 45-75 years. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 599-607. doi:10.1002/gps.930080712
25. Derouesné, C., Poitreneau, J., Hugonot, L., Kalafat, M., Bubois, B., & Laurent, B. (2001). Le mini-mental State Examination (MMSE): un outil pratique pour l'évaluation de l'état cognitif des patients par le clinicien. La Presse Médicale, 28, 1141-1148.
26. Dommes, A., & Le Rouzo, M. L. (2007). Compréhension d'énoncés contenant une ambiguïté lexicale chez des adultes jeunes et âgés: Effets de contexte, de familiarité et de fréquence. Bulletin de Psychologie, 60, 59-69.
27. Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., Dekosky, S. T., Barberger-Gateau, P., Cummings, J., . Scheltens, P. (2007). Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA cri-teria. Lancet Neurology, 6, 734 -746. doi:10.1016/S1474- 4422(07)70178-3
28. Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I., & Pillon, B. (2000). The FAB: A frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology, 55, 1621-1626.
29. Dubreuil, P., Adam, S., Bier, N., & Gagnon, L. (2007). The ecological validity of traditional memory evaluation in relation with controlled memory processes and routinization. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 979-989. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.002
30. Eichenbaum, H., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C. (2007). The medial temporal lobe and recognition memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 123-152. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094328
31. Fabrigoule, C., Rouch, I., Taberly, A., Letenneur, L., Commenges, D., Mazaux, J. M., . Dartigues, J. F. (1998). Cognitive process in preclinical phase of dementia. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 121, 135-141. doi:10.1093/brain/121.1.135
32. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/ 0022-3956(75)90026-6
33. Friedman, D., De Chastelaine, M., Nessler, D., & Malcolm, B. (2010). Changes in familiarity and recollection across the lifespan: An ERP perspective. Brain Research, 1310, 124-141. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009 .11.016
34. Ganguli, M., Dodge, H. H., Shen, C., & DeKosky, S. T. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment, amnestic type: An epidemiologic study. Neurology, 63, 115-121.
35. Gauthier, S., Reisberg, B., Zaudig, M., Petersen, R. C., Ritchie, K., Broich, K., . Winblad, B. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment. The Lancet, 367, 1262-1270. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5
36. Glodzik-Sobanska, L., Reisberg, B., De Santi, S., Babb, J. S., Pirraglia, E., Rich, K. E., . de Leon, M. J. (2007). Subjective memory complaints: Presence, severityand future outcome in normal older subjects. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24, 177-184. doi:10.1159/ 000105604
37. Graf, P., & Komatzu, S. (1994). Process Dissociation Procedure: Handle with caution! European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 6, 113-129. doi:10.1080/09541449408520139
38. Guerdoux, E., Martin, S., Dressaire, D., Adam, S., & Brouillet, D. (2009). Rencontre entre contrôle et mémoire: La naissance d'une plainte? Canadian Review on Aging, 28, 5-20. doi:10.1017/S0714980809090023
39. Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1996). Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociations and probability matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1323-1335. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1323
40. Hay, J. F., & Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Separating habit and recollection in young and older adults: Effects of elaborative processing and distinctiveness. Psychology and Aging, 14, 122-134. doi:10.1037/0882- 7974.14.1.122
41. Hay, J. F., Kane, K. A., West, R., & Alain, C. (2002). Event-related neural activity associated with habit and recollection. Neuropsychologia, 40, 260-270. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00127-0
42. Hay, J. F., Moscovitch, M., & Levine, B. (2002). Dissociating habit and recollection: Evidence from Parkinson's disease, amnésia and focal lesion patients. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1324-1334. doi:10.1016/S0028- 3932(01)00214-7
43. Hay, J. F., Smilek, D., Debner, J. A., & Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Effects of aging and context-specificity on habit and recollection. Brain and Cognition, 39, 33-36.
44. Henson, R. N., Hornberger, M., & Rugg, M. D. (2005). Further dissociating the processes involved in recognition memory: An FMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1058 -1073. doi:10.1162/ 0898929054475208
45. Hintzman, D. L., Caulton, D. A., & Levitin, D. J. (1998). Retrieval dynamics in recognition and list discrimination: Further evidence ofseparate processes of familiarity and recall. Memory & Cognition, 26, 449-462. doi:10.3758/BF03201155
46. Holdstock, J. S., Mayes, A. R., Roberts, N., Cezayirli, E., Isaac, C. L., O'Reilly, R. C., & Norman, K. A. (2002). Under what conditions is recognition spared relative to recall after selective hippocampal damage in humans? Hippocampus, 12, 341-351. doi:10.1002/hipo.10011
47. Hudon, C., Belleville, S., & Gauthier, S. (2009). The assessment of recognition memory using the Remember/Know procedure in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 70, 171-179. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.01.009
48. Jacoby, L. L., Jennings, J. M., & Hay, J. F. (1996). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: Implications for diagnostics and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In D. J. Herrmann, C. L. McEvoy, C. Hertzog, P. Hertel & M. K. Johnson (Eds.), Basic and applied memory research: Theory in context (Vol. 1, pp. 161-193). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
49. Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C. M., & McElree, B. D. (1999). The role of cognitive control: Early selection vs late correction. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in social psychology (pp. 383-400). New York, NY: Guilford.
50. Jacoby, L. L., Toth, J. P., & Yonelinas, A. P. (1993). Separating Conscious and Unconscious Influences of Memory: Measuring Recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 139-154. doi:10.1037/ 0096-3445.122.2.139
51. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F
52. Jacoby, L. L. (1998). Invariance in automatic influences of memory: Toward a user's guide for the process-dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 3-26.
53. Jacoby, L. L. (1999). Ironic effects of repetition: Measuring age-related differences in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 3-22. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.1.3
54. Jennings, J. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1993). Automatic versus intentionnal uses of memory: Aging, Attention, and Control. Psychology and Aging, 8, 283-293. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.283
55. Jennings, J. M., Webster, L. M., Kleykamp, B. A., & Dagenbach, D. (2005). Recollection training and transfer effects in older adults: Successful use of a repetition-lag procedure. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 12, 278-298.
56. Jermann, F., Van Der Linden, M., Adam, S., Ceschia, G., & Perroud, A. (2005). Controlled and automatic uses of memory in depressed patients: Effect of retention interval lengths. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 681-690. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.009
57. Juillerat Van Der Linden, A. C. (2003). Une approche écologique dans l'évaluation des troubles de la mémoire. In T. Meulemans, B. Desgranges, S. Adam & F. Eustache (Eds.), Evaluation et prise en charge des troubles mnésiques. (pp. 267-280). Marseille: Solal.
58. Knight, R. G. (1998). Controlled and automatic memory process in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 34, 427- 435. doi:10.1016/S0010- 9452(08)70765-2
59. Knowlton, B. J., Mangels, J. A., & Squire, L. R. (1996). A neostriatal habit-learning system in humans. Science, 273, 1399 -1402. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5280.1399
60. Knowlton, B. J., Squire, L. R., & Gluck, M. A. (1994). Probabilistic classification learning in amnesia. Learning & Memory, 1, 106-120.
61. Koivisto, M., Portin, R., & Rinne, J. (1998). Automatic influences of memory in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex: A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 34, 209-219. doi:10.1016/S0010- 9452(08)70748-2
62. Martin, S., Dressaire, D., Guerdoux, E., Trouillet, R., Brouillet, T., Brouillet, D., & Maury, P. (2009). Norme francophone de complétion de trigrammes chez des participants âgés de 30 à 91 ans. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 59, 25-36. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2008.09.001
63. Mattis, S. (1973). Dementia Rating Scale. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.
64. McKhann, G., Drachman, D. A., M, F., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Forces on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
65. McNair, D. M., & Kahn, R. J. (1984). Self-assessment of cognitive deficits. In T. Crook, S. Ferris, & R. Bartus (Eds.), Assessment in geriatric psychopharmacology (pp. 137-143). New Canaan, CT: Mark Powley.
66. Michel, B. F., De Chanville, F., Massa, J., Lens, S., Berthezene, P., Israel, L., & Poitreneau, J. (1997). Sémiologie de la plainte mnésique. In B. F. Michel, C. Derouesné & M.-C. Gély-Nargeot (Eds.), De la plainte mnésique à la maladie d'Alzheimer (pp. 113-134). Marseille: Solal.
67. New, B., Pallier, C., Brysbaert, M., & Ferrand, L. (2004). Lexique 2: A new French lexical database. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36, 516-524. doi:10.3758/BF03195598
68. Perri, R., Serra, L., Carlesimo, G. A., & Caltagirone, C. (2007). Preclinical dementia: An Italian multicentre study on amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 23, 289-300. doi:10.1159/000100871
69. Perruchet, P. (1988). Une analyse critique du concept d'automaticité. In P. Perruchet (Ed.), Les automatismes cognitifs (pp. 27-54). Bruxelles: Mardaga.
70. Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183-194.
71. Petersen, R. C., & Morris, J. C. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Archives of Neurology, 62, 1160- 1163. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.7.1160
72. Petersen, R. C., Parisi, J. E., Dickson, D. W., Johnson, K. A., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., . Kokmen, E. (2006). Neuropathologic features of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 63, 665- 672. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.5.665
73. Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. G., Tangalos, E. G., Schaid, D., Thibodeau, S. N., . Kurland, L. T. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303- 308. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
74. Petersen,R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183-194. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2796.2004.01388.x
75. Poitrenaud, J. (2001). Evaluation du niveau socio-culturel. In L. Hugonot- Diener (Ed.), La consultation de gériatrie (pp. 8-9). Paris: Masson.
76. Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. (1975). Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In P. M. A. Rabitt & S. Dornic (Eds.), Attention and performances V (pp. 669-682). New York, NY: Academic Press.
77. Prull, M. W., Crandell Dawes, L. L., McLeish Martin III, A., Rosenberg, H. F., & Light, L. L. (2006). Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: Adult age differences and neuropsychological test correlates. Psychology and Aging, 21, 107-118. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.107
78. Ragueneau-Le Ny, M., & Medjahed, S. (2009). É volution du concept de mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, Psychiatry, Geriatry, 9, 11-16.
79. Raz, N., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2006). Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 730-748. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001
80. Reber, A. S. (1989). Implicit learning and tacit knowledge. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 219-235.
81. Reid, L. M., & Maclullich, A. M. (2006). Subjective memory complaints and cognitive impairment in older people. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 471-485. doi:10.1159/000096295
82. Rugg, M. D., & Curran, T. (2007). Event-related potentials and recognition memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 251-257. doi:10.1016/ j.tics.2007.04.004
83. Rybash, J. M., & Hoyer, W. J. (1996). Process dissociation procedure reveals age differences in unconscious influences on memory for possible and impossible objects. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 3, 251-263. doi:10.1080/13825589608256628
84. Schneider, W., & Chein, J. M. (2003). Controlled and automatic processing: Behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms. Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27, 525-559.
85. Schneider, W., Eschman, A., & Zuccolotto, A. (2002). E-Prime reference guide. Pittsburgh: Psychology Software Tools Inc.
86. Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic information processing I: Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.1.1
87. Serra, L., Bozzali, M., Cercignan, M., Perri, R., Fadda, L., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2010). Recollection and familiarity in amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 24, 316-326. doi:10.1037/ a0017654
88. Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic information processing II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190. doi:10.1037/0033- 295X.84.2.127
89. Skinner, E. I., & Fernandes, M. A. (2007). Neural correlates of recollection and familiarity: A review of neuroimaging and patient data. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2163-2179. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.007
90. Smith, J. A., & Knight, R. G. (2002). Memory processing in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 40, 666 - 682. doi:10.1016/S0028- 3932(01)00137-3
91. Spielberger, C. D. (1983). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: A comprehensive bibliography. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
92. Squire, L. R., Wixted, J. T., & Clark, R. E. (2007). Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: A new perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8, 872-883. doi:10.1038/nrn2154
93. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662.
94. Tarrago, R., Martin, S., De La Haye, F., & Brouillet, D. (2005). Word association norms for older adults. European Review of Applied Psychology, 55, 245-253.
95. Titov, N., & Knight, R. G. (1997). Adult age differences in controlled and automatic memory processing. Psychology and Aging, 12, 565-573. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.4.565
96. Toth, J. P., & Parks, C. M. (2006). Effects of age on estimated familiarity the process dissociation procedure: The role of noncriterial recollection. Memory & Cognition,34, 527-537. doi:10.3758/BF03193576
97. Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385-398. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.40.4.385
98. Vanderaspoilden, V., Adam, S., Van Der Linden, M., & Morais, J. (2007). Controlled processes account for age-related decrease in episodic memory. Acta Psychologica, 125, 20-36. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.05.004
99. Van Der Linden, M., Coyette, F., Poitrenaud, J., Kalafat, M., Calicis, F., Wyns, C., . les membres du GREMEM. (2004). L'épreuve de rappel libre / rappel indicé à 16 items (RL/RI-16). In M. Van Der Linden & les membres du GREMEM (Eds.), L'évaluation des troubles de la mémoire (pp. 25-47). Marseille: Solal.
100. Westerberg, C. E., Paller, K. A., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., Holdstock, J. S., Mayes, A. R., & Reber, P. J. (2006). When memory does not fail: Familiarity based recognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 20, 193-205. doi:10.1037/0894- 4105.20.2.193
101. Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. O., . Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240-246. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x
102. Wixted, J. T., & Squire, L. R. (2004). Recall and recognition are equally impaired in patients with selective hippocampal damage. Cognitive,Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 58 - 66. doi:10.3758/ CABN.4.1.58
103. Wixted, J. T. (2007). Dual-process theory and signal-detection theory of recognition memory. Psychological Review, 114, 152-176. doi:10.1037/ 0033-295X.114.1.152
104. Wolk, D. A., Signoff, E. D., & DeKosky, S. T. (2008). Recollection and familiarity in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A global decline in recognition memory. Neuropsychologia, 46, 1965-1978. doi:10.1016/ j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.017
105. Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 441-517. doi:10.1006/jmla.2002.2864